ouӭnFIƱjaѬOQװϤWoݤ@ǡyi|QHHzDAҥHo̦Aƪjդ@I

• uW Linux OdߡG

򥻤WAϥ Linux ̦n٬OϥΤrɭnJnIoO] X-Window MsӻAL[\ZjjALApG¨ϥ X-Window Өϥ Linux ܡAϥ Window 󤣦POHI]MoApGzQN Linux @ DeskTop ܡANtOoI^ѩϥ X-Window iƤFܦhgIoO] X-Window uO Linux U@MynzAäO@My@~tΡzAҥH X-Window AtΪ\ä৹xAåBAѩ X-Window b Run ɭԷ|ӥΤh귽Ao@IªӻOܭnRIҦp P-166 ӨӥhhNu 64 MB OjpApG@] X-Window ܡAڨLAȥiN|𺢪po....I򥻤WA󦳤߷Qn Linux ̭pBͧrI٬OƱziHhhϥΤrɭӳ]wzҦAȡAo˱zeM Linux Dn[cAåBA]AѨC@ӫOP]wɮתmAz᪺u@㦳۷jUIҥHoAŲyU`٨tθ귽zPyUϥΪ̧[A Linux tά[czAo̳jO˨ϥΤrɭӾާ@ Linux I
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򥻤WA`Ϊ@O]רOɮ׻Pؿظm譱O^wgbeXQ׹LFAݭnΥiHe@[ICt~@ӳ̭naOAb Linux DWAwgئUӫOeFAӥBOܸԲӪuWAAiHϥΡG
@

[root@tsai  root]# man  command <==command AdߪOW  [root@tsai  root]# info command

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bWAw command oӫOAiHϥ man Ϊ̬O info ӬdߥL\PAҦpAndM ls oӫOɡAAiHJG man  ls   info  ls Ӭdߤ@UIAQνuWd߹A^άO\঳@w{תUINϥΪpӬݡA٬OyѸܡAyn`Ȭݭ^zAݤ[F٬O|oաI]^]n]Oܯ}^ALVO٬OiHݪorIMAq`ڦb}l Linux ɭԡAO@^rbd...I

• uWdߡyѼƳ]wɮ׵cz

~ApGO@몺ѼɮתܡAӦpdߨ]w觋OHIINJUoӰѼƧaI
@

[root@tsai root]# man 5 passwd [root@tsai root]# man passwd

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IJӪ@UWѪӫOAz|ܻo{̪PI򻡤POHKKIĤGܪO /usr/bin/passwd oӰɪϥΤkСAOĤ@ӥ[WѼ 5 ɭԡAN۰ʪܦhd /etc/passwd oɮת]w\FIOoGyb Linux Aϥ man ɭԡAѼƳ]wɪd߳OH 5 ӳ]wIz|O 5 OHp]wAINݭnӬdݤ@U man oөNNjM| (MANPATH) FI

• uWd man pages jM|G

o̦Ӧ쪺DnjaQ@QAڦbd߫OΪkɡAΪ̬Od߰Ѽɮת]wɡA Linux ̥h䪺rIHINO MANPATH oܼƷjMoI MANPATH b̳]wOHIܮe䪺쪺ANO /etc/man.conf oɮoIbɮפAڭ̰ man ɭԡAtδN|@Ӥ@Ӫhd PATH ANIڭ̦bYǰɪɭԤ@ˡIw] MANPATH b̧rIHNObG
@
• /usr/share/man
• /usr/local/man
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WoӬOjvաInFApGڦwˤF@ӷsMAOH Tarball w˦b /usr/local/newpackes UAӥBڪDӮM man pages b /usr/local/newpackes UAڸӦpӥؿiHQ MANPATH dߨOH²rINӥؿgJ /etc/man.conf YNiHաI

• Linux DơG

򥻤WAA Linux ̭Nwg㦳۷hƤFAuLO媺InFAADӤ\b̶ܡHINObUؿաI

• /usr/share/doc

ŪܦhYhݬݡIA|ݨܦhTIܴΪաI

• `NùeܪTG

t~Aܦh~T򥻤WwgѱzѨMפFIҥHboͿ~ɭԡAФdUOoyŪ@UzùWܪ~TzaIIoO̮e۱Ϫ觋I

• d /var/log YɮסG

򥻤WA Linux w]pAwgNjjppƥ󳣼gJ log file ( nJ ) FIoӮɭԦpGzo{ztΦDAIӥؿUhdݤ@UAthiHѨMzDOIdNdNI

