Linux pе -- Linux `κO - 鸟哥的 Linux 私房菜

Linux `κO
wA@As峹аѦ B

̪sG2003/09/19

Linux \۷jA@ɤڭ̤]LkЩҦOAoӳ`DnتbФ@Ǳ`OӤwCܩCӫOԲӥγ~NbA[]ɡA̷ӫOʨӶi满CMAboӳ`DnتObNҦOJb@_AeAѰաI

@
ѼƳ]wOG ifconfig, ifup, ifdown, route,
@ǺOG ping, traceroute,
[PdG netstat, host, nslookup,
ݳsuϥΫOG telnet, ftp, ncftp,
rɭsG lynx, wget,
׺ݾG jmcce pe
sW@ǺBzk MTU ק
ҫmG
ѦҸ

ѼƳ]wO

ifconfig G]wѼƨϥΪO

ifup,ifdownGҰʻPYӺd

route G/קѪ( route table )

ifconfig

]wѼƨϥΪO

[root@test test]# ifconfig interface
[root@test test]# ifconfig interface [options]
ѼƻG
interface GdNAҦp eth0, eth1...
options   GDnHUXӰѼ
@@@network   Gq
@@@broadcast Gsq
@@@netmask   GlBn
@@@up|down   GҰ|
dҡG
[root@test root]# ifconfig
# oӫObS[WdɡA|NҦeܥX
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:FC:22:9C:57
          inet addr:192.168.1.2 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
          RX packets:5793395 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:6032143 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:983 txqueuelen:100
          RX bytes:534796148 (510.0 Mb) TX bytes:2607882970 (2487.0 Mb)
          Interrupt:10 Base address:0x6100
@
lo        Link encap:Local Loopback
          inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
          RX packets:3258 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:3258 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
          RX bytes:170063 (166.0 Kb) TX bytes:170063 (166.0 Kb)
@
[root@test root]# ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.2 netmask 255.255.255.0 \
> broadcast 192.168.0.255
WAN eth0 oӺ IP ݩʭקאּ 192.168.0.2 o IP As}]ۧܤFI
[root@test root]# ifconfig eth0
# Nק粒NNܥXӤ@UI
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:FC:22:9C:57
          inet addr:192.168.0.2 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
          RX packets:5793395 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:6032143 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:983 txqueuelen:100
          RX bytes:534796148 (510.0 Mb) TX bytes:2607882970 (2487.0 Mb)
          Interrupt:10 Base address:0x6100
@
[root@test root]# ifconfig eth0 down <== eth0 d
[root@test root]# ifconfig eth0 up <==Ұ eth0 dI

eth0 GܬdNF
lo Gܬyj IP zdNAЪ`NAoӤ interface @wnsbIdUnLI
HWaddr GOdw}ANOڭ̦b¦쪺 MAC աI
inet addr GNOd IPF
Bcast GOs( broadcast ) }F
Mask GNOlBnաF
MTU GO Maximum Trasmission Unit ̤jǿ椸(줸)A Y@үǿ骺̤jʥ]AoӼƭȨëDVjVnA]DVpVnALA]w~ɡAi|zLksWYǺOIаѦҥ MTU C
RX GѱҰʨثeΡF
TX GѱҰʨثeǰeΡF
collisions GTIpF
txqueuelen GOǿwİϪפjpNF
Interrupt GO IRQ _}F
Base address GO I/O }Co IRQ P I/O bdWOiH]wI]waiHb /etc/lilo.conf Yӳ]wOIpGzDWhidɭԡANΪۥLFIiH׶}DI

ifup, ifdown

ҰʻPYӺd

[root@test root]# ifup [interface]
[root@test root]# ifdown [interface]
ѼƻG
dҡG
[root@test root]# ifup eth0 <==Ұ eth0 odI
[root@test root]# ifdown eth0<== eth0 od

ifconfig

/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

route

/קѪ( route table )

[root@test root]# route [-nee]
[root@test root]# route add [-net|-host] ؼХDκ [netmask] [gw|dev]
[root@test root]# route del [-net|-host] ؼХDκ [netmask] [gw|dev]
ѼƻG
-n@@@GCXTH IP
-ee@@ GCXCT
add@@ GW[ѸT
del@@ GR@ӸѸT
-net@@GW[@ӡyzѡAҦp C Class I
-host @GW[Y IP DѡI
netmask GNO netmask rI
gw @@ GoӬOѪqThI gw OH IP ӫظm
dev @@GoӬOѪqThI dev OH ( internet ) NӫظmI
dҡG
[root@test root]# route<==ݸѪTI
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
140.116.141.253 *               255.255.255.255 UH    0      0      0 ppp0
192.168.1.0     *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0      0 eth0
127.0.0.0       *               255.0.0.0       U     0      0      0 lo
default         140.116.141.253 0.0.0.0         UG    0      0      0 ppp0
@
[root@test root]# route -n <==H IP 觋ܸѡI
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
140.116.141.253 0.0.0.0         255.255.255.255 UH    0      0        0 ppp0
192.168.1.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0
127.0.0.0       0.0.0.0         255.0.0.0       U     0      0        0 lo
0.0.0.0         140.116.141.253 0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 ppp0
`N route, route -n oӽdҳIϥ -n P_| domain O_idߡA
@ӻAڳw[W -n A]hdߥϸѡAܳt׸֡A
~A default gateway NO 0.0.0.0 I
@
[root@test root]# route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 dev eth0
# sW@ӸѳWhI
@
[root@test root]# route del -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 dev eth0
# R@Ӹo
@
[root@test root]# route add default gw 192.168.1.2
# W[@ default gateway OI
`N@UA gw ᭱O IP A dev ᭱hO˸mNI

