oӬOZ쪺DGyO Shell Hz۫HunNLqA@~tΡ]׬O Linux B Unix Ϊ̬O Windows ^IB̤ͭjhťLoӦWA]uny@~tΡzN} Shell oӪFCLAbQ Shell eAڭ̥AѤ@UqB@paI|ӨҤlӻGAnqǿXӡy֡zɭԡAAqݭnFOH

1. MNOݭnAw驰yĥdzoӵwtơA_h|nF
2. @~tΪ֤ߥiH䴩oӴաAMٻݭnѴXʵ{oF
3. ݭnϥΪ̡]NOA^JonOoI

oNO򥻪@ӿXnݭnBJI]NOAAnyJz@ӫOAywz~|zLAUFOӤu@IKKIwp󪾹DAUFOOHNO kernel ]֤ߡ^u@FIAѤFܡHSI]NOAڭ̥nzLy Shell zNڭ̿JOP Kernel qAn Kernel iHwӥTL~u@I򥻤WAڭ̥iHzLUoiϨӻ@UG

򥻤WAڭ̤u@OywzAӱw骺Oy֤ߡzAAӡAڭ̨ϥΪ̤DOQΡyShellz@ kernel Ѫ yu UtilityzӾޱwڭ̥Tu@CAi@BӻAѩ kernel ťHyAӤH]SkOo kernel yAҥH̪qNoǥ shell Ӥ䴩FI]ꦭ DOS r]Oϥ shell ӷqrI shell WٴNs command.com AٰOoܡH ^_^^
@
HrWNӻA kernel Oy֤ߡzNA Shell OyߡzNAI]NOA shell O̥~YNNI kernel DO̤hNNաI֤߬O@~tΪ̩hFIoӮ֤߸Y]AFUت䴩w骺uIMoApGAwӷsAӧA kernel èS䴩ܡAܩpAA Shell OAjA]Skϵwu@Io˥iHAѤFܡHISIϹqDu@O֤ߪȡAOާ@֤ߨӴϥΪ̤u@AoO shell I]AɭԧA shell dFѥbѡAwou@ɭԡAЪ`NAzy֤ߡzO_TOHI𫐈FIoO kernel `~nF??

• ڷFnDz Shell OH

``ťoӰDGyڷFnDz shell OHOwgܦhuiHѧڳ]wڪDFHڬnohɶhǫOOHOH X-Window @XӫsNiHdwFܡHno·СHz?٬Oo@AajաAX-Window ٦ Web ]wuҦp webmin OunΪåALuiHUڭ̫²]wnڭ̪DAƦܬO@ǫܶi]wiHڭ̷dwCO VBird bdz̭]wgL۷hFA X-Window M˵A\MjjA web u]iHѧڭ̫ܤ͵AȡAOLOX@ӮMӤwAëDO@ӧ㪺MAҥHYǮɭԷAɯũΪ̬OϥΨLM޲zҲ( Ҧp tarball ӫD rpm ɮ׵ )ɡAN|y]wxZFA~AݳsuɡArǿtפ@w֡AӥBAeX{_uΪ̬OT~yDA]A shell uOoDzߪ@uCӥBALiHz`J Linux AAѥLAӤOu|@ƹӤwIҿסyѧUۧU̡IzhN@IrҦFA|AP Linux ˪OI
@
ǪBͤ]ܥiRA`|GyھdzohFHS`ΡA]ΤIzKKISťLyѨήɤ֡HzAD@wML~ɭԡAzM|ıondzohF@IU]SrIU@AY@ѯuLФFAzӦpOnHOswˡH٬OlܤJIӷi|}׸ɡHΪ̬OܴNnFHoMAΫܦhҶqANH VBird [IӬݡAhǤ@I`OnAרڭ̥iHƦӵLwIƦܾǪ]SYAAѷ]N OK աISHnz@wnQoheաIAѷNܤF_FI
@
~ApGzu߷QnNzD޲znA}n shell {sgO@wݭnIN VBird ӻAں޲zDM٤hAuϰϤQAOpGCDnWXQӬd\L log file HάTAڥi|ƱI򥻤WA]ӨSIJvFIoӮɭԡApGǥ shell ѪROɦV( κٸƬyɦV )AHκ޽uROAIڤR log file unOQNiHݧҦDnTFI۷nΩOI
@
ѩDz shell nBuOhhաIҥHApGzOӨtκ޲zAΪ̦߷Qn޲ztΪܡA shell oӪFP shell scripts oӪFAuunݤ@ݡI

DO Shell Aڭ̨AѤ@U Linux ϥΪO@ shell OHI@ӡHD shell NOy@ shell ܡHzIiIѩ󦭦~ Unix ~NAoi̲AҥHѩ shell ̾ڵoi̪PN\hAҦp`ť쪺 Bourne SHell (sh) Bb Sun Yw] C SHellB ӷ~W`Ϊ K SHellB, ٦ TCSH AC@ Shell USICܩ Linux ϥΪo@تN٬y Bourne Again SHell ]² bash ^ zAo Shell O Bourne Shell WjA]Oǩ GNU [cUoiXӪI

b shell uIeAӻ@ shell ²vaGĤ@Ӭy檺 shell O Steven Bourne oiXӪAFLҥHN٬ Bourne shell AΪ²٬ sh Iӫӥt@ӼsyǪ shell OѬfJܤjǪ Bill Joy ]p̪ BSD Unix tΤ shell Ao shell ykI C yAҥH~oW C shell A²٬ csh IѩbdzN Sun DդO۷ejA Sun DnO BSD 䤧@AҥH C shell ]Ot@ӫܭnӥByǫܼs shell @]]Ӧh{]pvϥΪNO C yաI^I

nFA BASH O@^ƩOHo shell O GNU penun𫗪@Aثe]O GNU @~tΤзǪ shell ALDnۮe sh AåB̾ڤ@ǨϥΪ̻ݨDAӥ[j shell AiHثeXGҦ Linux distribution Oϥ bash @޲z֤ߪDn shell I]AױzϥΪO distribution AAkݭnDz bash JRաIo shell nBAF Linux nϥΥL@w] shell OH BASH DnuIUXӡG

• ROsׯO] DOS doskey \^G

ϥ bash YAӤH{۷Ϊ@ӥ\NOyLOШϥιLOIzo\u۷ΡI]ڥunbOCyWUzNiHe@ӿJOIӦb Mandrake 9.0 w]OOХ\iHF 1000 ӡI]NOAAgUFLOQOUӤFAOɮצbAaؿ .bash_history ILAݭndNOA ~/.bash_history OOe@nJHeҰLOAӦܩo@nJҰ檺OQȦsbȰO餤Az\nXtΫAӫOOФ~|O .bash_history Io\OH̤jnBNOiHydߴgL|IzApiHDABJANiHlܱzUFOAH@uIp@Ӥ]ӷдoANOpGQbȤJIFALun½AgLOAnAOStΦ]ҦpJ MySQL KXbOCW^ܮeNQ}ѧA Linux DIҥHA̦nONOOƥشp@InI

• ɮפɥ\]ƥTʡ^G

oӥ\]۷ΡIDnOɥPɮצWٸɥG
• OɥGpGbROɭԤQUӦhAҦpO pcprofiledump aInFApGAJF pcprofile AAU [Tab] 䪺ܡA bash W|۰ʪN᭱ dump WӡIpGƪOOHU⦸ [Tab] N|ҦƪOLCXoINӯSרҰաANOybܦr᭱s⦸ <tab> Ahtη|NҦiHϥΪOCXӡIzpGڷQnDثetθ̭AҥH b }YOOHINOU b As⦸ <tab> NiHDաI
• ɮצWٸɥG~ApGA vi ŪYɮ׮ɡAҦp /etc/man.config oɮצnFAziHJ vi /etc/man. AU <tab> AɮצWٴN|Q۰ʪɻoIIܤKAӥBɮצW٩Ϊ̫OW٪TʤWAUZjaIOIuOܤK\AҥHAƨSơAb bash shell UAhX <tab> O@ӤߺDI