hHhu

• hHGLinux ̴ΪaNbLhHhuҤFIAOyhHhuzHIb Linux W\PHϥΡAӥBCӤHSvAu@ӤH㦳ܰLWvOANO root ]tκ޲z^AFL~ALHn@ǭIӨCӤHiJ Linux ҳ]wiHHۨCӵMߦnӳ]w( ٰOoڭ̦b BASH @L ~/.bashrc aIHFINOӥI )IxI Windows ]iHrIOSrIOnoOAzub Windows e~iHiynJzu@A]NOAC Windows Ȥ\@ӤHnJIMoAWindows NT ]P˪㦳oӦhHhu\ILAѩ NT bOӯӨtθ귽FAӤH{A٬O񤣤W Linux Ϊ̬O Unix aڪsuӪZOI

 
• hu欰GڷQAϥιL Windows Hﳣ|Jo˪ƱGyoɮץbϥΤAzLk}ҳoɮסIzڭǡIٱoNb{~}oӤȦsɡIIӥBoӮɭ٥uڦۤv@ӤHbϥΩO??F??I Linux N|ooIziHPɦbPeAPɥѤPH]MoAOg SSH suLӡAObùeBoI^ϥΡyP@ɮסzA׬O}ҩΪ̬OקAunzvA]ٰOoeLɮvƧaHIѰOFH^YƲߥhaII^NiHϥθɮסIIoӪFiΪIѩ󳾭Oܱ`ϥε{]NO Fortran աAYuI^Aӥѩڭ̦@DMΨӤu@AҥHtƤɤ@I] PIII CPU^AڴNiHPɪi compiler {ǡAӥB٤|۪vTAåB귽tZêIIS˱ Windows ӶO귽NNA?|]oo򶶺ZrInŤFII

 
• CӰ򥻵Gb Linux Aw]ѤFӤrɭnJAHΤ@ӹϧάɭAAiHϥ [Alt]+[F1].....[F7]ӤP׺ݾɭAӥBCӲ׺ݾɭnJ٥iHPHIܬaI Windows @ubùenJ@ӤHIIoӪFiNܦΰաIרObYӵ{ǦɭԡI

 
• {GHe²ªA`OHϥ Windows 98 NiHաIӡA]u@YAݭnϥ Unix tΡAQڥunbu@eNnA~n]Ӷ]h Unix u@ehOIҥHNϥ Windows sڪ Unix u@u@InAڤ@ӵ{Ƕ]Uӭn 2~3 ѡA?``Fa 2.5 ѪɭԡA Windows 98 NLIhIuOLȦF??Ӧ]FsqAΤFH Windows 2000 AAoFu]HӨ^AbɭԡALiHȱN~{ǽ𱼡AӤzZL{ǶiAIqHANξ߷|ssoILA 2000 ٤nA]ɭ٬O|II Linux OHIΤFAXGiH藍|I]LiHbɭԡANYӳQx{DZAMbsӵ{ǦӤέs}IaIpGڦb Linux UHrɭnJAbùܿ~TNF?ʳʡAӦpOnIHoӮɭԨw]CӵNWաIAiHHNA  [Alt]+[F1].....[F7] ӤL׺ݾɭAMH ps -aux X𫍧~{ǡAMᵹL kill @UAA^𫍧׺ݾɭI?ΡIS^_`oI

 
• CPU u@DGb Windows 98 BӳoOAWindows 98 w] CPU Oy@tb]zA]o˻աAӻ windows 98 CPU O@bqqIsSu@ɭԡAL CPU ϥβv٬OiHF 100% AҥHey CPU LDIoӱpMiHb NT 2000 oѨMAΪ̥iH[ CPU ٹqnӭCūסAOMOǩǪIӦb Linux ڥNSoӰDA CPU SϥΡAN|qqAIٹqSSIMziH@@@̳oӺ CPU ϥβvAF WWW uWHƹLhɭԷ|Ĩ 30% k~ALɭԥiOCCI