ܥثeDWѸTF
ק( W[ΧR )DWѪIyiHظm router Iz

DestinationGؼСAiHO IP ]iHOIܩSWw쪺AhOH default ӪܡIHWҡAڪnh 192.168.1.0 ɭԡAhHW 192.168.1.0 @檺]wDApGڭnh tw.yahoo.com ɭԡAѩSWwIҥHNnH default TDnѡI]AڴN|g 140.116.141.253 o gateway ӶǰeXhڪʥ]oI
Gateway GӥؼЭngѭ@ӺǰeHNOo@ӳ]wȰաI
Genmask GNO Destination netmask oIҦp 140.116.141.253 255.255.255.255 A]LO@ host ӤO@ network rIܩ 192.168.1.0 NO 255.255.255.0 o C Class oIpGO default ܡAN 0.0.0.0 A]NO׬O̡AX۳o@ gateway NOFI
Flages GXСAUX Flage OG

U (route is up)GӸѤwgҰʤFF
H (target is a host)GؼЬO@ӥD( IP )AҦpWdҤ 140.116.141.253 @ӡF
G (use gateway)GΨӧ@ gateway ]wF
R (reinstate route for dynamic routing)GϥΰʺAѮɡA_ѸTXСF
D (dynamically installed by daemon or redirect)GwgѪAȩ port \]w ʺAѡF
M (modified from routing daemon or redirect)GѤwgQקFF
! (reject route)GoӸѱN|Q(ΨөפwI)

Iface Gӳ]wϥΪH

router

Gzo{UF route ɭԡAܪt׫ܺCɡAq`OzѸT@wDsbIGupܡAаȥJӪˬd@U]wA_hzt׷|𺢲{HI

@ǺOG

DϡIڪ Linux WI

ping Ge@ ICMP ʥ]YD

traceroute GլdsYDɡACӸ`Isut

UOӽͤ@ͥI

ping

ǰe@ ICMP ʥ]YD

[test@test test]# ping [-b broadcast]
[test@test test]# ping [-c number] host
ѼƻG
-b broadcast Gn ping @ӺqɡAiHϥγoӤ觋ӡyszI
-c number G᭱[W number (Ʀr)iH ping XI
dҡG
[test@test test]# ping -c 5 tw.yahoo.com <==FIP]iH ping domain nameI
PING tw.yahoo.com (202.1.237.21) from 61.28.113.1 : 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from tw.yahoo.com (202.1.237.21): icmp_seq=0 ttl=245 time=7.133 msec
64 bytes from tw.yahoo.com (202.1.237.21): icmp_seq=1 ttl=245 time=7.497 msec
64 bytes from tw.yahoo.com (202.1.237.21): icmp_seq=2 ttl=245 time=6.625 msec
64 bytes from tw.yahoo.com (202.1.237.21): icmp_seq=3 ttl=245 time=6.457 msec
64 bytes from tw.yahoo.com (202.1.237.21): icmp_seq=4 ttl=245 time=6.434 msec
@
--- tw.yahoo.com ping statistics ---
5 packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max/mdev = 6.434/6.829/7.497/0.421 ms
@
[test@test test]# ping -b 192.168.1.255 -c 2 <==o̥Os}
WARNING: pinging broadcast address
PING 192.168.1.255 (192.168.1.255) from 192.168.1.254 : 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.1.36: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=191 usec
64 bytes from 192.168.1.45: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=492 usec (DUP!)
64 bytes from 192.168.1.254: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=531 usec (DUP!)
@
--- 140.116.44.255 ping statistics ---
2 packets transmitted, 2 packets received, +6 duplicates, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max/mdev = 0.134/0.811/2.094/0.647 ms

ping your.NIC.IP.address

ping -c 5 your.NIC.IP.address

icmpGO ICMP oӨwoI
ttlGO time to live աIgL@Ӹ`IA ttl N|֤@Iӹw] 255 ӡIHWҡAڪ Linux Ds tw.yahoo.com @gL 10 gateway AҥH ttl ѤU 245 I

