JMoӳ`DnbQ Linux ϺɮרtΡAҥHڭ̷MNݭnAѤ@UwЬOӤFաIAڭ̴NӬݤ@ݵwЪzզAAѤFzզAAӻ@U˶i wЪ (partition) aI
@


---

zզG
@
NwЪzӻAwШO ѳ\\hhεwнLҲզA̾ڵwнLeǪƶqAӦҿת(@ wи̭u@ӵwнL)Ϊ̬Oh(@wи̭thӵwнL)wСCbo̧ڭ̥H@ӵwнLӻAwнLiѩUϧΨӥܷNG
@
Ϥ@BwнLܷN
@

ϤGBϬWܷN @
Awи̭@w|ҿתY ( Head )biӵwнLWŪgʧ@FӷYTwʡAwнL@ҵeX ӪNOҿתϭy( Track )FӦpPڭ̫e责쪺A@wи̭i㦳hӵwнLAҦ wнLWۦPb|@ӺϭyNզFҿתϬW( Cylinder )CҦpWϤGҥ NAbӵwнLWP@ӺϭyNO@ӺϬWաIoӺϬW]OϺФ( partition )ɪ̤pFFt~AѶߦV~uAhiNϭyAӤ @Ӥ@Ӫϰ( Sector )AoӺϰϴNOwнLW̤pxszqFIq`@ sector jp 512 Bytes CHWNOӵwЪ򥻤C
@


---

ϺФ ( Partition )G
@
bAѤFwЪz󤧫AAۤUӤЪNOwЪ( Partition )oIniwФΰڡHI]ڭ̥niD@~tΡGyڳo wХiHsϰO A ϬW B ϬWzAp@ӡA@~tΤ~wкYh A-B d򤺪ϬWsơFpGSiD@~tγoӸTA@~tδNLkQΧڭ̪wШӶiƪsFA]@~tαNLkDLnhŪ ڡIo NOϺФ( Partition )IFG]NOOC@Ӥΰ( Partition )_lPϬWInFAoӤΰϪ_lPϬW Ʃb̩OHINOڭ̦b Linux w˻Ph}ޥ ӳ`쪺 Dn}ϰ( Master Boot Recorder, MBR )oIƹWA MBR NOb@wЪĹsyWAo]Oq}nhQθӵwЮɡAnŪĤ@Ӱ IboӰϰ줺ONOwи̭ҦθTAHζ}ɭԥiHiӾ޲z{gJBҰڡIҥHA@ӵwЪ MBR aɡAѩΪƤFAAoӵwФ]NXGiHOزץFA]@~tΤDӥhӺϬWWŪưڡ
@
MBR 򭭨OHL̤jӦ۩LjpjxsҦλP}޲z{TA]ALȴѳ̦h| partition OСAoNOҿת Primary (P)P Extended (E) partition ̦hu঳|Ӫ]FCҥHApGAwpζWL 4 partition ܡAեݭnϥ 3P + 1E AåBNҦѾlŶ Extended ~( OoI Extended ̦hu঳@ )A_hun 3P + E ٦ѤUŶA򨺨ǮeqNoӮOFAҥH״NOypGznεw ЮɡAåBwgwpWϥα MBR ҴѪ 4 partition ( 3P + E 4P )ϺЪeqݭnϥΥA_hѤUeq]AQϥzCLApGzȬOΥX 1P + 1E ܡAѤUŶNٯAΨ partition I
@


---

ɮרt( Filesystem )G
@
bitΧڪ partition Ҧb_lPϬWAAӫhOݭnN partition 榡Ƭyڪ@~tλ{Ѫɮרt( Filesystem )zoI]Cӧ@~tλ{Ѫ filesystem äۦPIҦp Windows @~tΦbw]AUNLk{ Linux ɮרt ( o̫ Linux зɮרt ext2 )CҥHMnwڭ̪@~tΨӮ榡 partition oI
@
ڭ̥iHAC@ partition NO@ Filesystem A@ partition O_iH㦳 Filesystem OHIzפWӬO檺I]CɮרtγWS䴩觋AҦp Linux ext3 NLkQ Windows tΩŪIӧAN@ partition 榡ƪɭԡA`榡Ƭ ext3 ]Pɮ榡Ƭ fat32 aHIOi઺ڡI
@
׬O@ filesystem A`OݭnxsaIJMwЬOΨxsƪAQMAƴNgJwаաIڭ̴wЪ̤pxsO sector ALƩxs̤päO sector A] sector xsӨSIJvFC򻡩OH]@ sector u 512 Bytes AӺYO@Ӥ@ sector ŪA]NOApGڪɮצ 10 MBytes A򬰤FŪoɮסAڪYniŪ (I/O) 20480 I
@
FJAoӮIJvWxZAҥHN޿϶( Block )ͤFI޿϶Ob partition i filesystem 榡ƮɡAҫwy̤pxszAoӳ̤pxsMO[cb sector jpW( ] sector wЪ̤pzxsڡI )AҥHաA Block jp sector 2 譿ơCɡAY@iHŪ@ block ApG]ڭ̦b榡ƪɭԡAw Block 4 KBytes ( Yѳs򪺤K sector Һc@ block )APˤ@ 10 MBytes ɮסAYnŪƫhjT 2560 AoӮɭԥiNjjW[ɮתŪįաI
@
LABlock 쪺WäOVjVnI򻡩OH]@ Block ̦hȯeǤ@ɮIoDOH|ҨӻnFApz Block W 4 KBytes Aӱz@ɮפjp 0.1 KBytes AoӤpɮױNα@ Block ŶA]NOA Block MiHe 4 Kbytes eqAMӥѩɮץuΤF 0.1 Kbytes AҥHAڤWѤU 3.9 KBytes OAQϥΤFAҥHAbҼ{ Block WɡAݭnPɦҼ{G
@
• ɮŪį
• ɮפjpiywЪŶO
@
]AbWzϺЮɡAݭndNzDγ~ӶiWΡIҦp BBS Dѩ峹uA]NOɮ׸pA Block p@InFӦpGzDDnΦbxsjeqɮסAҼ{įAM Block zפWAWj@I|աI
@
SuperblockGpPeAڭ̦biϺФ( partition )ɡACӺϺФμ( partition )NO@ɮרt( filesystem )AӨCɮרtζ}lm block N٬ superblock Asuperblock@άOxsOɮרt jpBŪM񺡪϶AHΥLU۪`ƩMLѦpTAo]NOAznϥγo@ӺϺФμ( Ϊ̻Oɮרt )ӶiƦsɭԡAĤ@ӭngLNO superblock oӰ϶FAҥHoA superblock aFAzoӺϺмѤj]N^ѥFNFI
@


---

Linux ɮרt( inode )G
@
ݧFWAzӹwЦ@w{ת{ѤFInFA򱵤UӴNOnͤ@ Linux ɮרt( Filesystem )oIڭ̳o̥H Linux ̼зǪ ext2 oɮרtΨӧ@CٰOoڭ̦b Linux ɮݩʻPؿtm ӳ`쪺Ab Linux tηACɮפɮתeơA٥]AɮתغݩʡAҦpGݸsաBݨϥΪ̡B_Bɮ׫إ߮ɶBɮׯSݩʵCѩ Linux @~tάO@ӦhHhuҡAFnO@CӨϥΪ̩Ҿ֦ƪKʡAҥHɮݩʪW[ObKIbзǪ ext2 ɮרtηAڭ̱NCɮתeӳxsA@ӬOɮתݩʡAt@ӫhOɮתeC
@
FIoӤPNNAҥH ext2 WX inode P Block ӤOxsɮתݩ( b inode )Pɮתe( mb Block area )Cڭ̭nN@ partition 榡( format ) ext2 ɡANnw inode P Block jp~A]NOA partition Q榡Ƭ ext2 ɮרtήɡAL@w| inode table P block area oӰϰC
@
Block wgbeLFALOxs̤pC inode OHI²檺A Block OOyɮפeơzϰAܩ inode hOOyɮתݩʡAHɮפemb@ Block zTC ²檺A inode FOɮתݩʥ~AP٥n㦳V( pointer )\AYVɮפem϶An@~tΥiHThoɮתeڡIUXӬO inode OT(Mo)G
@
• ɮת֦̻Ps(owner/group)F
• ɮתsҦF
• ɮתF
• ɮתإߤ(ctime)B̪@Ūɶ(atime)B̪ק諸ɶ (mtime)F
• ɮתeqF
• wqɮׯSʪX(flag)Ap SetUID...F
• ɮׯueV (pointer)F
@
ܩ@ inode jp 128 bytes ojInFAڪ Linux tΨ쩳OpŪ@ɮתeOHUڭ̤OwؿPɮרӻG
@
ؿG
ڭ̦b Linux U ext2 ɮרtΫإߤ@ӥؿɡA ext2 |t@ inode Pܤ֤@ Block ӥؿC𫟺Ainode OӥؿݩʡAëVt쪺 Block F Block hOOboӥؿUsɮ(Υؿ)sʡI
@
ɮסG
ڭ̦b Linux U ext2 إߤ@Ӥ@ɮ׮ɡA ext2 |tܤ֤@ inode P۹ɮפjp Block ƶqɮסCҦpG]ڪ@ Block 4 Kbytes Aӧڭnإߤ@ 100 KBytes ɮסA linux Nt@ inode P 25 Block xsɮסI
@
ѤWAڭ̥iHDnŪ@Ӿ𪬥ؿUɮ׮ɡA@~tη|ŪɮשҦbؿ inode Aèoӥؿsϰ(b Block ϰ̭)AMھڸsŪɮשҦb inode AæAi@Bgɮת inode Өoɮת̫᤺eI|ӨҤlӻA]ڭ̭nŪ /etc/crontab oɮסAŪy{OpOHiѩUϤTӧ@G
@