I

• t~@ӥ\ANOyIz\ҤFCAJ

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[root@tsai  root]#  cp  file1  file2  &
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o@OɭԡAܱN file1 oɮ׽ƻs file2 ABmIA]NOo@өROAbo@Ӳ׺ݤMiHLu@Iӷo@ӫO] cp  file1  file2 ^槹AtαN|bz׺ݤܧIܫKQI

hHhuD

• hHhuT꦳ܦhnBA]޲zWxZA]ϥΪ̶VӶVhANɭPA޲zWxZIt~AѩϥΪ̤鲱AϥΪ̹F@wHƫAq`AKݭnɯŤFA] CPU BP RAM jpiN|ŨϥΡI

nFIoܻFI}lӽͤ@ʹXӱ`ΪOaI

ɫڭ̨äO@wnbùeiu@AרOYǪBͯSOwPɶ}ҦhӵA|edVIoӮɭԴNݭnϥΨIu@޲z@ǫOoIoǫOOݭnPɨϥΪIp &, [Ctrl]+z, bg, fg, jobs, P kill I~ḀDnQΨyIu@zϥΪ̳q`O^OOHyNOzDwgQϥΪ̶ȯPɵnJ@zɭԡA]NOAALkΨӵnJP@DAiHܡHiHrIثeܦhDF`٨tθ귽ANOo˷dAMӳoӮɭԸU@zniܦhu@ɭԡAnHII˸rI٦nIb Linux ̭䴩Fܦho譱ƱIڭ̥iHo˰OI ^_^

DzߥɭԷ|ϥΨ쳡ROɦVAҥHЫe BASH SHELL \Ū@fI

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&

ykG

[root @test /root ]# command & ѼƻG dҡG [root @test /root]# find / -name testing & <==NӰ{ǥI [root @test /root]# fg                      <==Nӵ{ǥs^ùe

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pGQnùu@( command )bIU檺ɫANϥ & aILAѩOI檺AҥHӵ{ǪXä|{bùWAҥHݭnSOdNXT޽uɪDIt~ApNӵ{ǥs^ӿùWOHNϥ fg YiIMoA]iHϥ [Ctrl]+z ӱNثebiu@IUI\bIU榳nBOHI̤jnBNOȳQy [Ctrl]+c zoӤ_OӤ_FII

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[Ctrl]+z

ykG

[root @test /root ]# command [root @test /root ]# ^Z          <==U[Ctrl][W z ѼƻG dҡG [root @test /root]# vi .bashrc ^Z                             <==b vi @ҦJ[Ctrl]+z [1]+  Stopped                 vi .bashrc    <==o̷|ܱNƥIFI [root @test /root]#

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pGAbi vi AӥBObs@ӭnɮסAOAQ_{ǻݭndNA]ݭnhX vi ALAAäQoӮɭxshX vi AӦpOnOHINNƥI̭haIHWҤlӻAAbs /root/.bashrc oɮ׮ɡAQnȮ}ANb vi y@ҦzJ[Ctrl][W z ]pg^AAtδN|iDAyu@ [1] bIAӨ䪬A[Stopped]YOAIzAåB|} vi iJ command line AݨϥΪ̿JOIoөNNܦnΪIpGQn^ vi OHIANݭnϥ jobs tX bg fg oI

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jobs

ykG

[root @test /root ]# jobs ѼƻG dҡG [root @test /root]# vi .bashrc ^Z                              <==b vi @ҦJ[Ctrl]+z [1]+  Stopped                 vi .bashrc    <==o̷|ܱNƥIFI [root @test /root]# jobs [1]+  Stopped                 vi .bashrc    <==ܦ@Ӥu@bIUAA C

G
ڭ̴쪺 & P vi bIUAA򪾹DثeAҶi檺IUu@ǩOHI²ANOϥ jobs NiH[աIHWҡAϥ jobs NiHDثeIu@ئ vi .bashrc o@IӤA][]^̭ƦrNO jobs NoI

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fg P bg

ykG

[root @test /root ]# fg %number [root @test /root ]# bg %number ѼƻG %      G᭱ƦrA jobs u@N number GNOu@N dҡG [root @test /root]# find / -name test ^Z [1]+  Stopped                 find / -name testing [root @test /root]# vi .bashrc ^Z [2]+  Stopped                 vi .bashrc    <==o̷|ܱNƥIFI [root @test /root]# jobs [1]-  Stopped                 find / -name testing [2]+  Stopped                 vi .bashrc [root @test /root]# bg %1 [root @test /root]# jobs [1]-  Running                 find / -name testing & [2]+  Stopped                 vi .bashrc [root @test /root]# fg %2 iJ vi eoI

G
OKIpA jobs I]bg^Pe]fg^ޱOHIo̽Ъ`NoIo bg ONyI{ stopped ܦ Running z@ӤqAܩ fg yhONIOùWӰʧ@zAA򪾹DAIh֪u@]jobs^biOHINO jobs ӬݬݭI{NoIMH bg %number ӱNƦbIA fg %number hONN number {ʨùeʧ@I