traceroute

լdsYDɡACӸ`Isut

[root@test root]# traceroute [-i interface] [-g gateway] [host|IP]
ѼƻG
-i Gϥγo interface ӳsXhIҦp eth0, ppp0 I
-g Gϥγo gateway ӳsXhIҦp 192.168.1.2, 140.116.141.29 I
dҡG
[root@test root]# traceroute tw.yahoo.com
traceroute to tw.yahoo.com (202.1.237.21), 30 hops max, 38 byte packets
1 140.116.141.253 (140.116.141.253) 123.958 ms 96.357 ms 97.810 ms
2 140.116.140.253 (140.116.140.253) 103.548 ms 87.607 ms 78.227 ms
3 163.28.112.253 (163.28.112.253) 99.522 ms 84.379 ms 79.858 ms
4 210.242.251.246 (210.242.251.246) 104.429 ms 86.622 ms 79.857 ms
5 211.22.226.50 (211.22.226.50) 97.897 ms 86.031 ms 87.177 ms
6 TaiPei-TANET-P1.BR.HiNet.NET (168.95.207.242) 101.981 ms 58.149 ms 60.231 ms
7 168.95.17.162 (168.95.17.162) 69.198 ms 63.294 ms 58.594 ms
8 210.65.200.10 (210.65.200.10) 65.950 ms 67.336 ms 63.503 ms
9 211.22.35.169 (211.22.35.169) 67.572 ms 92.535 ms 83.105 ms
10 211.22.41.89 (211.22.41.89) 106.855 ms 92.540 ms 87.201 ms
11 alteon6.tpe.yahoo.com (202.1.237.253) 122.347 ms 92.235 ms 91.266 ms

[Pd

netstat Gd\TO

host GܥDW( domain name )

nslookup GլdDWٹ IP I

netstat

d\TO

[root@test root]# netstat [-r] [-i interface]
[root@test root]# netstat [-antulp]
ѼƻG
-r GܥX route NF
-i GܥX interface eA ifconfig աI
-a GܥXثeҦsuAI
-n Gw]pAܥX host |H host name {AY n hiH port P host HƦr
-t G tcp ʥ]su欰
-u G udp ʥ]suA
-l G LISTEN e
-p GPܦ@su PID I(`NGu root ~Ϧ\I)
dҡG
[root@test root]# netstat -r
# KKIܥXثeѪIP route O\ۦPC
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags MSS Window irtt Iface
140.116.141.253 *               255.255.255.255 UH     40 0         0 ppp0
192.168.1.0     *               255.255.255.0   U      40 0         0 eth0
192.168.0.0     *               255.255.255.0   U      40 0         0 eth0
127.0.0.0       *               255.0.0.0       U      40 0         0 lo
default         140.116.141.253 0.0.0.0         UG     40 0         0 ppp0
@
[root@test root]# netstat -i eth0
# ݬݩUܥXeAO_ ifconfig eth0 rIH
Kernel Interface table
Iface   MTU Met   RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR   TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg
eth0   1500   077199373      0      0      169616342      0      0      0 BMRU
lo    16436   0 1130485      0      0      0 1130485      0      0      0 LRU
@
[root@test root]# netstat -an<==ܩҦsuAAåBHƦrA
[root@test root]# netstat -tul <== LISTEN tcp P udp suAApUG
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State
tcp        0      0 *:mysql                 *:*                     LISTEN
tcp        0      0 *:netbios-ssn           *:*                     LISTEN
tcp        0      0 *:pop3                  *:*                     LISTEN
tcp        0      0 *:http                  *:*                     LISTEN
tcp        0      0 *:ftp                   *:*                     LISTEN
tcp        0      0 *:ssh                   *:*                     LISTEN
tcp        0      0 *:smtp                  *:*                     LISTEN
udp        0      0 *:netbios-ns            *:*
`NGW LISTEN ܸ port Owgb ť AȰաIӥ䪺 tcp O tcp ʥ]I
@
[root@test root]# netstat -anp | more <==oӫOܱ`UFIаOoI

netstat -a | more
netstat -an | more

/etc/services

kill

ProtoGOʥ]Ϊ̬OqTwաI tcp , udp O`I
Local AddressGaݪ IP P Port ApG /etc/services sbAȦW١ANHAȦWܡF
Foreign Address Gť@ӦaϻP port F
stateGACNܦhաI򥻪G

LISTEN GYťA port I
ESTABLISHEDGwإ߳susup
TIME_WAITGӳsubثewgOݪAFIHɦi|_uI

host

ܥDW( domain name )

[root@test root]# host [-a] domain_name
ѼƻG
-a GܥXҦT
dҡG
[root@test root]# host tw.yahoo.com <==ܥXD IP
tw.yahoo.com. has address 202.1.237.21
@
[root@test root]# host -a tw.yahoo.com <==ҦDTܡI
Trying "tw.yahoo.com."
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 59138
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 5, ADDITIONAL: 5