ϤTBŪ /etc/crontab ²y{ܷNC

@
@ partition b ext2 U|Q榡Ƭ inode table P block area ӰϰAҥHbϤṰAڭ̱N partition H觋ӥܷNA|ezѪաIŪ /etc/crontab y{G
@
1. @~tήھڮڥؿ( / )ƥio /etc oӥؿҦb inode AëeŪ /etc oӥؿҦݩʡF
2. ھ /etc inode ơAiHo /etc oӥؿUҦɮתsƬOmb@ Block Aëe block ŪɮתsʤeF
3. ѤWӨBJ Block AiHD crontab oɮת inode ҦbaAëe inode F
4. ѤWӨBJ inode AiHo crontab oɮתҦݩʡAåBie inode ҫV Block ϰAQo crontab ɮפeC

Ūy{jPWNOoˡALo̦XIpƱn@UG

• bؿUɮ׼ƦpGӦhӾɭP@ Block LkeǪUҦsʸƮɡALinux |ӥؿh@ Block ~OsơF
• @ɮשҦΪ Block |ObɮשҦb inode AҥHwЪYiHhŪU Block ADɮשxsU Block u(ƹWӥio)A_hb Linux ext2 AOݭniϺЭժI
• inode ƶqP Block jpb榡ƪɭԴNwgQ]wnFAq`@ Block jp 4 KbytesAܩ inode ƶqh̾ڤP]wӲA򥻪]w ( wФjp / @ inode ұeq ) C|ҨӻAڦ@ 1 GBytes wСAڧƱӵwФ inode ƶqun block @bNnFANiH]w@ inode eq 8 Kbytes Ah inode ƶq@G ( G * 1024M/G * 1024K/M )/( 8 K ) = 131072 inode oI inode table hhF 131072 * 128 byte = 16777216 bytes = 16384 KbytesC]NOAo@ 1GB w٦SƮɡAN֤F 16 MBytes eqաI(Φb inode table W)C
• ]@ inode uO@ɮתݩʡAҥH inode ƶq block hOSNqI|WҤlӻAڪ Block W 4 Kbytes AҥH 1GB jN 262144 4Kbytes block ApG@ block @ inode ܡAڪ inode ƶqj 262144 ɡAh inode NSγBA{MOwЪŶӤwIt~@hQkApGڪɮ׮eqܤjA@ɮצΤ@ inode Hμƭ block AM inode ƶqNiHW֫ܦhաI
• 榡 Linux ext2 ɮרtΡAiHϥ mke2fs oӵ{ӰI
• block jpVpA inode ƶqVhAhiQΪŶVhAOjɮ׼gJIJvtFoرpAXɮ׼ƶqhAOɮ׮eqptΡAҦp BBS Ϊ̬OsDs( News )o譱AȪtΡF
• Block jpVjA inode ƶqV֮ɡAjɮ׼gJIJvΡAOiOwЪŶhFoتphAXɮ׮eqjtΡI

---

Linux ɮרtΪB@G

nFADF Linux зǪ ext2 ɮרtΪpAAAѤ@U Linux tΦbB@ɡALOpiƪsOHIڭ̪DAӹqDAXJ (I/O) ֳ̧tӬO CPU ֨FAMhODOAܩwЪsheӺCW\hCF Linux [־ӨtΪsIJvA]b Linux Wq`ĨDPBBz( asynchronously )觋CODPBOH|ҨӻGytŪFY@ɮסA hɮשҦb ϶Ʒ|QJOAҥHӺϺа϶N|QmbDO骺wħ֨ϤAYoǰ϶ƳQܮɡA}lƶȦDO骺϶Ʒ|Q ܡAӥBbwİϷ϶Ʒ|QаO Dirty AoӮɭԺϺй϶|QץIҥHYܡAoǡ Dirty ϶ƥݦ^gϺзAHϺй϶WƻPDO餤϶ƪ@PʡCz
@
no򰵩OHoO]DO骺B@tפ_wШӹbO֤ӦhFAU@tη@ɮ׬۷jAӤSʪsAѩCwЦst סANϱo Linux t׳Q쫱AҥH~|ϥΫDPB觋ƳBzڡILA]ѩwлPDO骺ƥiSPBơA]ApG Linux `( ҦpqΪ̬O )ɡAhѩƩ|^gJϺзA|ɭPtΦbA}ɡA|۷hɶiϺAPɤ]iyϺЪlڡI

AѤFwФAUӷMnDڪ Linux tθ̭ٳѤUhֺϺЪŶoIAbrUkiHdݥثeϺг̤je\eqBwgϥαeqBثeҦbؿwϥήeqH٦ A 򪾹DثeؿUϥαwЮeqOHHΦpdߥثe inodes ƥءHIUڭ̴Nӽͤ@ͥDnӫOG

df dݤwϺЪ`eqBϥήeqP inode
du dɮרϥαeqh֡H

---

df

ykG

[root @tsai /root ]# df -[ikm] ѼƻG -i:  ϥ i-nodes ܵG -k:  ϥ KBytes ܵG -m:  ϥ MBytes ܵG dҡG [root @test /root ]# df -k       <==H KB ܺϺЪŶ Filesystem           1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/hda1              2118832    904600   1106600  45% / /dev/hda3               497861     37525    434632   8% /disk1 none                     31220         0     31220   0% /dev/shm /dev/hda5               101089      4127     91743   5% /proxy1 /dev/hda6               101089      4127     91743   5% /proxy2 /dev/hda2              1004052     38360    914688   5% /var /dev/fd0                  1423      1405        19  99% /mnt/floppy

G
oOΨܥثeϺЪŶOIݭn`NOAѩڭ̪ɮשΪ̬O~ϺгO[by / zUAҥHڥؿSŶɫAKKIA Linux tΤjNOFa]ӯܡI ڭ̨tWӬsͦb޲z Sun u@AOOsǪALwЩnX GB AONOSkNX MB copy ihALNhaFIKI~Ӻ@LXѦӤw|aFIGN@ӥsӽ|F 2 pɥkaIӡA@ӵo{ӵwЪy`Ŷz٦ܦhAuOYӺϰ϶񺡤FAӬsʹNOnN copy hӺϰϡIIӨӬsʹNQROyA]\I Sun DzF^MoIAiHNAƩmb[wФA p󪾹Dثe@ӺϺ٦h֪ŶOHI
@
o̭nФjaAƲߤ@UAڭ̪wкϰϳWA primary ϰϨC@wХu\ 4 ӡALNmb Extended ϰϤFIӡAwЪNP IDE ѬOYIpGѰOFAN^hw Linux @Ʋߤ@UaInFI]ڥu@ʵwСABb IDE master AڪwдNO /dev/hda oIӦbowФκϰϴNiH /dev/hda1 }lVW[I
@
OKAϥ df -k AX{WƤAiHDڪwЧ /dev/hda1, /dev/hda2, /dev/hda3, /dev/hda5 P /dev/hda6 AxI /dev/hda4 ]h̤FII /dev/hda4 q`NO Extended ϰϰաIӫ᭱ /dev/hda5, /dev/hda6 ϰϴNO /dev/hda4 ҤXӪIҥH /dev/hda5 + /dev/hda6 = /dev/hda4 IMApG٦SܥXӪAҦp Swap Ah /dev/hda4 ٦ijI
Ӹ@UWƧaI

• FilesystemGOϰϰաIt~ApGA[nЪ ܡAN |X{pW̫@oI
• 1k-blocksGUƦrO 1KB IpGAϥ df -m ho@|X{ 1M-blocks oI
• Used GUWqANOϥαwЪŶաI
• Available G]NOѤUϺЪŶjpF
• Use% G NOϺЪϥβvաIpGϥβvF 90% HWɡA̦nݭn`N@UFAKoeqytΰD]Ҧp̮eQz /var/spool/mail oөml󪺺ϺСI^C
• Mounted on GNOϺбؿҦbաIҦp /dev/hda5 Ob /proxy1 UA /var O /dev/hda2 oӺϰoI

t~Aݭn`NOAɫYǨtη|X{ /proc oӺϰϡAO̭F卖O 0 AniI /proc F卖O Linux tΩһݭnJtθơAӥBObyO zAҥHMS󪺵wЪŶoI
@

---

du

ykG

[root @test /root ]# du [-abckms] [ؿW] ѼƻG [ؿW] iHٲApGٲܡAܭnέpثeҦbؿɮ׮eq -a   :ɮ׻PؿCXӡIw]ȬOCXؿȡI -b   :CXȥH bytes X -c   :̫[` total I -k   :CXȥH KB X -m  :CXȥH MB X -s   :uCX̫[`ȡI dҡG [root @test /root]# du -m    <==CX /root UؿPɮשҦeqH MB X [root @test /root]# du -s /home <==N /home UؿPɮתeq[`XAo̥u|X`eqI