• ROOW(alias)]w\G

pڻݭnDoӥؿUҦɮס]]tɡ^ΩҦɮݩʡAڴNnUF ls -al o˪OCAIu·СAS֪N觋HINϥΩROOWrIҦpڳ̳wH lm oӦۭqROӨNWROA]NOA lm | ls -al o˪@ӥ\AKInp@OHNϥ alias YiIAiHbOCJ alias NiHDثeROOWǤFI]iHUFROӳ]wOWG
alias lm='ls -al'

• u@(jobs)BeIG

oڭ̦b᪺귽޲z`|AΡIϥΫeBIiHu@i檺󬰶QIܩu@(jobs)γ~hsAiHڭHɱNu@IIӤȤpߨϥΤF [Ctrl] + C Ӱӵ{ǡIuOn˪I~A]iHb@nJҤAFhuتOI

• Shell scripts jj\G

b DOS ~NٰOoN@Ogb@_ҿתy妸ɡzaHb Linux U shell scripts ho󬰱jj\AiHNz`ͬ`ݭnUFsOg@ɮסAɮרåBiHzLͤʦ觋ӶiDu@I]iHǥ shell ѪܼƤάOӶi]pAzIӳ]pUӴXGNO@Ӥp{yFI scripts \uOWGڪQ~IHeb DOS Uݭn{y~gFAb Linux Uϥ²檺 shell scripts NiHAFFIuQ`IIoڭ̦b򳹸`Aӽ͡I

bAѤF BASH uIAAӧڭ̭nӰQתOGpb Shell ѪҤUFOOH²檺AUFO觋G

[root@test /root]# command [-options] parameter1 parameter2 ...                      O     ﶵ      Ѽ(1)    Ѽ(2) 1. command OW١AҦpܴ|O cd F 2. []äsbڪOAӥ[JѼƳ]wɡAq` - AɭԧWٷ|J -- ŸF 3. parameter1 parameter2.. ̪b option ᭱ѼơAΪ̬O command ѼơF 4. command, -options, parameter1.. oXөNNHŮӰϤAתŴX shell @F 5. OӪɭԡAiHϥ \ ŸӸ [Enter] ŸAϫOsU@C ҡG [root@test /root]# ls -al /root   <==H ls CX /root oӥؿɻPݩʰѼơF [root@test /root]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local --with-tcp_wrappers \ > --with-pam     <==oڤWOP@檺OAO[W \ ŸAOiHsU@I [root@test /root]# ls           -al   /root  <==oӫOPĤ@ӬۦPAťզr״XӡAȵ@ӨӳBzC

²aIOKIAӤ@ӰDGyShell OɭԶ}l Linux DIHzڭ̦b᭱|Ay}y{zСAo̥LhA]Awg}\FADKiJݨϥΪ login ACϥΪ̿JFbPKXAåBQ pass AgLF shell ܼɮŪ\A̫AϥΪ̶iJۤvyaؿzAҦp root aؿb /root UA@ϥΪ̪aؿhb /etc/passwd oɮ׸̭WwADNwgF@ӵ{Ǻ٬ bash Aާ@oI

A~s BASH eAڭ̭nNܼoӪFӰQפ@fA]bḒӦhƻݭnisFAӳoǸƳO@ǪAȩҥAҦp mail s|b /var/spool/mail Baؿw]b /home/useraccount AMڭ̥iHܳoǭܼơAOpGܼƬO`өMAAקFYǰѼƤAKKIAMNnyѭlXsAsĶz~Io˦Gܳ·СAҥHoAN|ܼƳoӦnFXӤFI

 

|²檺ҤlӻA sendmail smtp s mail |Og /etc/profile Y MAIL="/var/spool/mail/$USER" ӳ]wAӷڭקFWo@өNNAM᭫s}AKKKKIڪlNiHs줣P|hFIӥB|DIiHQyb Linux DWzoCMӰDoͦb pop3 oӪAȤWAѩ pop3 w]|Ob source code YAӥBNO /var/spool/mail oӸ|A]NOAקګץڪyܼơzA pop3 ҰʡIuGAҥHNLkH pop3 ӦHF]Ҧp OutLook Nu@F^I|oͱKXDOI

~AҦpڭ̦b{ɭԡAtΫ򪾹DA ls oӫOb̡HӬO PATH oܼơAtη|zLoܼƸ̭ҳ]w|ḩǴMӫOtΡApG䤣쪺ܡA~bùWܡy command not found zrˡIoٳuOtιw]ܼƪتApGOӤH]w譱GҦpAng@Ӥj script ]妸ɡ^ɡAǸƦ]iѩϥΪ̲ߺDPӦtAp|nFAѩӸ|b script QϥΦb۷haApGUF@DAnק script ̭Ҧ|Aڤ@w|ƱIoӮɭԦpGϥܼơAӱNܼƪwqgb̫eA᭱|WٳHܼƨӨNAKKIAunק@Nקg script FIKܡIҥHA}n{]pv|ܼƪwqI]oӳڭ̦bUٷ|AI^
@
pGDzz@IAѩb Linux System UAҦ򳣬Oݭn@ӰXAӴNpPW쪺AAyuH shell Ӹ Linux qAObTnJ Linux IzoӮɭԧAN@ bash {ǡA]~iHug bash ӸtηqoIӦbiJ shell eA]pPW쪺Aѩtλݭn@ܼƨӴѥLƪs]Ϊ̬O@Ҫ]wѼƭȡAҦpO_nܱmⵥ^AҥHN@ǩҿתyܼzݭnŪJtΤFIoܼƨҦp PATHBHOMEBMAILBSHELLAOܭnAFϧOPۭqܼƪPAܼƳq`HjgrӪܩOI
@
F[A쩳yOܼzOH²檺AyܼƴNOH@դrβŸAӨN@dz]wΪ̬O@OdơIzAҦpGyVBirdzNOyzAҥHAŪ VBird ɭԡAtΦ۵MN|DIINOI²檺ҤliH PATH ӻIpGAy۹|P|z٦ILHܡAӾoynUFTOAӻݭnw|PɦWz~IҦpA ls OӻݭnHy/bin/lszӤUFO~A򬰦AbN|UiH ls OHӤݭnw|OHoO]tΤwgw]F@ǡyjM|(PATH)zFAҥHAݭn@ǫOɭԡAtδN|̷Ӹ PATH ]wӶiOjMIӳo PATH NOҿתܼƤFIpyܼzOHoNݭnϥΨ echo oӫOաI

---

• echo

ܼƤe
ykG

[test @test test]# echo $variable ѼƻG dҡG [test @test test]# echo $PATH /bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/loc al/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin

NpPWdҡAڭ̭nܥثe PATH oܼƮɡAϥΤF echo AӬFnO_ܼơA Linux tιw]ܼƦW٫e|[W@ӡy $ zŸAҥHNng echo $PATH oI

DGЦbùWܥXzܼ PATH, HOME P MAILG G [root@test root]# echo $PATH /sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin [root@test root]# echo $HOME /root [root@test root]# echo $MAIL /var/spool/mail/root

---


h֪ܼƧrHϥ env P set ӬݬݡG
IJMܼƬOnA쩳h֪ܼƦb Linux tΤOHIAiH²檺ϥ env NiHDoIy򥻤WAb Linux w]pAϥ{jgr}ӳ]wܼƤ@묰tΤwݭnܼzAUCX Linux tΤ w]ܼƤeG