;; QUESTION SECTION:
;tw.yahoo.com. IN ANY

;; ANSWER SECTION:
tw.yahoo.com. 370 IN A 202.1.237.21

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
yahoo.com.              213     IN      NS      NS1.yahoo.com.
yahoo.com.              213     IN      NS      NS2.yahoo.com.
yahoo.com.              213     IN      NS      NS3.yahoo.com.
yahoo.com.              213     IN      NS      NS4.yahoo.com.
yahoo.com.              213     IN      NS      NS5.yahoo.com.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
NS1.yahoo.com.          88153   IN      A       66.218.71.63
NS2.yahoo.com.          42259   IN      A       209.132.1.28
NS3.yahoo.com.          51730   IN      A       217.12.4.104
NS4.yahoo.com.          38291   IN      A       63.250.206.138
NS5.yahoo.com.          67985   IN      A       64.58.77.85

Received 216 bytes from 163.28.112.1#53 in 10 ms

/etc/resolv.conf

DNS []

nslookup

dߥDWٻP IP

[root@test root]# nslookup [domain_name|IP]
ѼƻG
dҡG
[root@test root]# nslookup tw.yahoo.com <== domain name d IPI
Note: nslookup is deprecated and may be removed from future releases.
Consider using the `dig' or `host' programs instead. Run nslookup with
the `-sil[ent]' option to prevent this message from appearing.
Server: 163.28.112.1
Address: 163.28.112.1#53

Non-authoritative answer:
Name: tw.yahoo.com
Address: 202.1.237.21

[root@test root]# nslookup 202.1.237.21 <== IP d domain name
Note: nslookup is deprecated and may be removed from future releases.
Consider using the `dig' or `host' programs instead. Run nslookup with
the `-sil[ent]' option to prevent this message from appearing.
Server: 163.28.112.1
Address: 163.28.112.1#53

Non-authoritative answer:
21.237.1.202.in-addr.arpa name = tw.yahoo.com.

Authoritative answers can be found from:
237.1.202.in-addr.arpa nameserver = ns1.yahoo.com.
237.1.202.in-addr.arpa nameserver = ns2.yahoo.com.
237.1.202.in-addr.arpa nameserver = ns3.yahoo.com.
237.1.202.in-addr.arpa nameserver = ns4.yahoo.com.
237.1.202.in-addr.arpa nameserver = ns5.yahoo.com.
ns1.yahoo.com   internet address = 66.218.71.63
ns2.yahoo.com   internet address = 209.132.1.28
ns3.yahoo.com   internet address = 217.12.4.104
ns4.yahoo.com   internet address = 63.250.206.138
ns5.yahoo.com   internet address = 64.58.77.85

host

DNS A]w

ݳsuϥΫOG telnet, ftp, ncftp,

ssh A

telnet GΨӳsuݥDAMA BBS D]iHsu
ftp GݶǰeƷAt׳̧֪w@
ncftp GnJΦWD̦nΪr FTP nI

telnet

ΨӳsuݥDAMA BBS D]iHsu

[root@test root]# telnet [-8] [host|IP] [port]
ѼƻG
-8 GiHֶýXp
portGAȪfIҦp POP3 110 ASMTP 25 port Itelnet iHΨӰI
dҡG
[root@test root]# telnet -8 bbs.sayya.org
bbs.sayya.org ? SayYA Linux T ? 140.113.22.98
w{i SayYA T jثeuWH [41] H

i SayYa Linux's BBS x j

@ӥH Linux BѡBʪAȤM~ BBS

[αbGguestAӽзsbGnew

пJNGguest
# oӬOxW̦W𪺱M~ Linux BBS AŦh@@@I
@
[root@test root]# telnet localhost 110
# ݪ 110 o port O_Ұ
Trying 127.0.0.1...
telnet: connect to address 127.0.0.1: Connection refused
WOS} port 110 pIҥHܳsu\I refused

[root@test root]# telnet localhost 110
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to 127.0.0.1.
Escape character is '^]'.
+OK POP3 test v2000.70rh server ready
quit<==o̿J}O quit I
+OK Sayonara <==I٧iDz饻ܡy稺z
Connection closed by foreign host.

UzsWh BBS d߸ơF
UzեDݬY f supI

telnet + IP + port

JMCCE

ftp

ݶǰeƷAt׳̧֪w@

[root@test root]# ftp [-p] host [port]
ѼƻG
-p GҰ PASSIVE ҦI
dҡG
[root@test root]# ftp localhost @@@@<==w]OH port 21 Ӷisu
[root@test root]# ftp localhost 1354 @
# pGz]w ftp port DW 21 AhiHoˡI
@
[root@test root]# ftp localhost@@<==s컷ݥD
Connected to localhost (127.0.0.1).
220 localhost FTP server (Version wu-2.6.1-20) ready.
Name (127.0.0.1:test): test <==Jb
331 Password required for test.
Password: <==JKX
230 User test logged in.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
ftp> dir @@@@@@@@@<==ܻDe
ftp> cd @@@@@@@@@ <==ܴݥDؿ
ftp> close or bye or exit@<==}ݥD
ftp> get file@@@@@@@<==oݥDɮ
ftp> mget file@@@@@@ <==oҦɮסA get nΡIҦp mget .bash*
ftp> put file@@@@@@@<==Naɮ file 컷ݥDW
ftp> mputfile@@@@@@ <==N@ɮפWǫ
ftp> delete file@ @@@@<==ݥD file ɮ
ftp> help@@@@@@@@@<==ܨDϫOI
ftp> mkdir dir@@@@@@ <==bݥDWإߥؿ
ftp> lcd@@@@@@@@@ <==ܴaݸ|I
ftp> ascii or binary@@@ <==H ASCII Ҧ BINARY ҦơIH