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kill

ykG

[root @test /root ]# kill -sigal %number ѼƻG %number GIu@NAiϥ jobs d signal     -1  GsŪ@ѼƳ]w( reload )     -2  GϥΪ̤_Ӥu@A [Ctrl]+c Ӥ_@Ӥu@     -9  Gߨ@Ӥu@A׸Ӥu@O_͵{     -15 G@Ӥu@]oOw]ȡ^ dҡG [root @test /root]# jobs [1]+  Stopped                 vi .bashrc [root @test /root]# kill -9 %1

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pGQnIu@ءAiHJ kill ӱIOѩw]ONӵ{ǰӤwAo@wiHNӤu@MbA]ݭneX@ӰTAiDtΧANOn屼ӵ{ǡIoӮɭԴNϥ kill -9 at~A -15 ٬ terminal AOH@몺`{Ǭ屼@ jobs A V9 yjפzNAҥHiHL͵{ǡC

שӨYtκ޲z߳I@ӳQJI Linux tγ̮eQק諸OHQz@wťLҿתy차{zaIҿת차{NOH@ǤpOAѭI檺觋`nbtηAӷAtγQJI̤JIAz Linux DWTAINOѳoǤ차{ǰeJI̤⤤IҥHoI}n޲z{ǪߺDA]Otκ޲zn\ҩOInFIڭ̥nAѪOyO{ǡzrIHFAo]SnAy{ǴNOzbΪ̱Ұʤ@Өƥ󪺮ɭԡAtη|oL@ӰǡIzyܻAzҰʤF@ӫOΪ̬O shell ɭԡAtδN|oӨƥΪ̬O shell @ӥNXAӦpG󪺨LAȭnϥΨAثeo{Ǫ귽ɡAN|۰ʪ]AѤ@Uz PID ] process ID, NO{oI^AUڭ̨ϥ ps P top oӳ̱`Ψ[tε{Ǥu@AOAѤ@UO{ǰաI

t~AڭٱoݭnAѤ@UAOy{, PPIDzPyl{, child precesszOHIIF]SF_INOyl{ǬOѤ{ǰӱo@ӵ{ǡAl{ǦɡA{dzq`|QvTAO{ǦɡAhҦl{DZN@ֵIz``ܦhBͳbGyIڪ sendmail AuOFIzIoӮɭԱzNoiDLoGyIAO{ǧrIuO@Ǥl{ǡAѩ{٦sۡAҥHl{ǴN|ʪXoIz

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ps

ykG

[root @test /root ]# ps -aux ѼƻG a   :ܩҦ{ǦCX u   :ҦϥΪ̪{ǧCX x   :Ҧ tty {ǦCX dҡG [root @test /root]# ps -aux USER       PID %CPU %MEM   VSZ  RSS TTY      STAT START   TIME COMMAND root         1  0.0  0.1  1384  468 ?        S    Mar31   0:05 init [3] root         2  0.0  0.0     0    0 ?        SW   Mar31   0:00 [keventd] root         3  0.0  0.0     0    0 ?        SWN  Mar31   0:00 [ksoftirqd_CPU0] root         4  0.0  0.0     0    0 ?        SW   Mar31   0:11 [kswapd] root         5  0.0  0.0     0    0 ?        SW   Mar31   0:00 [bdflush] root         6  0.0  0.0     0    0 ?        SW   Mar31   0:00 [kupdated] root       130  0.0  0.0     0    0 ?        SW   Mar31   0:00 [kjournald] root       131  0.0  0.0     0    0 ?        SW   Mar31   0:01 [kjournald] root       132  0.0  0.0     0    0 ?        SW   Mar31   0:03 [kjournald] root       133  0.0  0.0     0    0 ?        SW   Mar31   0:12 [kjournald] root       482  0.0  0.2  1444  528 ?        S    Mar31   0:03 syslogd -m 0 ........