---

• env

ܥثetΤDnw]ܼƤe
ykG

[test @test test]# env ENV=/root/.bashrc             <==ϥΪ̦ۭqܼƪ]wɮ HISTSIZE=1000                 <==ثeOOмƶq HOME=/home/test               <==nJ̪aؿ HOSTNAME=test.adsldns.org  <==oDDW HOSTTYPE=i386              <==oDw鵥ŤjPA(i386, i686..) INPUTRC=/etc/inputrc          <==@ shell Jɮ׳]wB LANGUAGE=C                    <==w]yt LANG=zh_TW.Big5  P LANGUAGE AoӫhOU linux distribution `Ϊw]ytܼơAѩڪ Mandrake ϥΤwˡAҥHw]ytOAY zh_TW.Big5 ApGڭnקoܼơAiH /etc/sysconfig/i18n hקIU LC_xxx OPw]ܻytܼơA𫟺쪺O LC_TIME ApGbrUA̦nN LC_TIME 令Wܤ觋A~|ýXI LC_COLLATE=zh_TW.Big5 LC_CTYPE=zh_TW.Big5 LC_MESSAGES=zh_TW.Big5 LC_MONETARY=zh_TW.Big5 LC_NUMERIC=zh_TW.Big5 LC_TIME=en LESSOPEN=|/usr/bin/lesspipe.sh %s <==Ψӳ]w less ϥΪ@ script ɮ LOGNAME=test                  <==nJ̪b MACHTYPE=i586-mandrake-linux-gnu  DwtƵ i586 P MMX šAܩ K7 PIII ᪺ANO i686 oI MAIL=/var/spool/mail/test     <==nJ̪lw]maI OSTYPE=linux-gnu              <==@~tΪΦ(linux-gnu) PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin:/home/test/bin PWD=/home/test                <==ثenJ̩Ҧbؿ(Uؿ) SHELL=/bin/bash               <==nJ̨ϥΪ shell USER=test                  <==ثeoӵnJ̪ϥΪ̦W

env environment ²gAҥHAoӫODnbNثetΤDnܼŪXӡIOAOڭ٥iHۭqܼƶܡH]AF env oŪܼƪO~A٦@ӥiHNثetΤҦܼƸƳŪXӪOA٬ set Iset F|NWƳLŪXӤ~Aٷ|B~oǸT]@_ŪJ]q`PϥΪ̪]wI^
@


---

• set

ܥثetΤܼƤe
ykG

[test @test test]# set BASH=/bin/bash                         <==BASH D{m| BASH_VERSINFO=([0]="2" [1]="05" [2]="8" [3]="1" [4]="release" [5]="i386-redhat-linux-gnu") <==BASH T BASH_VERSION=$'2.05.8(1)-release'      <==BASH COLORS=/etc/DIR_COLORS                 <==ϥC COLUMNS=100                         <==ثeoӲ׺ݾϥΪ즳XӦrZ HISTFILE=/home/vbird/.bash_history  <==ثeΨӦsLOɮסA@ HISTFILESIZE=1000                   <==s_ӪɮפAO̤j(u 1000 ӫO) IFS=$' \t\n'                        <==w]jŸ langfile=/home/vbird/.i18n             <==ytܪɮ LINES=40                               <==ثeЩҦbmĴX MAILCHECK=60                           <==Cjh[ˬd@LsH() PPID=24572                             <==ثe bash oӤ{Ǫ ID I PROMPT_COMMAND=$'echo -ne "\\033]0;${USER}@${HOSTNAME%%.*}:${PWD/$HOME/~}\\007"'      <==ܦrܪe SHELLOPTS=braceexpand:hashall:histexpand:monitor:history:interactive-comments:emacs SUPPORTED=zh_TW.Big5:zh_TW:zh:en_US:en      <==䴩yt TERM=xterm                                  <==׺ݾΦ UID=500                                 <==nJ̪ϥΪ ID (UID) $                                           <==ثe shell PID  ?  ̫@өRO^ǭȡAYeROQT|Ǧ^ 0 A_h|Ǭ 1 ΨL~NXC

set JNOJ set YiILF|ܥXثeyܼơz~A]|ܥXzyۭqܼơzOI򦳭ǻPϥΪ̸ʪۭqܼƩOHڭ̤WȦCX`ܼƭoI
@
ϥ set F|NtΪw]ȨqXӤ~AsaҦAۤv]wܼƤ]|QqXӡIPɻݭn`NOAYɦ۷hHPɦbuWܡAAܼƥu൹ۤvϥΡ]D諸OtΪw]ѼɡAp /etc/profile ^AӤ|zZOHINpPeһAѩAnJ Linux |o@ PID AӧA]wNuo PID Pl{ǦI~AonJҶi檺ܼƳ]wApGSʨ]wɡAo]wܼƦbUnJɱNQ]]{ PID oI^IҥHoApGAQnAܼƨCbAnJɭԦ۰ʴN]wnFANNA]wgJnJɸJ]wI
@
WܼƤA쪺O $ P ? oөNNAרO ? oܼơApGzW@өRO檺L{S~AoܼƴN|Q]w 0 ApGzWөRO~TAoܼƷ|ܦ 1 ΨL~NXI{bWʤլݬݱzWӫO榨GH
@
echo $?
@

---

• ܼƳ]wWhG

nFAڭ̪DF@ǨtΪw]ܼƤFAOpGOڦۤvQn]w@ǧڦۤvܼơAӦp]wOHWhݭnuHIbeAinjaAѤ@Uۤv|Qӳ]wܼơH

ڪר@G²檺ҤlNOy|WzoIHҡAڪu@b Unix tΤUi@ǼƭȼҦu@AѩƶqӤjAFȤѰOoӥؿePDnNqAҥHڪɦWܪAbҦL{A``|ؿIڭ{AOX|WٴN֭nƱFIҥHڴN]wXؿW٦@ӥ|ӦrܼơAp@ӧڥunJy cd $VARI zoӫOAKKIWNʨӸ|UFIܤKaIMܼƪNq٤󦹡ALoO²檺һoI

ڪרҤGGt~@ӱ``ݭnܼƪNNOb scripts ̭AҦpڼg@Ӱnɪp{ logfile.sh oөNNAѩY``ݭnΨyxs|zAiCӤHs|Ӥ@ˡAӦpGnקs|ܡAKKInXQnPɭקOI٥i|Iڥunwq@ܼơAM򪺩ҦƳϥγoܼƪeIKKIunjaקFoܼƪe]un@^A򪺰ʧ@NݭnץFIoӰʧ@`b{Ϊ̬O script ݨ쪺I

ҥHoAܦhɭԬFKΪ̬OϥΩ scripts NqAڭ̥n]wܼơIMӦb bash UܼƳ]wO@wWhAnӿu~G

1. ܼƻPܼƤeHy=zӳsF
2. 䤣ઽťզrF
3. ܼƦW٥uO^rPƦrAOƦrO}YrF
4. YťզriHϥ޸y " zγ޸y ' zӱNܼƤeX_ӡAnSOdNA޸SriHOܼƯSʡAO޸SrhȬ@rF
5. nɻݭnHry \ zӱNSŸ]pEnter, $, \, ťզr, '^ܦ@ŸF
6. b@OAٻݭnǥѨLOѪTAiHϥ quote y ` command` zF(SOSO`NA ` OƦr 1 䨺ӫAӤO޸I)
7. YܼƬXWܼƤeɡAhݥH޸ $ܼƦW pGy "$PATH":/homez~֥[eF
8. YܼƻݭnbLl{ǰAhݭnH export ӨܼƥiHʧ@Apyexport PATHzF
9. q`jgrtιw]ܼơAۦ]wܼƥiHϥΤpgrAKP_]º̷ӨϥΪ̿Pݦn^F
10. ܼƪkGyunset ܼƦWzC


Uڭ|XӨҤlӻ@UG
 

@ܼƳ]wG [tets @test test]# 12name=VBrid           <==~I]ܼƶ}YOƦrI [test @test test]# name = VBird                  <==~I]䤣ઽťաI [test @test test]# name=VBird                    <==TIecho $name VBird [test @test test]# name=VBird name           <==~Iݭn[W޸IM|ܿ~I [test @test test]# name="VBird name"             <==TIecho $name VBird name [test @test test]# name="VBird's name"          <==TI ܼƲ֥[]wG [test @test test]# name=$nameisme         <==~IݭnH޸Nܼư_ [test @test test]# name="$name"isme       <==TIecho $name VBird's nameisme [test @test test]# PATH="$PATH":/home/test       <==TIecho $PATH NhF᭱@yܡI [test @test test]# PATH="$PATH:/home/test"       <==TIoӧΦ PATH ӻ]OT榡I ܼƩU@Ӥl{ǡG [test @test test]# name="VBird's name"     <==]w name oܼ [test @tset test]# echo $name                 <== name ܼƪO [test @test test]# VBird's name [test @test test]# /bin/bash                  <==t}@ bash l{ [test @tset test]# echo $name                 <== name oܼ [test @tset test]#                        <==|ܪŦr] name oܼƤϥΦbl{ [test @test test]# exit                       <==hXl{ bash shell I [test @test test]# export name                <==TIph $name iHΩU@Ӥl{ǤI OOG [test @test test]# cd /lib/modules/`uname Vr`/kernel WA| `uname Vr` oӤtOAMXG[b /lib/moduleK ̭AҥHoӫOAiHXӪO{ǡI ܼƳ]wG [test @test test]# unset name