ncftp

nJΦWD̦nΪr FTP nI

[root@test root]# ncftp [host]
[root@test root]# ncftp [ftp://domain.name/path]
ѼƻG
iHs host DA]iHsDYӸ|UA۷K
dҡG
[root@test root]# ncftp ftp.nsysu.edu.tw@@<==s줤sj FTP
[root@test root]# ncftp ftp://ftp.nsysu.edu.tw/Linux
# s FTP Ḓ Linux ؿUI
# LUe]gLsAҥHͤFýXb Putty UO`I
NcFTP 3.0.3 (April 15, 2001) by Mike Gleason (ncftp@ncftp.com).

Connecting to ftp.nsysu.edu.tw...

======================================================================
==            ***** ????D?X?X?D????s?j???q?????? *****              ==
==      ***********   -- ???R??q??????A?? --   ***********        ==
== ********************** FTP.NSYSU.EDU.TW ************************ ==
== _/_/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/   _/     _/ _/_/_/   _/_/_/   _/_/_/ ==
== _/       _/    _/ _/    _/ _/_/ __/ _/    _/ _/    _/ _/    _/ ==
== _/       _/    _/ _/    _/ _/ _/_/_/ _/    _/ _/       _/    _/ ==
== _/_/_/_/ _/    _/ _/_/_/   _/ _/ _/ _/    _/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/_/ ==
== _/       _/    _/ _/ _/   _/     _/ _/    _/       _/ _/    _/ ==
== _/       _/    _/ _/   _/ _/     _/ _/    _/ _/    _/ _/    _/ ==
== _/        _/_/_/ _/   _/ _/     _/ _/_/_/   _/_/_/ _/    _/ ==
== ************** National Sun Yat Sen University *************** ==
==      ***************** Computer Center ******************        ==
==            *********** -- FORMOSA -- ************              ==
==                 ******    Ftp Server   ******                    ==
======================================================================
???hQD? <A HREF="http://ftp.nsysu.edu.tw">http://ftp.nsysu.edu.tw</A>
======================================================================
FTP.NSYSU.edu.tw is ready now.
Logging in...

========================================================================
o Continously file transfer protocol supported now! (Download Resum)
(D????????U??????)
========================================================================
???h?hQD? <A HREF="http://ftp.nsysu.edu.tw">http://ftp.nsysu.edu.tw</A>
DiDH??D????K??Pj?M??????!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Please use the search engine on the URL http://ftp.nsysu.edu.tw
========================================================================
D??e FTP ??D?? 235 ?HD??b?u?W?AD??e??X????? 1600 ?H
There are currently 235 users out of 1600 possible. (Class: default)
======================================================================
ADM.Email: ftpadm@cc.nsysu.edu.tw
Anonymous access granted, restrictions apply.
Logged in to ftp.nsysu.edu.tw.
Current remote directory is /pub/Linux.
ncftp /pub/Linux >@@<==@IiJeoIӥBݭnJbPKXOI

ݥD@ǪAȫOG
ncftp /pub/Linux > cd Redhat@@@@@ <==ܴؿ
ncftp /pub/Linux > dir@@@@@@@@ <==ܥثeؿUɮ׻PؿT
ncftp /pub/Linux > get file1 @@@@@<==N file1 Ʀs쥻a
ncftp /pub/Linux > get -z file1 file2@<==N file1 s쥻aݮɧɦW file2
ncftp /pub/Linux > get -A file1 file2
# N file1 Hֿn觋(append)W[ file2 oɮ
ncftp /pub/Linux > pub file@@@@@@<==NɮץѥaݤWǦܻݡI
ncftp /pub/Linux > rename file1 file2@<==NݪD file1 W file2
ncftp /pub/Linux > rm file@@@@@@ <==Rɮ
ncftp /pub/Linux > rmdir directory@@ <==Rؿ
ncftp /pub/Linux > mget directory@@@
# iHUyӥؿzơIܴΧaI

aݥD@ǫO\G
ncftp /pub/Linux > lcd @@@@@ <==ܧ󥻦aݥثeҦbؿ
ncftp /pub/Linux > lls @@@@@ <==ܥثeaݩҦbؿɮ׻PؿT
ncftp /pub/Linux > lmkdir @@@@<==baݫإߥؿ
ncftp /pub/Linux > lpwd@@@@@ <==ܥثeaݥDҦbؿ
ncftp /pub/Linux > lrm@@@@@@<==Raݪɮ
ncftp /pub/Linux > lrmdir@@@@ <==Raݪyؿz