G
oOΨӬdߥثeDҤAbI檺{ǡIڳq`ϥΡy ps -aux zoӰѼƨӦCXҦTHѦۤvˬd{ǪDIbW{ǦCXApUG

• USERGӵ{ǬOݩ@ӤHF
• PIDGӵ{ǪNF
• %CPUGNӵ{ǨϥΤFh CPU 귽F
• %MEMGNӵ{ǨϥΤFh֪ RAM F
• VSZ, RSSGh ram jp] bytes ^F
• TTYGO_nJ̰檺{ǡHY tty1-tty6 hnJ̡AY pts/?? hݵnJ̰檺{
• STATGӵ{ǪAA( R )i檺A( S )ӵ{ǥbίvANOSFA( T )bΪ̬OFA( Z )͵{ANO zombie {աIݭnH kill hoI
• STARTGӵ{Ƕ}lF
• TIMEGӵ{Ƕ]Fh[ɶH
• COMMANDGӵ{ǪeաI

oO@ӫܦΪOAרObtΪAɡILAoӵ{]OJI̳̳wק諸{FI]LiHg@ script F root rIYǤ차{SkܥXӡ㭫nܡII[QΧaI~A PID OnTI]b᭱ kill NOǥA PID Ӷi{ǪRʧ@I

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top

ykG

[root @test /root ]# top ѼƻG b top {AiHJUrHiƧ A  GH age YO檺{ǶiƧ T  GѱҰʪɶƧ M  GHҦ memory jpƧ P  GHүӥΪ CPU 귽Ƨ dҡG [root @test /root]# top  11:55pm  up 8 days,  7:40,  1 user,  load average: 0.22, 0.14, 0.10 71 processes: 69 sleeping, 2 running, 0 zombie, 0 stopped CPU states: 24.6% user,  3.7% system,  0.0% nice, 71.5% idle Mem:   255892K av,  222300K used,   33592K free,       0K shrd,   48084K buff Swap:  289128K av,    8184K used,  280944K free                  110472K cached   PID USER     PRI  NI  SIZE  RSS SHARE STAT %CPU %MEM   TIME COMMAND  9898 root       9   0  5976 5976  1364 S     5.5  2.3   0:00 mrtg  4744 apache    14   0  5312 5052  3764 S     2.1  1.9   0:16 httpd  9189 apache    14   0  4520 4256  3752 S     1.9  1.6   0:01 httpd  9187 apache    10   0  4544 4276  3800 S     1.7  1.6   0:01 httpd  9212 mysql      9   0  7280 4772  2716 S     0.7  1.8   0:00 mysqld  9888 root      12   0  1064 1064   832 R     0.7  0.4   0:00 top  4842 mysql     10   0  7280 4772  2716 S     0.5  1.8   0:06 mysqld  9218 mysql     10   0  7280 4772  2716 S     0.5  1.8   0:00 mysqld

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ϥ ps O@Ӥ޲zuAO ps OʺAAYϥ top ܡAIiHΰʺA]Cs@^觋Ӱ{ǪiIӥBb{Ƕi椤A٥iHϥ P ӥH CPU ӥθ귽ƧǡBϥ M ӥH memory ΤjpƧǵAD`nΪ޲zu@IŪܦhH man top Ӫ@aI

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free

ykG

[root @test /root ]# free ѼƻG -k  GH KBytes ܰO -m  GH MBytes ܰO dҡG [root @test /root]# free              total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached Mem:        255892     222076      33816          0      49072     112272 -/+ buffers/cache:      60732     195160 Swap:       289128       7572     281556

G
t@[ݨtθ귽NOϥ free ˬdثeO骺ϥαpoIbWܪOAڦ 256 MB OA]j 270 MB swap ]NOOաI^jpC

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sar

ykG

[root @test /root ]# sar [-u] [-r] ѼƻG -u  G CPU ϥΪp -r  G memory ϥΪp ơGX[@H ơG@[X dҡG [root @test /root]# sar -u 1 3 12:10:28 AM       CPU     %user     %nice   %system     %idle 12:10:29 AM       all      0.00      0.00      0.00    100.00 12:10:30 AM       all      0.00      0.00      0.00    100.00 12:10:31 AM       all     12.00      0.00      1.00     87.00 Average:          all      4.00      0.00      0.33     95.67 [root @test /root]# sar -r 1 3 12:11:11 AM kbmemfree kbmemused  %memused kbmemshrd kbbuffers  kbcached kbswpfree kbswpused  %swpused 12:11:12 AM     24416    231476     90.46         0     51068    112536    281556      7572      2.62 12:11:13 AM     24420    231472     90.46         0     51068    112536    281556      7572      2.62 12:11:14 AM     24392    231500     90.47         0     51068    112540    281556      7572      2.62 Average:        24409    231483     90.46         0     51068    112537    281556      7572      2.62