@
ھڤWרҧAiHոլݡINiHAܼƪ]woIoӬOܭnIжԥ[mߡII𫟺An@ǯSŸϥoIҦp޸B޸BrBrBquote ŸAUDQ@QaI
 

DGbܼƪ]wA޸P޸򤣦POH G ޸P޸̤jPb޸MiHOܼƪeA޸ȯO@rAӤ|SŸCڭ̥HUҤlG]zwqF@ܼơA name=VBird A{bQH name oܼƩwqX myname VBird its me oӤeAnpqwOH [root @test root]# name=VBird [root @test root]# echo $name VBird [root @test root]# myname="$name its me" [root @test root]# echo $myname VBird its me [root @test root]# myname='$name its me' [root @test root]# echo $myname $name its me o{FܡHSIϥΤF޸ɭԡA $name Nh즳ܼƤeAȬ@rܫAӤwIo̥ݭnSOpߦbNI

@

DGbOUFL{A quote ( ` ) oӲŸNNqH G b@OAb ` ON|QAӨXӪGN~JTIҦp uname Vr |ܥXثe֤ߪAӧڭ̪֤ߪb /lib/modules ̭A]AAiH uname Vr X֤ߪAMAHy cd ؿzӥؿUAM]iH cd /lib/modules/`uname Vr` ӥؿUhI

@
Uڭ̨ӽͤ@ export γ~aI

---

• export

Ao@ bash AYoF@ӵ{ǤFAOYAA@ bash AANiJyl{ǡzAoӵ{Ǫڭ̦b귽޲z`AԽ͡Ao̱zӷYiCѩzwgiJFӤl{ǡAҥHb{ǤܼƳ]wNA~򪺦sbCpzQnܼƤe~򪺦bl{ǤϥΡANаG
@
export ܼ
@
IoӪFΦbyޥΥLHɮשΪ̨L{zɡA۷nIר乳ڱ``TɮפۤޥΨӤޥΥhApGѰO]w export ܡA򤣦PɮפۦPܼƭȡANݭn@AaƳ]w~IҥHAڥunbY@ɮרϥ export ܡAɮפޥήɡAN|ܼƤeŪiӡInΪ?ӡApGȤUF export ӨSܼƮɡA򦹮ɱN|ҦyܼơzqXӳI]NOA export iHN@ۭqܼܦܼI
 

[root @test root]# export declare -x BASH_ENV="/root/.bashrc" declare -x CVSROOT="/usr/local/cvs/src/master" declare -x HISTSIZE="50" declare -x HOME="/root" declare -x HOSTNAME="test.adsldns.org" declare -x HOSTTYPE="i386" declare -x INPUTRC="/etc/inputrc" declare -x LANG="en_US" declare -x LESSOPEN="|/usr/bin/lesspipe.sh %s" declare -x LOGNAME="root" declare -x LS_COLORS="no=00:fi=00:di=01;34:ln=01;36:pi=40;33:so=01;35: bd=40;33;01:cd=40;33;01:or=01;05;37;41:mi=01;05;37;41:ex=01;32:*.cmd= 01;32:*.exe=01;32:*.com=01;32:*.btm=01;32:*.bat=01;32:*.sh=01;32:*.csh =01;32:*.tar=01;31:*.tgz=01;31:*.arj=01;31:*.taz=01;31:*.lzh=01;31:*.z ip=01;31:*.z=01;31:*.Z=01;31:*.gz=01;31:*.bz2=01;31:*.bz=01;31:*.tz=01; 31:*.rpm=01;31:*.cpio=01;31:*.jpg=01;35:*.gif=01;35:*.bmp=01;35:*.xbm= 01;35:*.xpm=01;35:*.png=01;35:*.tif=01;35:" declare -x MACHTYPE="i386-redhat-linux-gnu" declare -x MAIL="/var/spool/mail/root" declare -x MANPATH=":/usr/local/netcdf/man" declare -x OSTYPE="linux-gnu" declare -x PATH="/usr/local/pgi/linux86/bin:/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin: /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin :/usr/local/netcdf/bin" declare -x PGI="/usr/local/pgi" declare -x PWD="/root" declare -x SHELL="/bin/bash" declare -x SHLVL="1" declare -x SSH_TTY="/dev/pts/0" declare -x TERM="xterm" declare -x USER="root"

@


---

• unset

NONܼƪeG
@
unset ܼ
@


---

• ܼƪĽdG

ѫe export HάAAiHܲMD@ƱANOAyܼƪ]wubثeo shell ҷsbAbUөΪ̬Obl{Ǥ ( l shell ) N|sbIznܼƦbUӵ{Ǥ]iH~򪺨ϥΡAjNOϥ export oөNNաI~A갣F shell Bl{ǥ~Ab}( scripts )sgAѩ󦳪n|ϥΨ 2 ӥHW scripts @ӧ㪺MI]NOApA{A@䬰 scripts1.sh H scripts2.sh A scripts2.sh |hޥ scripts1.sh ܼơAoӮɭԡAKKIAb scripts1.sh ]wܼƽСydUOoH export ]wzA_hAܼƱNLkb scripts ۳QޥγIo scripts 槹Ab scripts ]wܼƤ]NyĤFIzC
@


---

• L`NƶG

EݤUܼƦGSȱoڭ̨ӯdNaAꤣMAܼƥiHڭ̪tκ޲zܪ[²A|ӨҤlӻAڭ̴ HISTSIZE iHvOhAӦhܡAi|wU{AO_ݭnp@IOHMݭn㦹~A|]w譱AzϥΤ@먭ϥΪ̵nJtΡAAH su ഫ root ɡA򥻤WA@ܼƤOH쪺@먭̬DA]Az``|o{ root ϥΪO|y䤣IzNOܼƪ~]wաIoӮɭԡApGzNӤ@먭ϥΪ̪|]w root ΪOˤlAIഫɭԡANiHK۷hxZOIѵAѦҤFI
@


---

• readG

Wڭ̽ͨ쪺yܼơzOѡyOCz]wnIiiHHɨӴѨϥΥuHLHɿJܼƤeH]NOAܼƤeOѨϥΪ̥LJIIiHϥ read ӹFIoӪFby script z̭nաIҥHڭ̦b shell script ̭|AI
ykG

[test @test test]# read name testing <==oӮɭԿù|ݨϥΪ̥LJI [test @test test]# echo $name testing <==JܦFܼƪeաI

@


---

• arrayG

ͧF@ǰ򥻪ܼƤAAUӧڭ̥iH@y}C, ArrayzoFFIǹLƾӪDҿת}CaILiHϥΤ@ӡyơzӥ]t@ǤeIҦp A(1)=1, A(2)=4, A(3)=8 ˤlA A(n) NOơA n NO index()AӦbkNOoӨƹީұo쪺yezաIb Bash YѤFy@}CzjaӨϥΡAL]w榡OG
ykG

[test @test test]# a[]=e [test @test test]# echo ${a[]} ҡG [test @test test]# a[1]=4 [test @test test]# a[2]=8 [test @test test]# echo ${a[1]} ${a[2]} 4 8

`N@UIb]w}CɭԡALDnOH yrΤ, abc[]z˦ӳ]wILWhhP ܼƳ]wWh ۦPILAbŪ}CɭԴNݭn`NFIŪɭԡAOH ${}C} 觋ŪIoSOedIФjaSOdNOIMաA}CiHiƦrAA]iHOrꪺIiHաI
@


---

• $RANDOMG

ťLyHüơzoӪNaIHIb BASH ̭üƬOܼƨӪHüƦb^媺gk RANDOM աAҥHoA BASH wüƪܼƦWٴNO $RANDOM oIӵLq@UaI
ykG