rɭsG lynx, wget,

lynx-2.8.5-11
wget-1.8.2-9

lynx GΨӤWrɭsILuܤΡAרOn Linux wYӺơALiO۷nΪIPɡApG@F]wANiH[ݤoI
wget GH HTTP FTP w@ΡAӶiɮ׸ƪ\IoӪF]۷nΡIiHbrɭU HTTP WɪɮIIΡI

lynx

rU WWW s

[root@test root]# lynx http://web.site
ѼƻG
dҡG
[root@test root]# lynx http://tw.yahoo.com
tw.yahoo.com cookie: B=b7hd3jkukeu1e&b=2 Allow? (Y/N/Always/neVer) A
# WJ A NiH cookie FI
Yahoo!_ (p1 of 5)

[USEMAP:yk_masthead_142.gif]

p~^y 9p]@@ k `Hƪ5dH@@ nv-
𶢤kʺ~

   pRLXnӤH
   ________________________ j M
   rG ȹCd - qfr - e - yH
   æ۩j}I

   ij [auc_ani.gif]
   dAvDIYGvBVvBSvB~@ByJ
   iTj sD - ѥ - z] - H - d -
   ql - T -
   isj - a - - YɳqT - - yF
   iӰȡj ȹC - X - ʪ - } - n -
   iڪj Hc - ï - R~ - qT - ƾ - ӤH?- MY
   iT֡j v?- qv - ?- dq - - C - Py - R
   iAȡj ²T - Pd - r - ADSL - D¾@@ border=0 A`
   iWDj 3C - kʮɩ| - ^ - Ыα -
   [0422_01.gif]
   [2001.jpg]
   [2002.jpg]
   [2003.jpg]
   [2004.jpg]
   >> h٦רk
   ieWAȡjO99_AeLuƹAuѳ̫g @ [bul.gif]
   {bӽ
   iAȡjKOn§je ֥μW @ [bul.gif]
   UKOF
(NORMAL LINK)   Use right-arrow or <return> to activate.
Arrow keys: Up and Down to move. Right to follow a link; Left to go bac
H)elp O)ptions P)rint G)o M)ain screen Q)uit /=search [delete]=history li
@
G
1. iJeAѩOrAAҥHsƥi|I첾ILI
@ |vTڭ̬ݩNNI
2. oӮɭԥiHϥΡyWUzЦbWﶵ( pHcB
@ )AU Enter NiJӭ
3. iHϥΡykzӲʡyW@ΤU@zC
4. iHǥѭק /etc/lynx.cfg ӳ]wܪrsX( xWaϥiH
@ Big5 sX )C
5. L]wiHϥΤWdҷA̩U@A
@ H)elp O)ptions P)rint G)o M)ain Q)uit I
6. \໡G
@@@h @@@GHelp, DU\. uW.
@@@g @@@GGoto URL, g J}(URL) p:http://www.abc.edu/
@@@d @@@Gdownload, Uɮ.
@@@q @@@GQuit, lynx !
@@@Ctrl+C Gj_ lynx .
@@@V:
@@@@@W GʴЦܥ "W@ӥisI" .
@@@@@U GʴЦܥ "U@ӥisI" .
@@@@@ Gback. ^W@.
@@@@@k GiJϥմЩҳs.
@@@@@ENTER P "k" .

[root@test root]# vi /etc/lynx.cfg
.... ....쩳UTr
##CHARACTER_SET:iso-8859-1 @@@<==jb 394 B
#ASSUME_CHARSET:iso-8859-1@@@ <==jb 409 B
#PREFERRED_LANGUAGE:en@@@@@ <==jb 537 B
@
NWT檺 # ŸAåB令UoˡG
CHARACTER_SET:big5@@@@@@@ <==oNO Big5 媺sX
ASSUME_CHARSET:big5@@@@@@@<==W@ˡI
PREFERRED_LANGUAGE:zh_TW@@@@ <==oӴNOyt䴩I
yt䴩譱AziHdݤ@U /etc/sysconfig/i18n oɮסA
zh_TW NOxWIFW]wANiHݤoI

http://freebsd.sinica.edu.tw/zh-tut/web-browse.html#LYNX

[root@test root]# lynx -dump http://the.site.doname.name/xxx.gif > file.gif

wget

ϥ wget Q FTP HTTP wӮơI

[root@test root]# wget http://domain.name/file
[root@test root]# wget http://ftp.nsysu.edu.tw/Unix/Web/counter/Count2.6/Count2.6/download/src/wwwcount2.6.tar.gz
--14:54:45-- http://ftp.nsysu.edu.tw/Unix/Web/counter/Count2.6/Count2.6/download/src/wwwcount2.6.tar.gz
=> `wwwcount2.6.tar.gz'
Connecting to ftp.nsysu.edu.tw:80... connected!
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 433,312 [application/x-gzip]