G
uOܳwϥ sar ӬݨtΪ귽OIuOӤKFI`ΪO CPU P RAM [AMoA٥iH[wЪ I/O ܤơIIbWҤlA[ CPU {HAiHo{ CPU idle pܪIIt~Ab RAM [A`ϥΪO %memused ]ϥΪʤ^ %swpused ]OϥΪʤ^AܤKaI@LIƹWA VBird ]wgH sar ӧ@ MRTG øsϪ@ӤuAܬOKILA·ЪOA Mandrake w]èSw˳oӮMApGzݭnܡAiHWU sysstat oӮMOI

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kill

ykG

[root @test /root ]# kill -signal PID ѼƻG -signal W kill @ˡG -9  Gӵ{ -15 Gӵ{ǡI dҡG [root @test /root]# kill -9 2380

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n@ӵ{ǪɫA۵MݭnDӵ{Ǫ PID ~It~Aݭn`NOAѩܦh{dzYAҦp sendmail i|Pɶ}Ҭ۷h{Ǧbu@]pGlqܤjɫI^ҥHApG屼Oyl{ǡzOLkNӵ{DZIӭnDӵ{ǪN]PID^۵MNo ps, top uoI ~Az``|o{b@ scripts ̭A|g kill V1 PID rˡA Vl O PID sŪ@]wɪNA̱`o{b syslogd o daemon OIڭ̦bYAӴ@oӭnNNI

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uname

ykG

[root @test /root ]# uname [-apnr] ѼƻG -a GҦtθTCX -p GCX CPU T -n GCX host name -r GCX kernel T dҡG [root @test /root]# uname -a Linux tsai.adsldns.org 2.4.18 #2 Mon Mar 25 21:51:51 CST 2002 i586 unknown

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QnDAtθTܡH]AA֤ߪBDW١BCPU TIϥ uname NiHFաIt~ApGA CPU 쪺ܡA򤣧b /proc UݬݡG

[root @test /root ]# more /proc/cpuinfo processor       : 0 vendor_id       : AuthenticAMD cpu family      : 5 model           : 9 model name      : AMD-K6(tm) 3D+ Processor stepping        : 1 cpu MHz         : 400.917 cache size      : 256 KB fdiv_bug        : no hlt_bug         : no f00f_bug        : no coma_bug        : no fpu             : yes fpu_exception   : yes cpuid level     : 1 wp              : yes flags           : fpu vme de pse tsc msr mce cx8 pge mmx syscall 3dnow k6_mtrr bogomips        : 799.53

ݨFܡHIWNDA CPU type oI

nFIۤUӧڭ̨ӽͤ@͡yڭ@ӵ{ǥiHuQBzIHzIoOӫܭnDI򻡩OH]bAtηAq`yP@Ӯɶ@whӵ{Ƿ|Ψ CPU 귽A򨺭ӵ{ǤnA CPU iH]ӵ{ǡANO@ӭnDFIzzOaInFApGzٰOo ps oӫOܡAӬݤ@ݥ[J ps -l oӥ\ܥXӪTaI
 

[root @test /root ]# ps -l   F S   UID   PID  PPID  C PRI  NI ADDR    SZ WCHAN  TTY          TIME CMD 100 S     0  5624  5606  0  70   0    -   608 wait4  pts/0    00:00:00 bash 000 R     0  6944  5624  0  76   0    -   769 -      pts/0    00:00:00 ps

`NݨWǸTG

• UID N̪F
• PID Noӵ{ǪNF
• PPID Noӵ{ǬOѨӵ{ǵoiXӪAYO{ǡF
• PRI Noӵ{ǡyiQ檺uǡzVpVQI
• NI Noӵ{Ǫ nice ȡI

nաIo̦ө_ǪTA@ӬO PRI @ӬO NI oӰFII PRI ٮezѡANOӵ{dzQ CPU 檺ᶶǰաIҥH CPU uɭԡA PRI ȤpN|QVְI NI OHIӴNO nice ȰաI򤰻O nice ȩOHNOytΥiQ檺ץƭIzpeһAѩ PRI OVpVֳQAӥѩڭ̥[J nice ȤANϱo PRI ܬG

• PRI(new) = PRI(old) + nice

Ip@ӡAh nice ȬtȪɭԡAӵ{DZN|eQINOܪuBzoIoӷݭnSO`NIt~Ao̤]ݭn`NOGyu㦳 root v̡AiHN{Ǫ nice լtȡz@ӨAڭ̥iHo˻G