[test @test test]# echo $RANDOM xxxx <==C|X{PƦrI

üƹ{]pvnAڭ̤@ϥΪ̡AnʴNSojաIuOXjaD@UNOFI
@


---

• evalG

ykG

[test @test test]# eval variable DG [test @test test]# days=365 [test @test test]# year=days [test @test test]# echo \$$year $days  <==Ĥ@ $ Q \ ܦ@rA \$ ᭱ $year N days աI [test @test test]# eval echo \$$year 365 [W eval A \$$year ܦ $days yܼƤez|{XӳI

oӫO]Oᦳ쪺ILDnOΨӰܼƪy|NzΪIHWҤlӬݡA_A \$$year |ܦ $days Aӳo $days O@rIäOܼơILA[WF eval AoӦrN|QܦܼƤeIҥHA eval OΨӰyG|Nz\઺I

• ROOWG

ROOWO@ӫܦ쪺FASOOADΫOSOɭԡI٦AW]w]ݩʦb@ǺDΪOWAiHw@Ǥp߻~ɮתpoͪɭԡI|ӨҤlӻApGAndɡAåBݭnCXP@@½ݡAݭnUFy ls -al | more zoӫOAڬOıoܷаաInJnXӳrIiiHϥ lm ²ƩOHIMiHAAiHbROCUUFG
 

[test @tset test]# alias lm='ls -al | more'

n`NOGyalias wqWhPܼƩwqWhXGۦPzAҥHAunb alias ᭱[WA{yOWz='O Ѽ'}AHAunJ lm N۷JF ls -al|more o@OIܤKaIt~Aڭ̪D root iH( rm )ơIҥHAH root biu@ɡAݭnSOpߡAO`⪺ɭԡA rm ѤF@ӰѼƨڭ̽T{O_nɮסANO -i oӰѼơIҥHAAiHo˰G
@

[test @tset test]# alias rm='rm -i'

@
KKIHϥ rm ɭԡANΤӾ߷|~RpFIo]OROOWuIoIp󪾹DثeǪROOWOHNϥ alias rI
 

[test @tset test]# alias alias l.='ls -d .[a-zA-Z]* --color=tty' alias ll='ls -l' alias lm='ls -al' alias ls='ls --color=tty' alias which='alias | /usr/bin/which --tty-only --read-alias --show-dot --show-tilde'

ܩpGnROOWܡANϥ unalias aI
@
ROOWPܼƦ򤣦POH򥻤WAL̪NqNӤ@ˤFI alias oةROOWAAiHNLQOإߤ@ӷsOW١AܩܼƫhȬON@ӼƭȩΪ̦rsbYӥNNqI|ӨҤlnFAڭ̪DHe DOS ~NACXؿPɮ״NO dir AӲMùNO cls ApGڷQnb linux ̭]ϥάۦPOOHNH alias ӶiOOW]wG
@

  alias cls=clear
  alias dir=ls Vl
@
un[JoAHAJ cls dir NiHFIܤKaI

---

• vOOơG

eڭ̴L bash ѫOvAȡIpdߧڭ̴gUFLOOHNϥ history oIMApGıo histsory ӳ·СAiHϥΩROOWӳ]wOInڻ٤|]wI
@
alias h=history
@
phJ h J history oInFAڭ̨ӽͤ@ history ΪkaI

---

• history, !command

ܾvOOe, UFvO
ykG

[test @test test]# history [test @test test]# [!number]  [!command] [!!] ѼƻG number   GĴXӫONF command  GO}YXӦr !        GW@ӫONI dҡG [test @test test]# history          <==UCXNO(1)vOsF(2)Oe    66  man rm    67  alias    68  man history    69  history [test @test test]# !66       <== 66 ӾvO [test @test test]# !!               <==W@ӫO]bҤANO !66 @ӫOI^ [test @test test]# !al              <==̪@H al }YOeANO 67 ӫOoI

G
history oӫOtX ! oӥΪkNhFIpGڷQnW@ӫOAFϥΤWU䤧~AڥiHH !! ӤUFWӫOeA~Aڤ]iHܤUF n ӫOA !n ӰA]iHϥΫOYAҦp !vi Ӱ̪O}YO vi OCI۷KӦnΡI򥻤W history γ~ܤjIOݭnpߦwDIרO root vɮסAoO Cracker ̷RI]pߪ root |NܦhnƦb檺L{|Qb ~/.bash_history ApGoɮ׳QѪRܡAGoILצpAϥ history tXy ! zgϥιLOUFOܦIJv@ӫOkI

שӨ bash ]wɮoIoڭ̹wpytγ]wzPy@UHߦn]wzӻADzO root AåBjaߦn@P{A_hun]wzyӤH]wz]bCӤHaؿ^]NiHoIn`NOAbOCJܼƤ]nBROOW]}AOwӦnJ]wӤwAҥHunz@nXAW]wȴN|hI]Aڭ̻ݭnXɮרUڭ̡ACnJɭԡANwgڭ̷dwFҪ]woI

---

• tγ]wȡG

ҿתtγ]wȡA]NOCӨϥΪ̶iJ bash shell A|Ū]wɮסIw]]wɮצUCXӡG

• /etc/profileGoɮ׳]wFXӭnܼơAҦpGyPATHBUSERBMAILBHOSTNAMEBHISTSIZEBumaskzA]PɳWX /etc/inputrc oӰwLس]wɮתƤeCAiHbo̳]w`骺 PATH TIPɡAo file ]WX /etc/profile.d /etc/inputrc oɮסA𫟺A inputrc OΦb history ]vO^@ΤWI`AAiHAѨڭ̾Ƿ|ܼƳ]w觋Aboɮפ]iH]wOIO]wWݭnSOpߡA]ҦϥΪ̬ҷ|ϥΨoɮתTCGq`ڳwN /usr/local/bin oӸ|[̫eAoO]q`ۤvw˪Mۤv̳wAҥHMO̥MoI ^_^I~AЪ`N@UAiHN HISTSIZE jpܤ@UA令 50 NiHIwI( Goɮפצb Linux distribution sb /etc/profile AҥHAЯSOdN@ɮקYiI )C

@
• /etc/bashrcGoɮצbW umask \A]PɳWXܦre]NOY PS1 աI^CSOdNOAoɮצbP Linux distribution ̭A\񪺦miणӤ@˩OIҥHݭndߤ@U~I

@
• /etc/man.configGoɮשγ\ bash shell SʡAOtκ޲zӻAo]Oܭn@ɮסIoɮתeyWdFϥ man ɭԡA man page |̥hMIzҥH²@IAoɮ׳WwFUF man ɭԡAӥh̬dݸƪ|]wI򤰻ɭԭnӭקoɮשOHpGAOH tarball 觋Ӧw˧AơAA man page]Oɮס^i|mb /usr/local/softpackage/man YA softpackage OAMW١AoӮɭԧANoHʪ觋NӸ|[ /etc/man.config YA_hϥ man ɭԴN|䤣o

oNOtΦb]wɭԱ``|ϥΪɮסIݭnSOdNOAq`]wFoXɮפAݭn logout b login ~|N]wӱҰʰ_ӡI

---

• ӤH]w

ӤHߦn]wb̡HKKKKINObӤHaؿXɷoIO|ϥΨ쩳UXɮװաI ( `NIUɮ׳OɡAݭnϥ ls -al ܥX ) At~A`N@UoIUӡy ~ zNOyaؿzNG

• ~/.bash_profileG̭wqFӤHƪ|]PATH^PܼƪɮצW١IAiHbo̭קAӤH|IMoI]iHb ~/.bashrc oӭӤH]wܼƸYקIɭԷ| ~/.profile ~/.bash_login ɮרӨNoɮסI

@
• ~/.bashrcGoɮ׹ӤHߦn bash ]wӻAO̭nաI]ڳObo̳]wڪӤHܼơIҦpROOW]wI|swqAObo̧I

@
• ~/.bash_historyGoɮתγ~bNAgϥιLROOUӡAӷAAHWUjMΪ̪H history jMɭԡANiH촿gϥιLOoIݭn`NO

@
1. bo@L{OANbA} shell ~|QoɮפA_hNu|QgȦsO餤(Cache)F
2. iHǥ history oӫOӱNYjMXӡF
3. oɮתOOơAP HISTFILE AAiHۦb ~/.bashrc Y]wAΪ̪ root b /etc/profile ̭Τ@]wjpI
@
• ~/.bash_logoutGoɮ׫hObyAnX shell ɭԡA BASH |AҰƱIzq`w]Ou clear MùoƱӤwALAA]iHN@dzƥΪ̬OLA{nu@gboɮפ]ҦpMżȦsɡ^AA} Linux ɭԡANiHѨM@ǷФHƱoI

jPWӤH]wNOpPWILAڭӤHıonO ~/.bashrc o@ɮסIڳwNۤv]wgbYIo˥iHܻNӤH]wgnIרOROOWPܼƪ]wIڭӤHߦn ~/.bashrc ]wpUG
 