G
b Windows UiHϥɮ`ިӺ޲zAϺСAb Linux U]iHH du ӪDثeϺЪɮ׮eqCIbw]pUAeqXOH KB ӳ]pApGAQnDؿFh MB ANϥ -m oӰѼƧYioIӡApGAuQnDӥؿFh֮eqܡAA -s NiHI

OsɩOHsɦI Windows Uy|zI]NOܦhsɮ( link file )곣VP@Өӷɮ( source file )ILAbҦɮAsɺOzѪ@FI]s٤ Hard link P symbolic link ءAoسsɦb[cWO@˪NNAUNӦnnͤ@ͥI
@

---

Hard LinkG

be@`Aڭ̴ɮתŪ觋G(1)Ѥ@h@hؿoɮ׬sơA(2)A inode oɮתݩʡAHɮפeƩҦb Block A(3)̫ Block area oɮתơC hard link s@ɮתsOHI²A Hard Link uObYӥؿUsW@ӸɮתsƦӤwI
@
|ӨҤlӻAڪ /home/vbird/crontab @ hard link ɮסALs /etc/crontab oɮסA]NOA /home/vbird/crontab P /etc/crontab OP@ɮסAuOӥؿ( /etc P /home/vbird )OF crontab oɮתsƽ}FI]NOAڥ /etc Block ҰOsƥiD crontab inode mb A BAӥ /home/vbird oӥؿUsơA crontab Pˤ] A B inode IҥHoA crontab oɮת inode P block SܡAuOӥؿOFsơC
@
@ӻAϥ hard link ]wsɮɡAϺЪŶP inode ƥس|ܡIѤWӬݡAڭ̥iHDA hard link uObYӥؿU block hgJ@sơAҥHM|α inode PϺЪŶoI(Gi|ܪANOؿ Block QΧɡANi|s[@ block ӰOAӾɭPϺЪŶܤơILA@ hard link ҥαsƶqܤpAҥHq`| inode PϺЪŶjpI )
@
ѩ hard link ObP@ partition WisإߡAҥH hard link OG
@
1. FilesystemF
2. link ؿC
@

---

Symbolic LinkG

۹ hard link A Symbolic link iNnzѦhFA򥻤WALNObإߤ@ӿWߪɮסAӳoɮ׷|ƪŪVL link ɮפeIѩuOQɮרӰVʧ@AҥHAӷɳQRAsymbolic link ɮ׷|y}FzA|@yLk}ҬYɮסIzCo٬OoSOdNAo Symbolic Link P Windows |iHLWA Symbolic link ҫإߪɮ׬@ӿWߪsɮסAҥH|α inode P block I

ѤWӬݡAG hard link wA]YϬY@ӥؿUsƳQFA]SYAun@ӥؿUsbsơAɮ״N|I|WҤlӻAڪ /etc/crontab P /home/vbird/crontab VP@ɮסApGڧRF /etc/crontab oɮסAӧRʧ@uON /etc ؿU crontab sƮӤwA crontab Ҧb inode P block 곣SQܰʳILAOAѩ Hard Link ӦhFA]ALkyؿz link AҥHbγ~WOIϦӬO Symbolic Link ϥΤ譱sInFAѪüYAݱz]th֭nˤFISYA@@UND^ƤFIns@sɴNnϥ ln oӫOOI
@

---

• ln

@
SOdNAUרҤAڭ̬ONtΪ]w copy /root/test UiեΪAФnb /etc/ UAӧڭ̪u@ؿ|b /root/test UiAoӦnBAOiHzMDAoOΨ test ΪաI

ykG

[root @test /root ]# ln [-s] [ӷ] [ت] ѼƻG -s   : symbolic line sI @@@pGH ln [ѼƪܡANݩ hard link oI dҡG [root @test /root]# mkdir test [root @test /root]# cd test [root @test test]# cp /usr/bin/passwd . 0. 쥻TG [root @test /test]# ll  -rw-r--r-- 1 root     root        13476 Jun 26 11:31 passwd [root @test /test]# du -k <==dݸӥؿUεwЪŶ 20 1. Hard Link TG [root @test /test]# ln passwd passwd-hard [root @test /test]# ll total 32 -rw-r--r-- 2 root     root        13476 Jun 26 11:31 passwd -rw-r--r-- 2 root     root        13476 Jun 26 11:31 passwd-hard `NݡAW ӼƦrܦ 2 oIo̻OsƦBI [root @test /test]# du -k 20  <==`NݡAeqèSܤjI]O link ɮקrI 2. Symbolic Link TG [root @test /test]# ln -s passwd passwd-soft; ll -rw-r--r--    2 root     root        13476 Jun 26 11:31 passwd -rw-r--r--    2 root     root        13476 Jun 26 11:31 passwd-hard lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root            6 Jun 26 11:37 passwd-sofe -> passwd `NoI Symbolic Link ɮ׬OeqI `NoA passwd-soft |t~@ɮץhAӥBA̫eݩ l A ~ALO@ WߪɮסI passwd Aڭ̤O more @UeG 3. more ӸոլݬOˡHI  [root @test test]# rm passwd rm: remove regular file `passwd'? y [root @test test]# more passwd-hard KKK(` ) [root @test test]# more passwd-soft passwd-soft: No such file or directory

G
n`NoIϥ ln pG[ѼƪܡANO Hard Link oIpPWpAW[F hard link AiHo{ link @ݩʼW[FIӦpGoӮɭԬ屼 passwd |oͤƱOHI passwd-hard e٬O| passwd ۦPAO passwd-soft N|䤣ɮװաINOoˡIAѤFܡHI٦A cp ]@I]M Hard Link ɮ׬ݰ_ӬOeqAO򥻤W٬OVӪɮסAҥHoAeqOSWjաI
@
ӦpG ln ϥ -s ѼƮɡANthO Windows Uy|zN( Symbolic LinkA`ΡI )LAݭnSO`NOA Linux link P Windows |O@˪FI|ӨҤlAAb Windows إߤ@ӱ|ɡAAiHboӱ|קơAӧAlƨä|ܡILAAק Linux U link ɮ׮ɡAhʪOylɡzAAҥHקAoӭlɳQs̥hAunAקFsɡAIlɴNoIHWҡAѩAϥ -s Ѽƫإߤ@ӦW passwd-soft ɮסAhAק passwd-soft ɡA䤺eP passwd ۦPAåBAAUxsAQܪNO passwd oɮסI
@
~ApGAFUo˪sG

ln Vs /bin /root/bin

pGAiJ /root/bin oӥؿUAyЪ`NIӥؿO /bin oӥؿA]AFsɤFIzҥHApGAiJ /root/bin oӭإߪsؿAåBN𫟺ƱɡAI /bin ̭ƴNqqFIoIФdU`NIäO /root UƳO root Iٻݭn`N@Uݩʤ~I
@
򥻤WA Symbolic link γ~sAҥHznSOdN symbolic link ΪkOIӤ@wٷ|``Ψ쪺աI

@Өtκ޲z ( root ) ӨAwЪ޲zO۷n@AרӵwФwgQOӫ~F.....nFApGڭ̭n partition @swСAnϥΤ{Ӥu@HӦpGwg partition nFASnpӮ榡ƩOHڭ̴F inodes oӪFAϥή榡 ( format ) niH˪Ӯ榡Ʀnڭ̩һݭn inodes jpOHo̧ڭ̴Nӽͤ@oI

fdisk  wФ partition u
mke2fs NO Linux Un format 榡ƪu
e2label קwЪ label ]YW١^ uI
mknod  sWwɪuI

---

• fdisk

ykG

[root @test /root ]# fdisk [-l] [˸mW]  ѼƻG  -l  GCXӵwи˸m partition table dҡG  [root @test root]# fdisk /dev/hdb<==Χڪ hdb ϺСAOo᭱Ʀr Command (m for help): m <==LXe Command action    a   toggle a bootable flag    b   edit bsd disklabel    c   toggle the dos compatibility flag    d   delete a partition    l   list known partition types    m   print this menu    n   add a new partition    o   create a new empty DOS partition table    p   print the partition table    q   quit without saving changes    s   create a new empty Sun disklabel    t   change a partition's system id    u   change display/entry units    v   verify the partition table    w   write table to disk and exit    x   extra functionality (experts only) Command (m for help): p <==LXثeϺФΪA Disk /dev/hdb: 128 heads, 63 sectors, 523 cylinders Units = cylinders of 8064 * 512 bytes    Device Boot    Start       End    Blocks   Id  System /dev/hdb1   *         1       250   1007968+  83  Linux Command (m for help):q <==xs} fdisk [root @test root]# fdisk -l /dev/hdb<==qXowз partition  Disk /dev/hdb: 128 heads, 63 sectors, 523 cylinders Units = cylinders of 8064 * 512 bytes    Device Boot    Start       End    Blocks   Id  System /dev/hdb1   *         1       250   1007968+  83  Linux