• @ϥΪ̥i nice G 0 ~ 19
• root ޲zi nice ȡG -20 ~ 19

SINOoˡIUڭ̨ӽͤ@͡ApbG

1. {Ǥ@}lN@ nice ȡFP
2. ܥ椤{Ǥ nice

---

• nice

ykG

[root @test /root ]# nice [-n number] command ѼƻG -n GNO᭱ number Y nice ȡI dҡG [root @test /root]# nice -n -5 find / -name core > /tmp/core

G
NpPeA nice OΨӽվ{ǪuǡIo̥uO@Ӱ檺dҽ}FIq`ɭԭnN nice ȽդjOH

• @ǫDn{ǤiGҦpƥu@Iѩƥu@۷Өtθ귽AoӮɭԴNiHNƥO nice Ƚդj@ǡAiHϨtΪ䴩t󬰤I

---

• renice

ykG

[root @test /root ]# renice [number] PID ѼƻG dҡG [root @test /root]# ps -aux [root @test /root]# renice 5 234

G
o renice \NӤ@ˤFIѩ renice OyN@ӥbi{ǪuǭCzAҥHnG

oӵ{Ǫ PID ~I

ҥHoAq` renice P ps ۤtX~IBYӵ{Ǫ PID A~ӭs]w nice ȡI

QnD}ɭ Linux DTܡHQDثeǤHbAWܡHQDثeɶܡHIQAѳ̪YӤHnJɶܡHIIoݭnϥΨ@ǰT޲z{IO last, who, dmesg I

---

dmesg

ykG

[root @test /root ]# dmesg ѼƻG dҡG [root @test /root]# dmesg | more

G
b}ɭԧA|o{ܦhTX{aAҦp CPU ΦBwСBЫεwФΪCOTOyz@nN]LhFIoǰTɭԹtκ޲zOܭnA]LѤFtΪTrInݳoǰTAiH dmesg oӫO[ݡI[W |more ]O]TӦhFAҥHiH[JoӺ޽uOӨϵeȰI

---

uptime

ykG

[root @test /root ]# uptime ѼƻG dҡG [root @test /root]# uptime  11:27pm  up 9 days,  7:12,  1 user,  load average: 0.07, 0.12, 0.14

G
DA Linux Dwg}h[FH٦ALh 1, 5, 15 tΥ loading Oh֩OHIϥ uptime NFIbWҤlA uptime AܥثeɶO 11:27pm, ӨtΤwg}F 9 ѤS 7:12 hAثe@ӨϥΪ̦buWALh 1, 5, 15 tΥt 0.07, 0.12, 0.14I

---

who  &  w

ykG

[root @test /root ]# who [root @test /root ]# w ѼƻG dҡG [root @test /root]# who root     pts/0    Aug  2 20:43 [root @test /root]# w   8:48pm  up 4 days,  5:08,  1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00 USER     TTY      FROM              LOGIN@   IDLE   JCPU   PCPU  WHAT root     pts/0    192.168.1.2       8:43pm  0.00s  0.38s   ?     -

G
oOΨӵثebtΤWϥΪ̫OAA]iHϥ w oӫOӤUFʧ@C򥻤WAwho P w \OۦPAuO who ȦCXϥΪ̦WٻPnJɶAܩ w h|CXϥΪ̪

• ӷ}]IP^GNO FROM @YOIPF
• nJɶGYO LOGIN@ @F
• u@ءGNO WHAT @I

~ADASo{Abϥ w ɭԡA}Y|@ӰTAy 8:48m up 4days ....zӬO uptime XGI

---

whoami

ykG

[root @test /root ]# whoami ѼƻG dҡG [root @test /root]# whoami test

G
pGzO@¾tκ޲zAzӾoɶqnϥ root nJtγoƧaIp޲ztΩOHIiHϥ su Ϊ̬O sudo Ӻ޲zڡIq`ڬOߺDϥ su աI OKIzwgO root FALAiѩ{ǪYA``|ѤF쩳ۤvuꨭAoӮɭ whoami NiHѱϧAաIpWҥܡAMڪO root ALAڤWڬO test աIϥ su ܴӤwII