[test @test test]# more .bashrc # User specific aliases and functions  PATH="/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:$PATH"  Export PATH  Alias rm='rm -i'  Alias cp='cp -i'  Alias mv='mv -i'  Alias ll='ls -l'  Alias lm='ls -al|more'  Alias h='history'  # Source global definitions  if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then          . /etc/bashrc  fi

---

• sourceG

eLFApGڻݭnNثe]wɪeŪJ@Aݭns logout A login ~ŪJA򦳨SknXӪŪJܼƳ]wɩOHMiHANϥ source YiI
 

[test @test test]# source ܼƳ]w

oӨϥΪpbɭԩOH̱`oͦb@ӤHu@ҤhɭԤFI|ӨҤlӻAbڪjDAڱ``ݭntdTӤPפlACӮפlһݭnBzܼƭqwäۦPAڴNNoTӮפlOsgݩӮפlܼƳ]wɮסAڻݭnҮɡAN source ܼɡAp@ӡAܼƪ]wNܪ²KFFI

ѩb bash `|ϥΨ@ǸUΦrAPftSŸӱNOnQΡ]Ҧp̱`쪺Wܪk Regulare Express ^IUڭ̦CX@DZ`ΪUΦrPSŸG
 

Ÿ	e
*	UΦrAN@өΦhӦr]μƦr^
?	UΦrAN@Ӧr
#	ѡAoӳ̱`QϥΦb script AI
\	ŸANySrθUΦrz٭즨@r
|	jӺ޽uROɩwF
;	sʩROɩw]`NIP޽uROäۦP^
~	ϥΪ̪aؿ
$	YOܼƤeݭn[ܼƨN
&	NOܦIUu@
!	޿BNqWyDz not NI
/	|jŸ
>, >>	XɦVAOOyNzPy֥[z
'	޸A㦳ܼƸm\
"	㦳ܼƸm\I
` `	ӡy ` ziH檺OI
(   )	bl shell _lP
[  ]	brզX
{   }	bRO϶զXI
զX	浲G
Ctrl + C	פثeRO
Ctrl + D	J]EOF^AҦpl󵲧ɭԡF
Ctrl + M	NO Enter աI
Ctrl + S	ȰùX
Ctrl + Q	_ùX
Ctrl + U	bܦrUANCROR
Ctrl + Z	yȰzثeRO

WUΦrA̱`ΪN *, ?, [] ` FIڭ̴X²檺ҤlG
 

[test @test test]# ls test*  <== * N᭱ױXӦrH(Sr]I) [test @test test]# ls test?  <== ? N᭱y@wzny@ӡzr [test @test test]# ls test???  <== ??? Ny@wnTӡzrI [test @test test]# cp test[1-5] /tmp  <==N test1, test2, test3, test4, test5 YsbܡAN /tmp U [test @test test]# cd /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/drivers  <==Q ` ` A_Ӫey|zI

WXӨҤl۷IרO̫᭱ӡIݭn`NOA [] ̭yNu@ӦrzOdiH 1-5 Ao˨ӻܡAڭ̦pG\yunɦW̭tܤ֤@ӤjgrzɡANiHNɮ copy XӪܡAiHo˰G
@

cp *[A-Z]* /tmp
@
ܦaHI ^_^
~A `` ̭yOz|QA]NOG
@
1. tΥ uname -r XXGF
2. NG֥[bؿWAӰ cd \I
@
ܴΧaIIoǰ򥻪\ݭnSOAѤ@U~I

---

• sOUF觋G

o̻ݭnAXӭnTAڭ̭WLAӫOgb@_AiHo˼gG
@
command1; command2
@
QΤy ; zӤjAoӤNAN command1 浲GAcommand2 |QIpGڬOӬOAĤ@ command1 pG浲G~AĤGӴNQAiHo˰ܡHMiHANϥΤUӳsNNG
@
command1 && command2
command1 || command2
@
ٰOoڭ̤eܼƤeA ? NܡHSANONe@Ӱ檺OeS~ApG~N^Ǭ 1 AS~N^Ǭ 0 AAiHg echo $? Ӭd߱oI && NONA command1 浲GǦ^Ȭ 0 ɭԡA]NOS~TɡAh command2 ~|}lA || ۤϡA command1 ~TɡA command2 ~|I|ӨҤlӻAڪtΤèS /vbird oӥؿAҥH ls /vbird ӷ|~T~AҥHAUTӫO|ܤOH
 

[root @test root]# ls /vbird  ; ls / [root @test root]# ls /vbird && ls / [root @test root]# ls /vbird || ls /

լݬI

Abϥ bash ٦t@ӧxZANOA PATH S]w㪺ɭԡAUFOOnHy@COsaڥؿnCXzANO|]wkաI򥻤WAoӡy|zPy۹|z[OܭnI_hAN``|䤣ɮ׻Iҿתy|zNOHڥؿ}lgJɮת@ةROgwkA|ҨӻAڥثeb /home/test o test ϥΪ̪aؿAڷQnݬݸ̭ .bashrc oɮתơAϥΪO more oӫOAӳoӫOb /bin/more AhTUFOkG
@

[test @tset test]# /bin/more .bashrc<==ڦbؿ /home/test IoO|gkI

@
ڦbؿ /home/test IoO|gkI ӦpGAٰOoڭ̦b ɮרtΫO @g峹쪺[ܡAӰOoϥ ls -al ɷ|X{Ӥ@wsbؿAOOy.zPy..zAONOyoӸ|zAPyW@h|zI
@

[test @tset test]# ls -al total 728 drwx------    3 vbird    vbird        4096 May 19 14:53 .      <==o@h|ݩʻ drwxr-xr-x    3 root     root         4096 May  5 16:50 ..     <==W@h|ݩʻ HUI

@
ҥHAnW@hؿROAiHUFy../command z command OsbiɡIڦ]b /home/test ̭AZ /bin hWhؿAҥHڭnϥ /bin/more oӰɡAåBϥά۹|kANϥΡG
@

[test @tset test]# ../../bin/more .bashrc    <==@h@h^ڥؿAbiJ /bin gkI۹|

@
oج۹|k۷sxQBΩ script AoO]pe쪺ACӤHw˹w]ؿۦPAhϥά۹|ܡAܮeNiHM󤧶̳ۨnΪ̬O]wɮתʡI
 

|jMDI󤣰ثeҦbؿUɮסH xI褣Oy.zPy..zܡH򨺭ӡy . zOFΪHIyBӤwgo{FANOyڦbɮתɭԡA򥻤WAä|DʷjMثeؿUɮz|ӨҤlӻAڦw˪ squid oӰɦb /usr/local/squid/bin/squid oɮסAMӧڦb /usr/local/squid/bin UF squid ɭԡAtη|iDAydoɮסIzuOFIoɮתrIoO]tιw] PATH ]|^èSثeؿU]wA]NOy.zoӸ|IAiHϥΡy echo $PATH zݬݡANiHDFI򬰦󤣭n]woӸ|OHoO]ywzҶqCѩtιw]O\Hb /tmp UgJɮתAU@~ߤ}ϥΪ̩Ϊ̬O Cracker JIAqAæbA /tmp YIF@Ӥp차AèW ls AnFAѧAH root nJA /tmp UAð ls AAݷ|򵲪GHIo /tmp/ls ѨLHӰγ\SDAO root Ӱoi|ɭP Cracker ҼַN쪺GIoFaHI MoIz٬OiHܦb ~/.bashrc ]wA . bA PATH ALäoijNOFI

nFAѩtιw]äDʷjMثeؿUɡAAӦpyثeؿUɡzOH²rINOH۹|[Aѩy .. zOWhAӡy . zOo@hAҥHno@hؿRONϥΡy ./command zYiIҦpA /usr/local/squid/bin U squid hiHgG
@