G
ٰOoڭ̭b{ѵw̭쪺e ܡH fdisk ̥Dnu@NObקy partition table zӤwAèSڪNwФγΪաIL|wqXY@ partition O n1 ϬW n2 ϬWo˪TI]ApGwФο~ɡAunb format eN partition tables _ANiHNwЭӪƱϦ^oIҥHA@Ӧn޲zAɭԤ]|Nۤv partition table OUӡAHƤɤݧrIo fdisk u root ~A~AЪ`NAϥΪy˸mW١zФn[WƦrA] partition Owyӵwи˸mzӤOY partition OIҥH fdisk /dev/hdb1 N|oͿ~աInϥ fdisk /dev/hdb ~IU@iJ fdisk ᪺XӭnѼƧaI
@
GziHϥ fdisk bzwФWJdMdiھާ@AAOСydUOAnU w YiIz}ɭԫU q NUƵLoI
@
• wиTGq `ڭ̻ݭnDowЪTɡAUy p zNiHAѤFAҦpWҤlAڪ@ʵwФΧeWҼˡAӧڪ System F@ swap ~ALOݩ ext2 I

@
• RϰG pGڭnR@ӥHsbϰϮɡANݭnG
1. fdisk /dev/hdb GiJ fdisk eF
2. p Gݤ@ UϰϪ TA]n /dev/hdb1F
3. d GoӮ Է|nA ܤ@ partition AN 1 oI
4. w GxsϺиƪA} fdisk FMoApGAϮFӫIHAU q NiH𫍧Rʧ@FI

[root@test root]# fdisk /dev/hdb Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/hdb: 128 heads, 63 sectors, 523 cylinders Units = cylinders of 8064 * 512 bytes    Device Boot    Start       End    Blocks   Id  System /dev/hdb1   *         1       250   1007968+  83  Linux Command (m for help): d Partition number (1-4): 1 Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/hdb: 128 heads, 63 sectors, 523 cylinders Units = cylinders of 8064 * 512 bytes    Device Boot    Start       End    Blocks   Id  System ݡI partition FApGTwxsNU w A_hU q }I

@
• sWϰG pW[@ӺϰϩOHeUOAwХ٦wЪŶ~I
1. fdisk /dev/hdb GiJ fdisk eF
2. nGsW@Ӻ ϡAo ɭԨtη|ݧAApGzwg㦳 extended ϰϮɡAtη|ݱzAznsWO Primary ٬OLogical AӦpGz٨S extended Atζȷ|ݧAnsW Primary ٬O ExtendedA~ApGzwgΧF| P + E ܡANȦ Logical iHܰաIЦA^軡wЪaAƲߤ@UaIpGO primary ܡAЫ p A_hЫ e l C
3. p Gѩ ܬ primary ҥHN|U p oI
4. 1-4 Gprimary u\|ӡA]M Windows u\@ӦnhFI^AҥHo̽Ы|QϥΪ@ӺϰoI
5. w GP˪xs}oI
 

[root @test root]# fdisk /dev/hdb Command (m for help): p <==LXT Disk /dev/hdb: 128 heads, 63 sectors, 523 cylinders Units = cylinders of 8064 * 512 bytes    Device Boot    Start       End    Blocks   Id  System /dev/hdb1   *         1       250   1007968+  83  Linux Command (m for help): n < ==ܷsW Command action    e   extended    p   primary partition (1-4) e  <==J e ӷsW extended oI Partition number (1-4): 2 First cylinder (251-523, default 251):   <== o̫ Enter YiIιw]ȡI Using default value 251 Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (251-523, default 523): +100M Command (m for help): p <==ALXT Disk /dev/hdb: 128 heads, 63 sectors, 523 cylinders Units = cylinders of 8064 * 512 bytes    Device Boot    Start       End    Blocks   Id  System /dev/hdb1   *         1       250   1007968+  83  Linux /dev/hdb2           251       276    104832    5  Extended  <==oYOsWI Command (m for help): n < ==AsW Command action    l   logical (5 or over)    p   primary partition (1-4) l<==o logical l I First cylinder (251-276, default 251):   <== o̫ Enter YiIιw]ȡI Using default value 251 Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (251-276, default 276): +100M Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/hdb: 128 heads, 63 sectors, 523 cylinders Units = cylinders of 8064 * 512 bytes    Device Boot    Start       End    Blocks   Id  System /dev/hdb1   *         1       250   1007968+  83  Linux /dev/hdb2           251       276    104832    5  Extended /dev/hdb5           251       276    104800+  83  Linux   <==oYOsWI

zLWҤlAziHMݨAIĤ@ logical Ob 5 IOKIb fdisk AаOoϥ mke2fs 榡oIt~AЪ`NApGL{i~ɡA򻰺U q }YiI@
@
• ާ@ҪG H root iwЪ partition ɡA̦nObH@ҦUw@ǡA~Abi fdisk ɭԡApGӵwЬY partition ٦bϥηAܦitή֤߷|LksJwЪ partition table AѨMkNONӨϥΤ partition LAMAsiJ fdisk @MAsgJ partition table ANiH\oI

@
• `NƶG t~AЪ`N@UAM@wг̤j޿ϰϥiHF 64 ( `ơA]t 1~4 primary partition )A OëDҦ Linux distribution |NҦ޿ϰϹϺХNgJtηAH Red Hat ҡALȦCX 1~16 ӥNXALzNoۤvʤⰵաIܩ Mandrake ܡALhOϥΦۤvAzH fdisk ]wnF partition table AϺйϺХNN|۰ʪbz /dev/ Y]woILAɭԱz٬Ooۤv]w@UϺХNXաIp]wOHNϥ mknod oӫOaI

@

---

• mke2fs

ykG

[root @test /root ]# mke2fs [-b block-size] [-i inode-size] [root @test /root ]# mke2fs [-c] [root @test /root ]# mke2fs [-L] [root @test /root ]# mke2fs [-j] ѼƻG -b   :b]wCӸư϶ΪjpAثe䴩jp 1024, 2048, 4096 TءI  -i   :]w inode ȡI -c   :ˬd~ϺСA|CI  -L   :W]woӺϰϪ label ]YW١^  -j   :إ ext3 o journaling ɮ׮榡 dҡG [root @test /root]# mke2fs /dev/hda5  H mke2fs w]( ext2 )榡 /dev/hda5 oӸ˸m [root @test /root]# mke2fs -c /dev/hda5 b榡ƪL{ @_ˬdw  [root @test /root]# mke2fs Vj -b 8192 -i 8192 /dev/hda5  block 4096 w]ȧאּ 8192  [root @test /root]# mke2fs /dev/fd0      <==榡ƳnЧrI  mke2fs 1.26 (3-Feb-2002)  Filesystem label=  OS type: Linux  Block size=1024 (log=0)  Fragment size=1024 (log=0)  216 inodes, 1680 blocks  84 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user  First data block=1  1 block group  8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group  216 inodes per group  Writing inode tables: done  Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done  This filesystem will be automatically checked every 35 mounts or  180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

G
oOΨӱNϺЮ榡Ʀ Linux tɪOC򥻤WAungJ諸˸mɮ״NiHFCҦpڭ̭n榡ƳnЪܡAάOsw hda5 IoӫOq`ObswФWΧAA[H榡ƪIt~ApGnNªϰϮ榡Ʀ ext2 榡ܡANϥγoӫOaIiܪTIW̫XAtη|ܥثe榡ƪw]ȡIӦpGn]wP Block ( NOe쪺@޿ sector jp )ANiHϥ -b oӰѼơIЪ`NoAw]pUA Block O 4096I~Az]iHۭq inode table OIӡASw ԡA mke2fs ϥ ext2 榡ɮ׮榡AY[J Vj ɡAh榡Ƭ ext3 o Journaling filesystem I
@


---

• e2label

ykG

[root @test /root ]# e2label [/dev/hd...] [label_name]  ѼƻG  dҡG  [root @test /root]# e2label /dev/hda1 /  WרҬN /dev/hda1 oӺϺмѪWr]w / աI

G
oӪF]쪺ADn\OΨӭקyϺЪYơzA]NO label աCOƻFOHpGAϥιL Windows ɮ`ުܡAӷ|oACӺϺоN᭱ӦW٧aA IӴNO label oCoӪF谣F줧~A]|QϥΨ@dz]wɮ׷A |ҨӻAڭ̦bϺЪɭԡAFQκϺЪN~ (/dev/hdxx) ]iHQκϺЪ label ӧ@ϺбII򥻤WANO /etc/fstab ɮת]woI
@