    0K .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 11% @ 746.27 KB/s
50K .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 23% @ 581.40 KB/s
100K .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 35% @ 909.09 KB/s
150K .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 47% @   1.09 MB/s
200K .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 59% @ 746.27 KB/s
250K .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 70% @ 781.25 KB/s
300K .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 82% @ 757.58 KB/s
350K .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 94% @ 704.23 KB/s
400K .......... .......... ...                             100% @   1.13 MB/s

14:54:46 (780.73 KB/s) - `wwwcount2.6.tar.gz' saved [433312/433312]

[root@test root]# vi /etc/wgetrc
.... ....쩳Ur
#http_proxy = http://proxy.yoyodyne.com:18023/ <==b 75 B
#use_proxy = on@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@<==b 78 B
@
NW檺 # ŸAåB令UoˡG
http_proxy = http://proxy.ncku.edu.tw:3128/
use_proxy = no

׺ݾܡGjmcce pe

http://jmcce.slat.org/Project/Jmcce

http://www.svgalib.org/

ftp://cle.linux.org.tw/pub/CLE/stable/v1.0/i386/RedHat/RPMS/

[root@test root]# wget http://www.svgalib.org/svgalib-1.4.3.tar.gz
[root@test root]# wget http://jmcce.slat.org/DOWNLOAD/jmcce-1.4RC2.tar.gz

pе

http://vbird.org.cn/download/#jmcce

1. w svgalib
1.1 pGH RPM w˪(ĳ)G
[root@test root]# rpm -ivh svgalib-*.rpm
o˴N OK FI
@
1.2 pGH Tarball w˪(ĳw˼Ҧ)G
[root@test root]# cd /usr/local/src
[root@test src]# tar -zxvf /root/svgalib-1.4.3.tar.gz
[root@test src]# cd svgalib-1.4.3
[root@test svgalib-1.4.3]# cd utils/
[root@test utils]# ln -s ../src/vga.h vga.h
[root@test utils]# vi Makefile
# 쩳Uo@( b 16 )G
CFLAGS = $(WARN) $(OPTIMIZE) -I../include
# ק令G
CFLAGS = $(WARN) $(OPTIMIZE) -I../include -L../sharedlib
[root@test utils]# cd ..
[root@test svgalib-1.4.3]# make install
[root@test svgalib-1.4.3]# cd /usr/lib
[root@test lib]# ln -s /usr/local/lib/libvga.so.1 .
# |@ǿ~TALuP man ASYILhI
@
2. Aw jmcce oӮMaI
[root@test root]# rpm -e libtool autoconf automake
# @ǸsM󫣡I
@
2.1 autoconf
[root@test root]# cd /usr/local/src
[root@test src]# tar -zxvf /root/autoconf-2.13.tar.gz
[root@test src]# cd autoconf-2.13
[root@test autoconf-2.13]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
[root@test autoconf-2.13]# make && make install
@
2.2 w automake
[root@test autoconf-2.13]# cd /usr/local/src
[root@test src]# tar -zxvf /root/automake-1.4.tar.gz
[root@test src]# cd automake-1.4
[root@test automake-1.4]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
[root@test automake-1.4]# make && make install
@
2.3 w libtool
[root@test automake-1.4]# cd /usr/local/src
[root@test src]# tar -zxvf /root/libtool-1.4.2.tar.gz
[root@test src]# cd libtool-1.4.2
[root@test libtool-1.4.2]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
[root@test libtool-1.4.2]# make && make install
@
2.4 w jmcce
[root@test libtool-1.4.2]# cd /usr/local/src
[root@test src]# tar -zxvf /root/jmcce-1.4RC2.tar.gz
[root@test src]# cd jmcce-1.4RC2/
[root@test jmcce-1.4RC2]# LANG=zh_TW.Big5
[root@test jmcce-1.4RC2]# vi /etc/sysconfig/i18n
# iHNL令ܳIUҼ˭ק
LANG="zh_TW.Big5"
[root@test jmcce-1.4RC2]# vi genconf.sh
# o@G
bin_PATH="/usr/bin"
# NL令G
bin_PATH="/usr/local/bin"
[root@test jmcce-1.4RC2]# ./genconf.sh ; ./genconf.sh
# oӰʧ@nhXAMѬO@ǩǩǪ~TI
# ̫٬O|X{@ӿ~TANOUˤlG
configure.in: 13: required file `build/ltconfig' not found
# LoӰT|vT̫᪺sĶGAҥHNnޥLFI
[root@test jmcce-1.4RC2]# ./configure --prefix=/usr \
> --sysconfdir=/etc/chinese/jmcce
[root@test jmcce-1.4RC2]# make && make install
@
3. ȦsɮסANsMw˦^ӡI
[root@test jmcce-1.4RC2]# cd /usr/local/src/autoconf-2.13/ && make uninstall
[root@test autoconf-2.13]# cd /usr/local/src/automake-1.4/ && make uninstall
[root@test automake-1.4]# cd /usr/local/src/libtool-1.4.2/ && make uninstall
# X쪩СAw autoconf, automake P libtool aI