[test @tset bin]# ./squid       <==H۹|[ӬݡIbؿUFOgkI

@
ЯSOdNo譱DIysSOedzoӿ~OIz

򥻤WAoӤlDO bash ۷n[Ao̥ioI߫~I

• OyɦV, redirect HzG²檺ANONAثeұoLahNOFIҦpڭ̱`ΪANثeùXɮפhANiHogGyls -l / > test zAӤj󪺲Ÿy > zNONXGɦV test oɮפNoIoӮɭԡG

• pGAy ls -l / zӤwܡAù|Nڥؿɮ׻PؿCXbùWF
• Oϥ > ɦV test oɮפɡAhù|ܥTAO|NA檺GX test oɮפC

ҥHoAAuny vi test z@UAN|D test oɮפOFڭ̰檺ƵGoILAo̻ݭnSOdNOAAϥ > ŸNƥѿùɦVɮפɡAhG
• ɮס]NO test ^YsbAtη|۰ʪNLإ߰_ӡAOA
• oɮצsbɭԡAtδN|NoɮפeMšAMANƼgJI
• ]NOYH > X@ӬJsɮפAAɮ״N|Qл\oI

Fo > Ÿ~Ab bash RO檺L{ADnTؿXJpAOOG

1. зǿJFNX 0 Fκ٬ stdin FϥΪ觋 <
2. зǿXGNX 1 Fκ٬ stdoutFϥΪ觋 1>
3. ~XGNX 2 Fκ٬ stderrFϥΪ觋 2>

򥻪OѼg觋G
 

O

1> 1>> 2> 2>> <

˸mɮ

@wOOAܩkhiO˸mΪ̬OɮסI`NFI 1> P 2> èSťզrIӬϥλiH|ҦpUG
 

[test @test test]# ls -al >  list.txt  NܪGX list.txt ɮפAYɮץHsbhHNI [test @test test]# ls -al >> list.txt  NܪG֥[ list.txt ɮפAɮ׬֥[A¸ƫOdI [test @test test]# ls -al 1> list.txt 2> list.err  NܪơATX list.txt ~ƿX list.err [test @test test]# ls -al 1> list.txt 2>&1  NܪơAץTο~X list.txt I [test @test test]# ls -al 1> list.txt 2> /dev/null NܪơATX list.txt ~ƫhHI `NI~PTɮ׿XP@ɮפAhHWkӼgI gL榡I

o[۷nAרOb /etc/crontab 檺ɭԡApGڭ̤wgD~TASQn~T@ root HcANH 2> ft /dev/null oөU¬}˸mAӱNƥIoӬ۷nI

o̧ڭ̨ӻ@UROɦV̭Xӱ`ΪŸP˸mG
• <  G < kŪJѼɮסF
• >  GN쥻ѿùXTƿX > k䪺 file ( ɮצW ) device ( ˸mAp printer )hF
• >> GN쥻ѿùXTƿX >> kAP > POAɮױN|Qл\AӷsƱNHyW[觋zW[ɮת̫᭱F
• 2> GN쥻ӥѿùX~ƿX 2> khC
• /dev/null GiHO¬}˸mI

nFAy > , >> zoӪF観@wAڭ̨Ӳ`Jͤ@͡yROXɦVz[aIpeҭzA򥻤WA Linux 檺GAiHyTXzPy~Xzؤ觋CҦpAAH@먭 find oӫOɡAҦpy find / -name testing zɡAѩAO@먭ASǸƧO\@먭̶iJAҥHoAAϥ find ɡAN|~ToͤFIPɦpG testing oɮצbAiHiJƧAù]|X쵹AݡI]AN㦳TP~XoI]O٬ Stdout P Stderror^ҦpU浲GG̭y find: /home/root: Permission denied zNiDAӸƧASviJAoNO~XFAy /home/test/tseting zNOTXFI
 

[test @test test]# find / -name testing find: /home/test1: Permission denied    <==oO~X find: /home/root: Permission denied       <==oO~X find: /home/masda: Permission denied      <==oO~X /home/test/testing                        <==oOyTzX [test @test test]#

nFA򰲦pڭ̷QnNƿX list oɮפOHy find / -name testing > list z|򵲪GHAA|o{ list ̭sF诊ӡyTzXơAܩùW٬O|~TX{OI˸IpGQnNTP~ƤOsJPɮפݭn򰵡HIIbƪɦV譱ATgkӬOy 1> zPy 2> z~IOpGu > hw]OH 1> ӶiƪI 1> OXTơA 2> hO~ƿXءC]NOG

• 1> GONTƿXwah
• 2> GON~ƿXwah

nFAWҤlAڭ̦pNƿX줣PahOHiHogG
 

[test @test test]# find / -name testing 1> list_right 2> list_error

oˤ@ӡA檺GA Permission X~T|] list_error oɮפAܩ󥿽TXƫh|s list_right oɮפoIo˥iHAѤFܡHpGIVêܡAh𮧤@UAӬݬݧaII

AӡApGڥunTơA~TڤnFOHAoӮɭ /dev/null oөUNܭnFI/dev/null OOH򥻤WANIO@ӡy¬}zU\IAJFɦVoӵU˸mɡAyLN|̪ŮFzAoӪF観ΪܡIҦpWҤlAڭ̥iHo򰵡AӱN~TᱼI
 

[test @test test]# find / -name testing 1> list_right 2> /dev/null

ܯ_I error message N|yFIzIuIt~ApGڭnNƳgP@ɮפOHoӮɭԼgkݭnΨSgkAЪ`NUgkI
 

[test @test test]# find / -name testing 1> list 2> list<==~gk [test @test tset]# find / -name testing 1> list 2>&1   <==Tgk

ЯSOdNo@IOIPɼgJP@ɮ׻ݭnϥ 2>&1 ~I

OKIAѤF >, 2>, >> P /dev/null A򨺭 < SOrIHIH²檺kӻANOyN쥻ݭnLJAgɮרŪJzNA̩㪺ҤlNO mail oӪFFIڭ̥H root ӱHH root nFAiHo˰G
 

1. LJơG [root @test test]# mail -s "test" root <== -s ܼDA root I am root! <==HUƳOLJ That's OK . @@@@@ <==nLJɡAݭnb@檺̫e[W . YiI CC.@@@@@<==O_ݭnKƥHݭnܡAU Enter I EOF@@@@@<==ܰeXܦrӤwI 2. ɮץNJ [test @test tset]# mail -s "test" root < /root/.bashrc <==N .bashrc eH root I

ܦaI ^_^ o˴NiHNHHXhoIҥHAxROɹܡAziO۷UI

nFA򬰦nϥΩROXɦVOHoӰD@w|xZA@UUApGAqӳSgL script ܡInFAڭ̨ӻ@aI

• ùXTܭnAӥBڭ̻ݭnNLsUӪɭԡF
• I椤{AƱLzZù`XGɡF
• @ǨtΪҦRO]Ҧpgb /etc/crontab ɮס^浲GAƱLiHsUӮɡF
• @ǰROAڭ̤wgDLi઺~TAҥHQHy 2> /dev/null zNLᱼɡF
• ~TPTTݭnOXɡC

M٦ܦhܦh\઺A²檺NO̱ͭ``ݨ쪺Gyڪ root |t crontab HӪ~TOzoөNNO`~AӦpGڭ̤wgDoӿ~TOiHɭԡAIy 2> errorfile zoӥ\NܭnFaIAѤFܡHH

NpPeһA bash RO檺ɭԦXƷ|X{IpGosƥݭngLXD򤧫~oڭ̩ҷQn榡AӦpӳ]wHoNoA޽uRODF] pipe ^A޽uROϥΪOy | zoӬɩwŸIt~A޽uROPysUFROzO@˪IoIUڭ̷|ACUڭ̥|@ӨҤlӻ@U²檺޽uROC

]ڭ̭nŪ last oӫOA root nJyơzӫ@H`NIڭ̥uݭnyzCکҶi檺BJOG

1. last ANҦoӤ몺ҦHnJƨXӡF
2. ϥ grep NWXơ]stdout^ root ^XӡALnF
3. ϥ wc oӥiHpƪONW@BƭpơI