---

• mknod

ykG

[root @test root]# mknod [device] [bcp] [Major] [ Minor] ѼƻG b  :]w`IPxs] c  :]w`IP]Ʀpƹ p  :إ FIFO dҡG [root@test /]# cd /dev [root@test dev]# ll hda* lr-xr-xr-x    1 root     root           32 Oct 19 13:04 hda -> ide/host0/bus0/target0/lun0/disc lr-xr-xr-x    1 root     root           33 Oct 19 13:04 hda1 -> ide/host0/bus0/target0/lun0/part1 lr-xr-xr-x    1 root     root           33 Oct 19 13:04 hda2 -> ide/host0/bus0/target0/lun0/part2 [root@test dev]# ll ide/host0/bus0/target0/lun0/ total 0 brw-------    1 root     root       3,   0 Jan  1  1970 disc brw-------    1 root     root       3,   1 Jan  1  1970 part1 brw-------    1 root     root       3,   2 Jan  1  1970 part2 [root@test dev]# mknod hda3 b 3 3<==`NoI 3 3 NOWƭ [root@test dev]# ll hda* lr-xr-xr-x    1 root     root           32 Oct 19 13:04 hda -> ide/host0/bus0/target0/lun0/disc lr-xr-xr-x    1 root     root           33 Oct 19 13:04 hda1 -> ide/host0/bus0/target0/lun0/part1 lr-xr-xr-x    1 root     root           33 Oct 19 13:04 hda2 -> ide/host0/bus0/target0/lun0/part2 brw-r--r--    1 root     root       3,   3 Oct 22 17:16 hda3

G
mknod bɬOXG|ϥΨ쪺AOYǮɭԡAT꦳i|XDIoӫO]wkAݭno]ƪ Major ( Dn ) P Minor ( n ) ƭȫA~]wIWOڪ Mandrake 9.0 b P-166 MMX WpAѩ󤧫eȤΦѡAҥHȨF /dev/hdb2 ӤwApGn hdb3 ܡA򰣤F fdisk A Mandrake |ۦh]w@Ӥ~A_hNnۤvoIӥѳoӸ˸meWAڭ̥iHo˩wq@UG
@

wХN	Major	Minor
/dev/hda	3	0 ~ 63
/dev/hdb	3	64 ~ 127
/dev/hdc	22	0 ~ 63
/dev/hdd	22	64 ~ 127

@

{b]إߦnFs partition FA] format nFA򦳨SLwЪu@ݭnӶiOHANOݭn˨ˬdwЦSayOHӴNO fsck oӤu㪺γ~աI~Az|o{Ab / oӥؿU ( unwЪӥؿUoӥؿ ) |@ӯSؿANOy lost+found zoӥؿաI諸INOABz fsck ApG{o{󪺿~ɮסAN|NɮתƵLoӥؿAKKIҥHAo{A Linux ؿoɮ׮ɡAnߡAӬO`աIӥBu partition ؿ~|oӹw]ؿoI
@
٦Aѩb Linux tηAFW[tήįAq`tιw]NO@ǸƷ|gbOAä|NƼgJwи̭AoO]O骺t׭nwЧ֤WYzrI OӰDNoͤFAU@tΥѩyqzΪ̬OLW]AytΪ shutdown ɡArIHItδNJաIҥHoAڭ̻ݭnbYǯSwɭƪ^swФrIFGIo̴ѴXӺDΪOA𫟺A fsck O۷nAаѦҨΪkoI

fsck       ˬdwЦSayu
badblocks fsck @ˡAO fsck \jAҥHoӫOiHǡI
sync N    O餤ƵLPBƼgJwФ

---

fsck

ykG

[root @test /root ]# fsck [-Aar] [˸mW] ѼƻG -A   :̾ /etc/fstab eANҦ˸mˤ@]q`}L{N|榹@O^ -a   :۰ʭ״_ˬd쪺DϰϡAҥHAΤ@ y oI -r   :@wnϥΪ̨MwO_ݭn״_AoPW@ -a nۤϡI dҡG [root @test /root]# fsck -a /dev/hda5 <==ˬd /dev/hda5 oӺϰϦS~I

G
oOΨˬdPץwп~OC`NGq`u root BAtΦDɭԤ~ϥγoӫOA_hb`pUϥΦ@OAi|yɮתM`Iq`ϥγoӫOXOb tΥX{jDAɭPAb Linux }ɭԱoiJHҦUi@欰ɡA~ϥΦ@OIt~ApGAhí榡Ʀ\wЦDɫA]iHϥ fsck ˬd@UwINIO Windows scandisk աI~Aѩ fsck b˵wЪɭԡAi|y filesystem laAҥHyn fsck ɭԡAбN partition umount @UIzAMAhI
@
``ڭ̷|o{AbªW]Ҧpڪ p-166^ApGD`]ҦpqoI^AwЫܥi|X{~pIoӮɭ Linux NLk`}IoӮɭԴNݭnJ root KXAHnJH@Ҧ]run level 1^AMUF fsck -a /dev/hdxxx ˬdAwСIT{\ANϥ reboot ӭsҰʧaI

---

• badblocks

ykG

[root @test /root ]# badblocks [-svw] [˸mW]  ѼƻG -s   :bùWCXi -v   :iHbùWݨi -w   :ϥμgJ觋ӴաAijnϥΦ@ѼơAרOˬd˸mwɮ׮ɡI ҡG [root @test /root]# badblocks -sv /dev/hda1

G
oOΨˬdwЩγnкϰϦSayOI Windows scandisk ۦP\աILѩ fsck \jAҥHثejhwgϥγoӫOFI

---

sync

ykG

[root @test /root ]# sync ѼƻG ҡG [root @test /root]# sync; sync

G
b`pAѩ󬰤FW[tΪIJvA]AܦhɭԶi椤{ͪ{ǤȦsɮ׳|sܺϺоAӬOOЦbOIѩO ƶǻtפϺо֤FXQAҥHp@ӱNUӨtΪIJvIIMӳo]ͤF@ӧxZANOAtΤ`ɭԡAi|ϱo@ wggLܡAo٨SsJϺФƿ򥢡]]٦bOI^ҥHoӮɭ sync \N۷jFI]LiHNtμȦsbOƦ^sgJϺзAIܴΧaIOݭn`NAtή֤ (kernel) n䴩 sync ~]ثeXG@w|䴩աI^

IdwFWʧ@FSHInFApGdwFܡA{bڭ̨ӻs@@ӥiH} nж}nFIs@OHINOQ mkbootdisk oI

mkbootdisk s@nж}
fdformat   oOΨӡyC榡ơznЪu

---

mkbootdisk

ykG

[root @test /root ]# mkbootdisk --device /dev/fd0 `uname -r` ѼƻG --device   :᭱˸mIq`NOnа /dev/fd0 I dҡG [root @test /root]# mkbootdisk --device /dev/fd0 `uname -r`   <==إߥi}nСII

G
oOs@}ϤOA𫟺Ay `uname -r` zOثe Linux tΩҨϥΪ֤ߪApGAhӮ֤ߪܡAAHiHJ֤ߪCҦpbڪtΤAª֤٬OOdAҥHڳ|ܤ֦Ӯ֤ߡAb ޲zYDA֤߬ 2.4.7 2.4.18 ApGڭnH 2.4.18 Ӷ}ܡANiHϥ

mkbootdisk --device /dev/fd0 2.4.18

إ߳nж}@OӦnDNILiHbADULɭԵAjUIҥHAإߤ@ӷsnж}O@ӦnDNաI

---

• fdformat

ykG

[root @test /root ]# fdformat [˸mW]  ѼƻG ҡG [root @test /root]# fdformat /dev/fd0H1440

G
oOΨӡyC榡znЪOC]`NGnЪ˸mɬ /dev/fd0 ^IbW˸mɮ׬ /dev/fd0H1440 A 𫟺[b /fd0 ᪺ H1440 1.44MB nЮeqIbC榡ƤA٭nNnЪɮ׮榡Ƭ Linux ext2 AAhݭnϥ mke2fs OI

nNWڭ̩ҫإ߰_ӪwЩγnХb Linux WҥήɡA@wݭnNLWɮרtIөҿתyIzhOӵwЩҦbؿABbӥؿUҦؿkb ӵwЩҦI]@ӱpnFAڭ̪ / /dev/hda1 /home /dev/hda2 Ab /home/test UNNN]k /dev/hda2 o partition ҦoIӻݭnSOdNOAѩ󱾸ɮרtλݭnIAҥHɭԱoإ߰_ؿ~I~ApGznΨӱؿ̭äOŪA 򱾸FɮרtΤAؿUFN|ȮɪC|ӨҤlӻA]z /home 쥻Oݩڥؿ / U partition ҦAU쥻N /home/test P /home/vbird ӥؿCMAQn[JswСAåB /home UAzWs partition ɡAh /home ܪO partition eAܩ test P vbird oӥؿN|ȮɪQñFI`NIäOQл\AӬO ȮɪäF_ӡA partition Q umount AhӥؿeN|A]XӰաI