jmcce ثeb׺ݾȤ䴩 640x480 256

vga=769

G jmcce iHb putty Ϊ̬OLDзҤϥΡIOOI

jmcce        ({̲{ locale ۰ʨMwcҦ)
jmcce -b     (ʱjH BIG5Xc餤ާ@)
jmcce -g     (ʱjH GBX²餤ާ@)
jmcce -d     (ܤӤJ󤤤JkAcҦ۰)
@
CTRL-SPACE    ===> ^
CTRL-ALT-0-9 ===> Jk
CTRL-ALT-1    ===> ܾeJk
CTRL-ALT-2    ===> ²Jk
CTRL-ALT-3    ===> `Jk (Linux/CXterm ǲΡus`Jkv)
CTRL-ALT-4    ===> OwJk (֬OwʹѡAtTQUJֳtJ)
CTRL-ALT-5    ===> CJk
CTRL-ALT-6    ===> ^ֿJk (֬޴ѡAjT}^~Jk)
CTRL-ALT-7    ===> ŭJk (z`J)
CTRL-ALT-8    ===> Jk (PTѡAiΫJҦWPTU~rJ)
CTRL-ALT-9    ===> L̿Jk (un۳ƦXkӪYi[Ұ)
CTRL-ALT-0    ===> XJk

sW@ǺBzk MTU ק

Maximum Transmission Unit, MTUFw@ӫʥ]nӨ

G]NOAMTU oӼƭȨäOVjVnAӬOnwzӶįΤ

`OǺLkQsWhIObDݫhSDI

ΤݵLksYǺάOLkoet󪺹qll

C@ Client ݹq MTU ӭץ

	MTU
EtherNet (@몺Ao]Ow])	1500
PPPoE(ADSLΪ)	1492
Dial-up(modem)	576

X MTU ȡG

Ob Client ݪqWAڭ̪ Router (NO NAT DAoDiO Linux ]iO Windows tγI) i MTU ƭȪo

Windows tΤW˴G

iJ MS DOS ROܦrF

Jy ping -f -l <bytes> IPzpUҥܡG

C:\WINDOWS> ping -f -l 1500 192.168.1.2

Pinging 192.168.1.2 with 1500 bytes of data:

Packet needs to be fragmented but DF set.
Packet needs to be fragmented but DF set.
Packet needs to be fragmented but DF set.
Packet needs to be fragmented but DF set.

Ping statistics for 192.168.1.2:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 0, Lost = 4 (100% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 0ms, Average = 0ms

Packet needs to be fragmented but DF set.

C:\WINDOWS> ping -f -l 1464 192.168.1.2

Pinging 192.168.1.2 with 1464 bytes of data:

Reply from 192.168.1.2: bytes=1464 time=10ms TTL=128
Reply from 192.168.1.2: bytes=1464 time<10ms TTL=128
Reply from 192.168.1.2: bytes=1464 time<10ms TTL=128
Reply from 192.168.1.2: bytes=1464 time<10ms TTL=128

Ping statistics for 192.168.1.2:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 10ms, Average = 2ms

LAjPĳXi檺̤j MTU ȡIoˤ@ӡAb]wɭԡA~iHF̨Ϊtv

MTU ƭȪpG

YhF 28 bytes

1464+28=1492

Linux tΪ˴G

b׺ݾJy ping -c <number> -M do -s <bytes> IPzA𫟺 number OơB<bytes>hOʥ]nCGpUҥܡG

[root@test root]# ping -c 3 -M do -s 1472 192.168.1.2
PING 192.168.1.2 (192.168.1.2) from 192.168.1.13 : 1472(1500) bytes of data.
1480 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=2.408 msec
1480 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=2.392 msec
1480 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=2.440 msec
@
--- 192.168.1.2 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max/mdev = 2.392/2.413/2.440/0.044 ms
@
[root@test root]# ping -c 3 -M do -s 1473 192.168.1.2
PING 192.168.1.2 (192.168.1.2) from 192.168.1.13 : 1473(1501) bytes of data.
ping: sendto: Message too long
ping: sendto: Message too long
ping: sendto: Message too long

--- 192.168.1.2 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss

ק MTU ȡG

ifconfig

Windows 98G

b y}lz>yzAJ<regedit>A|X{@ӤjخءF

ܡGyHKEY_Local_Machinez>ySystemz>yCurrentControlSetz>yServicesz>yClassz>yNetTransz>y000nzW̫@ӼƾڬO 000nA n OƦrAHڬҡAb NetTrans UӼƦrAO 0000 P 0002AYU 0000 |ܧڪ Gate Way HΧڪd IP ءAܩ 0002 hSڪdTAҥH 0000 o@ӴNOڪdաIШ̱zpܡI