---

last

ykG

[root @test /root ]# last ѼƻG -number Gnumber ƦrApGznJTӦhFAiHϥγoӫOI dҡG [test @test /root]# last -5 test    pts/0        192.168.1.2      Tue Apr  9 20:34 - 20:35  (00:01) test    pts/0        192.168.1.2      Tue Apr  9 20:14 - 20:30  (00:15) test    ftpd21546    192.168.1.2      Tue Apr  9 02:55 - 03:06  (00:10) test    ftpd15813    192.168.1.2      Tue Apr  9 01:20 - 01:21  (00:00) test    pts/0        192.168.1.2      Mon Apr  8 20:14 - 00:27  (04:13) wtmp begins Tue Apr  2 01:12:26 2002

G
nDSQJIA``ϥΪNO last oӫOoI]A ftp, telnet, ssh |QboӰTALثeOuO@Ӥ몺qIoӫOuOΪI``iHo{O_`HnJTOI

---

date

ykG

[root @test /root ]# date [-s] [-R] [root @test /root ]# date +[format] ѼƻG -s  GΨӳ]w Linux DɶѼơApGADɶAγoӴNաI -R  GpGo{AytO媺Ab¤rҦUγoӸոլ +[format]    %a GPX    %b GW    %d G    %y G~       G٦ܦhѼơAШϥ man ۦd dҡG [root @test /root]# date +%a" "%b" "%y Wed Apr 02 [root @test /root]# date -s 04/10/2002   <==ܤ [root @test /root]# date -s 02:02:00     <==ܮɶ [root @test /root]# clock -r         <==ˬd BIOS ̭ɶ [root @test /root]# clock -w         <==Nثe Linux ɶg BIOS ̭hI

G
date ²檺ΪkOudݮɶALAsqΪkOiHftܦhؼ˦ӶiɶXI~Ab Linux UnɶAI]ݭnϥΨ date ILAdUOoA date 粒ɶA٭nϥ clock NɶOb BIOS ̭~OFɶקI

---

hostname

ykG

[root @test /root ]# hostname ѼƻG dҡG [test @test /root]# hostname test.adsldns.org

G
²aINOΨӬdݧADW٪ONOFI

zγ\ӷ|o{o˪DGxIڪ Linux DgL@qɶB@Aɶ|]HӥBɭԡAٷ|]ZYIoO]ڭ Linux tΪɶOP BIOS ɶOAiPuꪺBڭ̨ϥΪɶItAoخtbuɶtʨäAY@~B~HWAn֤UӡAIɶtʬƦܥiHFp?]AoӮɭԥHWXkӥB㦳HOɶA( time server )ӮեA linux DɶAN䥲noIӦpեOH²աIѩ time server wgbWiHաAxWaϥiHϥΩUo@ time server G

time.stdtime.gov.tw

ծɨϥέ@ port OHNO 123 o port AӨϥΪnNO ntpdate o@{Ib Mandrake AܩpAw]٬OSw˳oӮMAҥHAлֱN CD XӡAJ CDROM AåB mount WLAMHQKЪ RPM {w˥LaINiHϥoI

򥻤WAծɻݭnӨBJG

1. time.stdtime.gov.tw o̷sɶAçYɧs Linux tήɶF
2. BIOS ɶC

ҥHӤkunYidwG
 

[root @test root]# ntpdate time.stdtime.gov.tw [root @test root]# clock Vw

pGٷQntΦ۰ʥhsɶܡAIաI /etc/crontab nѰOFINUo@gJ /etc/crontab G

10 5 * * 0,3  root /usr/sbin/ntpdate time.stdtime.gov.tw; clock -w

oˤ@ӡACPTB骺IAtδN|۰ʪhsz Linux ɶoIgI

• ڤѷQnd /etc/crontab P crontab oӵ{ΪkPgkAаݧڸӦpuWdߡH

G
d crontab OiHϥ man crontab info crontab Aܩd /etc/crontab AhiHϥ man 5 crontaboI
@
• ڭnpd crond o daemon PID PL PRI ȩOH

G
ps Vaux | grep crond YidI
@
• ڭnpק crond o PID uǡH

G
bDGڥiH crond PID Aǥ renice Vn PID YiC nice ȡAYu檺ǡI
@
• ڬO@먭ϥΪ̡AڬO_iHվ㤣ݩڪ{Ǫ nice ȡH~ApGڽվFڦۤv{Ǫ nice Ȩ 10 AO_iHNLզ^ 5 OH

G
I@먭ϥΪ̶ȯվݩۤv PID {ǡAåBAuN nice Ȥ@AaհAäէCAҥHվ㬰 10 AN୰^ 5 oI
@
• ڭn򪾹Dڪdb}L{SQH

G
iHϥ dmesg ӵI