---

• mount

ykG

[root @test /root ]# mount [-ahlV]  [root @test /root ]# mount -t type /dev/hdxx /mountpoint [root @test /root ]# mount -o [options] [root @test /root ]# umount /mountpoint ѼƻG -a   :̷ /etc/fstab eNҦϺгWӡI -h   :uCX mount ѼơAä˸m -l   :CXثewg˸mBɮרtΦWٻPII -V   :CX mount T type :N᭱ /dev/hdxx oӸ˸mH type ɮ׮榡 /mountpoint oIA       ` type UXӡG       vfat, msdos       :oӬO䴩 Windows tΪɮ׮榡AרO vfat `ΡI       ext, ext2         :oӴNO Linux Dnɮ׮榡աI       iso9660           :оɮ׮榡       nfs, ntfs, ufs    :Windows 2000 ϥ NTFS 榡rI -o@ :oӰѼƫ᭱NNihFIiΪƥi֩OI @@@rw@@ @G mount ϰϬiŪg @@@suid @@G\ӺϰϥiH]wɮ׬ SUID AI @@@exec @@G\ӺϰϥiH binary ɮסI @@@auto @@G\ӺϰϥiHϥ mount -a ѼƳ]wI @@@ nouser@GTLH(D root ϥΪ)ϥα\IoOw]ȡI @@@ async@ G\ϰϥiHiDPBO]OPwФPBI̱`ΡI^ @@@ defaultsGPɨ㦳 rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, async oǥ\઺]wȡI @@@ nosuid@G\ӺϰϨ㦳 SUID ɮݩʡI @@@ro@@ @G]wŪݩʡI @@@ remount GtΥӱϰϭsQI dҡG [root @test /root]# mount -a [root @test /root]# mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom<==W [root @test /root]# mount -t vfat /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy   <==W windows ɮרtΪn [root @test /root]# mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy   <==W Linux   ɮרtΪn [root @test /root]# mount -t ext2 /dev/hdc6 /home        <==W Linux ɮ׮榡w [root @test /root]# mount -o remount,rw /@@@@@@@@@ <==ڥؿsiŪI

G
oӫOu root ~IpGAQnWNYӺϺбWӡAG

mount -a

NiH̷ /etc/fstabѼƤeNҦϺеLsWhI~Aݭn`N OAѩ Linux tΤAC@Ӹ|iO@ӿWߪϰϨtΡAҥHݭnNCӺϰϨtγWU۪IIԲӪeЦ^hѦҤ@UW@g Linux ɮרt Ct~AѩUӺϰϪɮרtΥiäۦPAҥHznAѸӺϰϪɮרtΡAoˤ~iHi mount u@Ip󪾹DӺϺЪɮ׮榡OHiHϥ fdisk ܪ\YiI
@
Ъ`NIѩ mount ᪺ɮ׮榡OSkQIרbϥ fsck ˬdAwЮɡAO౾WwЪIӦpNwЦܱIOHANϥ umount YioI
@
UOͤ@ͦUӸ˸mpGo̥injդ@[Ab Windows UAϺФάOH A, B, C, D, .... 觋ӹAMӦb Linux Unix tΤUAoOHؿӥNA]NOA@ӥؿܥiNO@ӺϰϤFI |ӨҤlӻAq` Linux w]nбaIb /mnt/floppy o̡IIpGAݭnnЪƮɡANN /dev/fd0 o@Ӹ˸m]eLoIoӬOPs˸m@ӳ]ɮ^W /mnt/floppy NiHաIMAiJ /mnt/floppy NiHŪnЪoIOKIbo̤]nФ@U mount oӫOI
@
• nСG

ܦhBͱ``|ϥΨnСAרObDɭԡApϥ Linux NnбWөOHIAzAѧAϤɮת榡AҦp Linux ɮ׮榡] ext2 ^P Windows ɮ׮榡] vfat ^O@˪IOiHϥΦpU觋WӡG
@

[root @test /] # mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy<==Linux 榡  [root @test /] # mount -t vfat /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy<==Windows 榡  [root @test /] # umount /mnt/floppy<==Nnо

@
ҥHoIYϬO Windows 榡ɮסAb Linux UMOiHŪ쪺It~An`NOAYϧAϥγnЧA@wnN /mnt/floppy ~iHXnФIMtη|@iDAoͿ~oIӦb /mnt/floppy ɭԡAA@wbӥؿUA_h|oͿ~TIӦpGJ榡ŦXAtΤ]|NӳnбWӪInFAs@ ext2 nЩOH²檺ܡANϥ mke2fs /dev/fd0 NաI
@
• СI

bY Linux distribution UAҦp Red Hat 7.2 bw]AUON CDROM @ӼҲաAw]֤ߨèSNLJAҥHApGAݭnb Red Hat 7.2 ̭ CDROM ܡAӸѨMkG
@
@ӬON CDROM ҲոJtΤAoӰʧ@²AӥBA]iHNoӫOg /etc/rc.d/rc.local ̭hYiI
@

[root @test / ]# modprobe cdrom [root @test / ]# modprobe ide-cd  [root @test / ]# mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom  [root @test / ]# umount /mnt/cdrom

@
eOҲժJAӲĤTO CDROM Aĥ|hOI~Aѩw] CDROM NOH iso9660 type ӰAҥHA]iHg mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom NiHoI
@
t~@ӸѨMkON CDROM ҲսsĶi֤߷ISؤ觋A@ӬOUs֤ߨӽsĶAt@ӫhOH Red Hat Xs֤ߨӪɯŴNiHաIpGOϥ up2date ܡAɯŮ֤߬O²檺աI
@
• Windows ϰϡG

pGU@Abw˨tΪɭԧѰON Windows VFAT 榡ϰ mount WA Linux ɡAӫHIoز{H̱`oͦbhtΦ@sҤIҦpA즳 Windows 98 Win2000 Ww Linux AOGoѰONӺϰϱWӡIIo˻ݭnsw˶ܡHIMݭnFISOQJIIӦp󱾸WөOHINpPeAѩ@ӥؿi NF@ӺϰϡA]Anإߤ@ӺϰϡAMANϰϱWA Linux ؿANiHաIt~AѩݭnNϰϱbؿUAҥHAٱoݭnAѧA Windows ϰϬOb@ӵwЩP𫟺Ip󪾹DA Windows ϰϩOHNϥ fdisk aI]A Windows Ob Primary IDE wСAӴNO /dev/hda oIhAiHo˰G
@

[root @test / ]# fdisk Vl /dev/hda Disk /dev/hda: 255 heads, 63 sectors, 524 cylinders  Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 bytes     Device Boot    Start       End    Blocks   Id  System  /dev/hda1             1       268   2152678+  83  Win95 FAT32  /dev/hda2   *       269       395   1020127+  83  Linux  /dev/hda3           396       459    514080   83  Linux  /dev/hda4           460       524    522112+   5  Extended  /dev/hda5           460       472    104391   83  Linux  /dev/hda6           473       485    104391   83  Linux  /dev/hda7           486       498    104391   82  Linux swap  /dev/hda8           499       511    104391   83  Linux  /dev/hda9           512       524    104391   83  Linux

@
ϥ fdisk OܴNiHDA Win95 FAT32 ϰϦb@ӡAbWAܪO /dev/hda1 o@ӺϰoI򰲳]ڭnN Windows ؿظmb /mnt/win98 ̭OHNo˰aG
@

[root @tsai / ]# mkdir /mnt/win98  [root @tsai / ]# mount -t vfat /dev/hda1 /mnt/win98  [root @tsai / ]# mount -t vfat -o iocharset=cp950 /dev/hda5 /mnt/win98

@
p@ӴNN Windows tα Linux ̭oI²aIЪ`NAWӲĤTҨϥΪѼƥiHz Windows 98 ϰϷɮܥXTI
@
• w˷swСG

AӭӷsDIڦpGQnwˤ@swЩOHA]O²աANb Windows U@ˡIݭn fdisk Mb format ANiHQW Linux toI]ڦw˪wЦb Primary ĤG IDE WA]NO /dev/hdb WAӨBJӴN|OG
@

[root @test / ]# fdisk /dev/hdb  ....... ]HUٲIH fdisk ΦnwаաI^  [root @test / ]# mke2fs /dev/hdb1  b Linux format O mke2fs o@ӫOI  WO bNAwкϰϮ榡Ʀ Linux ext2 榡աI  [root @test / ]# mkdir /disk2  إߤ@ӥ W٬ /disk2 AwpΨӱAsw  [root @test / ]# mount -t ext2 /dev/hdb1 /disk2  NwбW Linux toI

@

---

• umount

ykG

[root @test root]# umount [-f] [device|mount_point] ѼƻG -f  GjNɮרtΰhXA̱`ϥΦbLkhX NFS ɮרtΤFI dҡG [root @test root]# umount /home

G
NON mount WӪɮרtεLYOIAiHϥ df ݬݬO_٦sbOHI

WF\hAiiHb}ɭԴNNڭnϰϳnOHIo˧ڴNݭnCiJ Linux tγ٭nb@rIMiHoIN /etc/fstab ̭h׭״NoILAb}leAo̭nja@tα@ǭG

• ڥؿ / OMӥB@wn䥦 mount point QiӡC
• 䥦 mount point wإߪؿMiHNwM@wnutΥؿ[chC
• Ҧ mount point bP@ɶMu౾@C
• Ҧ partition bP@ɶMu౾@C
• pYiMzNu@ؿ mount point(Ψlؿ) ~C

nFAڭ̶iJ /etc/fstab ݤ@ݧaG
@

[root @test / ]# more /etc/fstab # History: # ================================================== # When          Who     What # 2002/10/19    VBird   This file had been modified by me. # ================================================== # device        MountPoint      filesystem      parameters      dump    fsck /dev/hda1       /               ext3            defaults        1       1 /dev/hda2       swap            swap            defaults        0       0 LABEL=/backup   /backup         ext3            defaults        1       1 none            /dev/pts        devpts          mode=0620       0       0 none            /proc           proc           defaults        0       0 /dev/hda3       /mnt/win98      vfat            defaults,iocharset=big5,codepage=950 0 0