ѩ last XO@N@nJAҥHunpXNNnJXNAҥHoIgѤWTӨBJAN last ƳvBzANiHoڭ̪ƤFIөROiHgpUG
@

[test @test bin]# last [test @test bin]# last | grep root [test @test bin]# last | grep root | wc -l

@
AiHOy last zMAvBW[y last | grep root zA̫W@ANWiHMD|ooIoӺ޽uROy | zȯBzgѫe@ӫOǨӪTTA]NO standard output ( STDOUT ) TA stdandard error èSBzOAаOoC骺޽uROiHϥΤUϪܤG
 @

bCӺ޽uOyOzOIӫ@ӫOJDOѫe@ӫOXӨӪIUڭ̨ӽͤ@ͤ@ǰ򥻪޽uROOСG

---

cut


ykG

[root @test /root ]# cut -d "jr" [-cf] fields ѼƻG -d  G᭱OΨӤjrAw]Oyťզrz -c  G᭱OyĴXӦrz -f  G᭱OĴXӰ϶H dҡG [root @test /root]# cat /etc/passwd | cut -d ":" -f 1  N passwd oɮ׸̭AC@Y : Ψӧ@jA ӦCXĤ@Ӱ϶I]NOmWҦbաI [root @test /root]# last | cut -d " " -f1  HťզrjAæCXĤ@Ӱ϶I [root @test /root]# last | cut -c1-20 N last ᪺ơAC@檺 1-20 ӦrXӡI

G
o cut bܦnΡILAuADA``bR log ɮסA_hϥΨ cut |ähInFI cut Dnγ~bNyP@̭ƶiѡIzA̱`ϥΦbR@ǼƾکΤrƪɭԡIoO]ɭԧڭ̷|HYǦr@ΪѼơAMӱNƥ[HΡAHoڭ̩һݭnơCڤ]ܱ`ϥγoӥ\OIרObR log ɮתɭԡI

---

sort


ykG

[root @test /root ]# sort [-t jŸ] [(+_l)(-)] [-nru] ѼƻG -t jŸGϥΤjŸӹj}P϶Aw]O tab +start -endGѲ start ϶ƧǨ end ϶ -n         GϥΡy¼ƦrzƧǡ]_hN|HrAӱƧǡ^ -r         GϦVƧ -u         GۦPX{@AuCX@I dҡG [root @test /root]# cat /etc/passwd | sort NCXӪӤHbƧǡI [root @test /root]# cat /etc/passwd | sort -t: +2n NӤHbAHϥΪ ID ӱƧǡ]H : ӤjAĤTӬ ID A Ĥ@ӥN 0 G^ [root @test /root]# cat /etc/passwd | sort -t: +2nr Ϭ۱ƧoI

G
sort PˬOܱ`ΪOOI]ڭ̱``ݭn@ǸTաI|ӤWĤGӨҤlӻnFIѰ]AܦhbAӥBAQnD̤jϥΪ ID ثe@FIIϥ sort @UlNiHD׫IMϥ٤աIŪܤ@I

---

wc


ykG

[root @test /root ]# wc [-lmw] ѼƻG -l   Gh֦ -m   Gh֦r -w   Gh֦rH dҡG [root @test /root]# cat /etc/passwd | wc -l oɮ׸Yh֦H [root @test /root]# cat /etc/passwd | wc -w  oɮ׸Yh֦rIH

G
wc ]iH@OHIoiOW~ⶡ WC OIoO۷Ϊpɮפe@ӤuճI|ӨҤlӻAAnDثeAbɮפh֭ӱbɡANϥΤW wc -l աI] /etc/passwd Y@N@ӨϥΪ̧rIҥHDƴNoh֪bbYFIӦpGnp@ɮ׸Yh֭ӦrɡAINϥ wc -w oӰѼƧaI

---

• uniq

ykG

[root @test /root ]# uniq ѼƻG dҡG [root @test /root]# last | cut -d" " -f1 | sort | uniq

G
oӫOΨӱNyƪRuܤ@ӡzA|ӨҤlӻAAnDoӤnJADϥΪ̦֡AӤbGLnJơANϥΤWdҡA(1)NҦƦCXF(2)ANHWWߥXӡF(3)gLƧǡF(4)uܤ@ӡIѩoӫOObNƪF֡AҥHMݭnytXƧǹLɮסzӳBzoI

---

• tee

ykG

[root @test /root ]# last | tee last.list | cut -d " " -f1 ѼƻG dҡG [root @test /root]# last | tee last.list | cut -d " " -f1

G
So{bROɦVɭԡApGڭ̭nNưeXɮתɭԡAùWN|X{󪺸ơIpGڭ̻ݭnNƦPܦbùWɮפOHIoӮɭԴNݭn tee oӫOoIϥ last iHdݨoӤnJơAӨϥΤF tee A|NƦPɶǵU@өROhA]|NƼgJ last.list oɮפI]OӦnI

---

• tr

ykG

[root @test /root ]# tr [-ds] SET1 ѼƻG -d  GR SET1 oӦr -s  GNƪrI dҡG [root @test /root]# last | tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z]'         <==Npg令jg [root @test /root]# cat /etc/passwd | tr -d :       <==KKI : oӲŸb /etc/passwd FI [root @test /root]# cat /home/test/dostxt | tr -d '\r' > dostxt-noM   <==N DOS ɮתrŸ ^M ŸhI

G
oӫO]iHgbyWܪkzYI]L]OѥWܪk觋ӨNƪIHWҤlӻAϥ [] iH]w@rOI]``ΨӨNɮפDzŸIҦpWĤTӨҤlAiHh DOS ɮׯdUӪ ^M o_檺ŸIoF۷ΡI۫HBz Linux & Windows tΤH̳̳·Ъ@ƴNOoӨƱաIYO DOS U|۰ʪbC[J ^M o_ŸIoӮɭԧڭ̥iHϥγo tr ӱN ^M hI ^M iHϥ \r ӥNI

---

• split

ykG

[root @test /root ]# split [-bl] Jɮ Xɮ׫eɦr ѼƻG -b  GHɮ size Ӥ -l  GHƨӤ dҡG [root @test /root]# split -l 5 /etc/passwd test   <==| testaa, testab, testac... ɮ

G
b Windows pUAAnNɮפλݭnp@HI˸aIIb Linux UN²檺hFIAnNɮפΪܡANϥ -b size ӱN@ӤΪɮ׭jpApGOƪܡANϥ -l line ӤΡInΪܡIp@ӡAANiHNAɮפΦ floppy jpAKA copy oI

޽uROb bash s򪺳Bz{ǤO۷nIt~Ab log file R]O۷n@AҥHЯSOdNInIH

• p HOME oܼơH

G
echo $HOME
@
• poثeҦܼƻPܼƪ]wȡH

G
ܼƥ env өҦܼƥ set Yi
@
• ڬO_iH]w@ܼƦW٬ 3myhome H

G
IܼƤHƦr}YAѦ ܼƳ]wWh e
@
• pܼƻPROOWeH

G
ϥ unset unalias Yi
@
• p]w@ܼƦW٬ name e Its my name H

G
name=It\s\ my\ name name=Its my name
@
• ܼɮתJǡH

G
/etc/passwd o bash o shell AA /etc/profile ŪDnܼơAPɥ|N /etc/inputrc /etc/profile.d eŪJCAAӤHaؿŪ ~/.bash_profile ~/.bashrc ɮסI
@
• man page |]wɮסH

G
/etc/man.config /etc/man.conf
@
• ջ , , P ` oDzŸbܼƩwqγ~H

G
ѦܼƳWh@`A𫟺A iH㦳ܼƪeݩʡA hȦ@rAܩ ` hOiQ檺OC
@
• Ÿ \ γ~H

G
iHΨӸSrAҦp Enter, $ AϦ@rI
@
• sROA ;, &&, || 󤣦PH

G
iH command sB@AҼ{ command1 XAA && he@ӫOݭnS~TAY^ǭȻݬ 0 h command2 ~|QA || hP && ۤϡI
@
• pN last GAWߥXbAåBLXgnJLbH

G
 last | cut Vd Vf1 | sort | uniq

• spTоǤGhttp://linux.tnc.edu.tw/techdoc/shell/book1.html
• GNU pe BASH Ghttp://www.gnu.org/manual/bash-2.05a/html_mono/bashref.htmlAΧo̫Odɮ