@
ڳoӤHt@IA] Mandrake 9.0 /etc/fstab ɮױƦC觋Z઺AMC@椧unHťզr}YiANOıoAҥHq`ڴN|ۤvƦCAå[WѲŸANO # rAڰOгoǸTI`@AOӽͤ@ͧaI

1. ϰϩμYGNOϰϰաILApGObw˪ɭԦ @ label (Y) ܡAϥ label ]iHAҦpW LABEL=/backup @CӦpGOڭ̼W[sϰϪܡAo̴NnϥΡyϰϡzFIҦpswˤ@ӵwЦb /dev/hdd1 Ao̴Ng /dev/hdd1 oIpG٬OQnϥ label ӱOHINϥ e2label ӫإ label name աI  e2label Ϊkbe@AѤFܡA֥hݬݥI

@
2. ؿIGNO mount IաI

@
3. ӺϰϪɮ׮榡Gثe Linux jϥ ext2, ext3, reiserfs ALApGAϥ Windows ɮ׮榡ܡANiHϥ vfat oIثe䴩榡٦ iso9660( ), msdos, minix, nfs, swap ɮ׮榡F

@
4. ɮ׮榡ѼưGoӴNnFIǺϺаѼƥiHѦҩOH be@ mount O̭ФF@ǨǡAo̦AԲӪXpUG

@

Ѽ	eNq
async/sync DPB/PB	O_\ϺлPO餤ƥHPBgJʧ@Hϥ async oӫDPBgJ觋|ֳt@ǡC
auto/noauto ۰/D۰	b}ɭԬO_۰ʱӺϰϡHJM]wboӰϰ줺FAMƱ} Ԧ۰ʱoI
rw/ro iŪg/Ū	ӺϰϥHiŪgΪ̬O߿WAWӡApGO vfat ϰϡAzQ Linux ܧ󪺸ܡAϥ ro ]IѦĪO@OI
exec/noexec i/i	bɮרtΤO_iHiyzu@HpGOºΨxsƪA iH]w noexec |wA۹諸A|·СI
user/nouser \/\	O_\ϥΪ̨ϥ mount OӱOH@ӨAڭ̷MƱ user Hϥ mount oA]ӤwFA]oӭn]w nouser oI
suid/nosuid 㦳suid/Ssuid	ɮרtάO_\ SUID sbH@ӨApGO Linux tΪϰϡAӬO@ƪ partition A]w nosuid Tw@ǡI SUID OZiȪ@
usrquota	ҰʨϥΪ̺ϺаtBҦ䴩
grpquota	ҰʸsպϺаtBҦ䴩I
defaults	Pɨ㦳 rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, async oǥ\AҥHw]pAϥγoӧYiI

@
t~ApG쪺ܡA٥iH[Wyiocharset=big5,codepage=950z oB~\ѼƥHҰʤsX䴩AԲӪƥiH man mount jMOI
@
5. O_iHQ dump OƥGo@CbAϥ dump OӳƥɮɡAӺϰϬO_ۤ@_ʧ@HpGSƦrܫhH 0 aJIѩڭ̧Ʊ榳ƥ\AҥHo̷MN}( 1 )oI

@
6. ϰGoӼƦrbΨӥH fsck ϰϥΪIb}PɭԡAq` Linux Ʊ@UϰϡAҥHo̻ݭn]w@UCq` root ]NOڥؿ / ա^ݭn]w 1 AӨLɮרtΡ] filesystem ^N]w 1 YiIMoIѩ proc swap P windows äݭnH fsck AҥHNiH]w 0 oI

ҥHApڭnsW[@ /dev/hdb1 åBb /disk2 oӥؿUܡAڴNbɮת̩[W@G

 /dev/hdb1      /disk2         ext2    defaults      1   1

Ϊ̧ڪboɮפWWnAAUFG mount -a {N|۰ʪN /etc/fstab ̭TŪXAåB̾ڸ̭pӱϰϳIp@ӡAC}ɭԳ|۰ʪإߦnNNաI
@
g窥BͤjZMANO /etc/fstab gFɭ(̱`oͦb quota ]wɭ)|yLk}~ҡA]Aq`ڭ̳|ۤvҷQnƵLgb /etc/fstab AH mount  Va XʬݬݡA~ApG~wgyFOH]nӾߡAѩ~yFAҥHڥؿ / w]|ܦŪݩʡAoӮɭԴNoni remount u@FAYUFG

 mount  Vn  Vo  rw,remount  /

oӴNiHNϺбiŪgFI
@
~AzAѪOA /etc/fstab gOz]wɡAOثetΩұThOOb /etc/mtab oɮפIoɮ׷|YɪisApGzsʱAɮ tΡAo mtab N|ܰoI

ڭ̫eͤFܦhUU˪ filesystem ALAzobwɭԳ]w@ӡy O, swap znpW[ܡH|²檺ҤlaAڭ̪ Sun DWAѩ]{ejFAq` swap ݭn}Ҩ 1GB kAOOAɭ٬O|Ib Linux ApGzݭnϥΨܤjqOA쵹 swap ϰϤjAnOHkiHӹFG

• ]w@ swap partition H
• إߤ@ӵO骺ɮסH

򻡩OH򥻤WAONONwгWX@Ӱ϶AO骺ƥiHgѵwШŪ}FApG swap file ]NF藍IOrIҥHo̧ڭ̨ϥΨؤkӹիإߤ@U swap XWaI

---

• Swap partition ( إߵO骺ϰ )G

Ĥ@إWkOyA[@ʵwСAåBN𫟺YӺϰϳW swap filesystem zAAeA_ӧeIڪʧ@G

1. Hy fdisk /dev/hd[a-d] zإߤ@ partition AٰOo fdisk 򰵶ܡH^hƲߤ@UaI²檺ӻANO (1)إߤ@ partitionAM (2)N partition ID אּ 82 o@ swap Ϻɮ׮榡NN աIo˳o@BJN OK oI

@
2. Hy mkswap /dev/hd[a-d][1-16] z觋ӱNzظmXӪ partition y榡Ƭ swap ɮ׮榡zA²aIo˴N榡 OK oI

@
3. AӫhON swap ҰAҰʪOy swapon /dev/hd[a-d][1-16] zAo˴NҰʤFI²aIo swap N۰ʥ[JOeqYhFI

pN swap OHI²rINOL swapoff NFI

---

• Swap file ( إߵOɮ ) G

U@ڤQsW[@ӺϰϩOHiiHϥ swap file 觋ӷsWwЧrIMiHoIӥBBJZ²檺OI򥻪y{NOG

1. H dd Oӫإ swapfile F
2. H mkswap ӱN swapfile 榡Ƭ swap ɮ׮榡F
3. H swapon ӱҰʸɮסAϦ swap F
4. H swapoff ɮסI

IhLqIڭ̨ӹڪNzDtΤWsW 64MB OaIpGi઺ܡAбzbztΤWڪާ@@UBJAڷQAzӰW|Aѹڪާ@y{I]UBJOiH_쪺IIO ߡAL mkswap oӫOUFnpߤ@INOFI^

1. ϥ dd oӫOӷsW@ 64MB ɮצb /tmp UG

[root@test /root]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/swap bs=4k count=16382 16382+0 records in 16382+0 records out dd oӫOOΨഫɮרåB copy ΪF if OnQഫJɮ׮榡 /dev/zero iH man zero ӬdݤeF of OXɮסAڭ̱NX /tmp/swap oɮסF bs O@ӺϰϦδX kb F count OnϥΦh֭ bs AҥH̫᪺eq bs*count = 4k * 16382 ~ 64MB

pWҭzAڭ̱Nإߤ@ɦW /tmp/swap ɮסAB䤺e@ 64MB kjpɮסF
@
2. ϥ mkswap N /tmp/swap oɮ׮榡Ƭ swap ɮ׮榡G

[root@test /root]# mkswap /tmp/swap Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 67096576 bytes Ъ`NAoӫ ObUFɭԽСySOpߡzA]UrANiϱz filesystem I

@
3. ϥ swapon ӱN /tmp/swap ҰoI

[root@test /root]# free              total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached Mem:         62524      60200       2324          0        716      19492 -/+ buffers/cache:      39992      22532 Swap:       127004       2620    124384 [root@test /root]# swapon /tmp/swap nháIo NwgNOW[ 64 MB oIpGzݭnCҰʸɮסA N swapon /tmp/swap gJ /etc/rc.d/rc.local YiI free oӫOdݤ@UztoI [root@test /root]# free              total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached Mem:         62524      60240       2284          0        724      19492 -/+ buffers/cache:      40024      22500 Swap:       192524       2620    189904

@
4. ϥ swapoff swap file

[root@test /root]# swapoff /tmp/swap NL oI

SANo²檺NO鵹LsWoI֨ӥhոլݥhI

ڭ̳Dثe IDE wХDnǿҦ ATA ҦA̪ ]2002~^ wgXF ATA 133 FILADzΤWA ATA 66 NwgܼF`FIs IDE wФ]SkQ ATA 100 OIOAADܡHS} ATA oӶǿqD DMA ҦAwЪsIJvtܤjInFIڭ̨Ӵդ@UϺЪįaI

hdparm

ykG

[root @test /root ]# hdparm [-cdmXTt] [˸mW]  ѼƻG -c   : 32 줸sҦA䴩AG       -c0G 32 줸sҦ       -c1G} 32 줸sҦ       -c3GHS sync Ҧ} 32 줸sҦ]ijȡ^ -d   :O_ҰʵwЪ DMA ҦA 0 A 1 }ҡC -m   :]w multiple sector I/O ҦAq`w] 16 Aijȥ笰 16 C -X   :]w IDE/ATA ҦءA䴩pU]wG       -X34G} DMA mode 2       (ATA)       -X66G} ultra DMA mode 2 (ATA66) -T   :ռȦs cache sį -t   :յwЪڦsį ]TI^ ҡG [root @test /root]# hdparm -Tt /dev/hda   <== hda owЪ cache Pڮį [root @test /root]# hdparm -d0 /dev/hda<== DMA ҦI [root @test /root]# hdparm -d1 -c3 -X66 /dev/hda<==} DMA Ҧb DMA 66 AåB} 32 줸sҦ

G
oӫOn root ~I~AݭnSO`NA -X oӰѼƬOܦMIѼƳ]wADzD`AѱzwЬ[cA_hijۦ]wA] manual page WNo@I㤣LALצpAثej 2GB HWwЦܤֳwg䴩F DMA 33 FI]Aϥ -X66 ӳOi檺I`ijw DMA }ҥ\ඵئpUG

hdparm -d1 -X66 -m16 -c3 /dev/hda

t~A򥻤Wثe Linux w]O} DMA ҦA]oӫO\۹諸nʴNCFILA@IM۷nANO Linux w] -c OAYO -c0 AAҥHAiHW[W -c3 Ӷ} 32 줸sҦIMFApGAwЯuOܦªANn}ҪnInFIp}NҰ DMA ҦOHIAiHNW@qOgJ /etc/rc.d/rc.local ̭YiI

oK@g ext2 o Linux ɮ׮榡DnSIG
 

ĤGɮרt(ext2) ]KۤpU޳N׾^ @ ۱qڭ̶}lϥιqAjhƪϥΪ̳gϥιLɮסAӧڭ`OwЦp󥿽T axsɮ׷Pn_Aݰ_ӦGD`HAҥHڭ̬ݤ@ Linux @~tΤsɮרtΪyĤGt( ext2 )zAäFѥU譱γ~C  @ oɮרtάODnӦ۩Andrew Tanenbaum ҼgMinixɮרtΡA]Oߤ@iΦbKO@~tΪɮרtΡA٤MinixCӭץ Linux ҺDΪɮרtΨú٬ɮרtΡA{b Linux ɮרtκ٬ ext2 (ĤGɮרt)AOɮרtΤsä䴩sC(ACL)C  @ Obۤs ext2 ɮרtΤeAڭ̥FɮרtΤMWpC  Block (϶)G ɮצbϺФQxsbƩTwjp϶A϶jpq`O2Cbw]Aext2ɮרtΪ϶jpO4KCsVܡA4K줸չ@Ϻ ϶ӨO̲zQjpAp@ɮתjpLkF4K줸ժƮɡA̫᪺Ϻа϶N|QOCb̤nҤlXGb㪺϶N@ ճQOC  op@IޥApڭ̿ܤF@Ӹj϶AhpɮצӨ|@Ǻ ЪŶQOCt~@譱Apڭ̨ϥΤ@ӫD`p϶AhϺа϶ƶq|ƪW[A]ɮצӨݦhjMɶCҥHAܰ϶jp TӫC  @ɮ׳QJOɡAϺа϶|QbDO餤wħ֨ϡAp̤w gܧFA϶bwİϤ|QаODirtyANOoǰ϶gϺФӺϺФW϶ΦbDO餤϶@PʡD  SuperblockGsuperblock ObCɮרtζ}lmAxsTOɮרtΪjpAŪM񺡪϶A̦U۪`ƩMLѦpơCnq@ɮרtΤsɮ׬ gLɮרtΤsuperblockCpGsuperblocklaFAiLkqϺФhoơC  Inode: ɮרtΦӨ@inodeObinode椤@ӶءCInode]tFҦɮצTҦpW١BjpBsƶqBƫإߤAק ΦsɶC]]tFϺа϶ɮ׫V(pointer)CpointerOΨӰOɮ׳QxsbBC  Ext2fsε{ {bڭ̨Ӭݬݤ@ǼзLinuxext2fsprogsε{  e2fsck  oӵ{\ڭ̦bext2ɮרtΤWhɮרtˬdAOWindows Scandisk@ˡAoO@ا󦳮Ītˬd觋CbAڭ̥iH[W@ɮצW٨ˬdWla϶C  ĵi:藍nbwɮרtΤW e2fsck/fsckCpڭ̷Qnh fsckAڭӨUɮרtΫAh fsck]Yݭn umount Ӻϰo^CpGo˰Ai|ɮרtηlC  tune2fs  o\ڭ̥hվɮרtΪѼƳ]wCbAڭ̥iH]wbɮרtˬd̤j `ơBeqаOB~欰BܧOdTM\hLѼơC  dumpe2fs  oӵ{Next2ɮרtΪAXзǪ]ƤWCRDHΦs@ ɮרtΥΪkTOUC  mke2fs  oӵ{\ڭ̦be|榡ƪϺФAhإߤ@ext2ɮרtΡCѤF \hﶵ]t϶jpBqjpBC@inode줸ըhغϺа}CﶵCmke2fsq`bĤ@w˪Aëإߧs root ΨLɮרtΡC]N۷ DOS U format {աI^ badblocks  oӵ{hjMϺШˬd϶O_wglaAq`|bsɮרtΦw˵{eA ФnbnɮרtΤWC  bLinuxɮרtΤ̷sQ٬ext3Aäw Journaling 䴩CJournaling ɮרtιҦwBJAOHˬdIAҥHϨtηɡAiHq̫᪺ˬdI٭ɮרtΡC

b̷s Red Hat 7.2 Awg˱F ext2 ӧΤ䴩 Journaling ext3 o@ɮ׮榡FAoөNN򤣤@˪OHIU@g½ĶL峹AݬݧaI
@

Red Hat Linux 7.2 Mwĥext3ɮרtΡH  Red HatMwb7.2ϥext3榡ӧ@w]ɮרtΦbAް_۷hxLinuxϥΪ̪`Aext3äOߤ@A]Ohx (journaling)ɮרtΤ̨ΪC DzΪLinuxɮרtext2Ab۷peqwФWpɮצӨO۷ zQCH۵wЪeqɮפjpjTW[Aʯ|UơCǭ]OӦŪħQΪϺЪŶAǭ]OӦۤ`άOq_ɮרtΪ _ɶCɮרtθge2fsckb@1GBwаˬdO@OOAۦPզb40GBwФWi|۷OɶCҥHNxɮרt ϥ͡C  oǰOwЪAɮ׺٬xCҥHbT᭫sҰʻݭnѦҨxɮ ӭs^_ɮרtΪAAӫDNӵwаyCPɡAxɮרtΥiH󰪪wЪŶϥήIJvΨϸƦbUؤPɮפjpֳtŪμg JC  LinuxäOu@ӤxɮרtΡA|ӡAάOTSG@ӡG     ReiserɮרtG ̷Hans ReiserWrӨCReiserOҬҪ@طsֳtOwФeɮרtΡAgQsxϥζWL@~ABoɮרtγQ˦w˦b SuSE7.17.2WC  JFSɮרtGg IBMҶ}oA]pzb󴣨Ѥ@tBzOCIBMq2000~2붡}lgL@tCժA1.0wb멳}oC  XFSɮרtGXFS OSGIqbLinuxWҶ}oxɮרtΡA]ѤFҦHoiS⪺xɮרtΡC  ext3ɮרtGext3 OeҴΪG@xɮרtΡCu@bO?]Oext3O@|bDzext2ɮרtΤWëOϺЬʬxɮרtΡCҥH TɡAɮת_t׷|ext2ɮרtΨӪ֡COA]OQXbext2A|D@Ǧ¨tΪæ]QΩҦx רtΪ\Co˨ëDOnA]ext3ΰϨèSPext2ɮרtΡA]pext3ln^ext2ɮרtΫoOD`²C  Red HatOĤ@ӱĥext3qAթʪNLinuxɮרtαVxɮרtΡCqpeb7.2ĤGӴժĥext3ɡAq u֤߶}oMichael K. JohnsonKtѤ@ӭzĭzG  AQnqext2ഫext3OH|ӥDnzѡG iQΩʡBƧʡBtפΩഫCiQΩʡALXAoN۱qtΤֳts_ӤOe2fsckɶ״_Cext3 xiHקKƷliCL]XFgJYzƶWL@ɡAext3|֩ext2A]ext3xϵwŪYʯ Īi桧CMөγ\Mw]٬ObJohnsonͪĥ|ӲzѤC OiHqext2ܧext3o@ӱjӦO xɮרtΦӤݭns榡ơLDCOTAF@Uext3nBOݭnh@تɶAFB󲣥Ϳ~ƥu@ έs榡ƪʧ@C