ڭ̦bĹsBp̭LӹqtΪA qOѤ@wҲզAFIJvoǵw귽AOGN@~tΪͤFC @~tΰFIJvoǵw귽tAôѹqB@һݭn\(p\)~A Fnѵ{]pve}on骺ҡAҥH@~tΤ]|Ѥ@ըtΩIsӵn]pv}oγI

DnoǤFܡHKKISA]LinuxNO@M@~tIpPUϩҥܡA LinuxNO֤߻PtΩIshCܩε{⤣LinuxOHMաIoInSO`NI

1.1.1B@~tΪ

ѤWϤڭ̥iHݨ֤߻Pw骺YD`jPCLinuxOw386Ӷ}oA ѩLinuxuO@M@~tΨätLε{A]ܦhu{vbUF Linux ֤ߨåBڦwˤANuݵ۹q}lB@FI UӳoǰŤu{vFۤvݨDAAbLinuxWw˥L̩һݭnnNOFC

ѩ󤣦PwL\ƨäۦPAҦpIBMPower CPUPIntelx86[cNO@ˡI ҥHP@M@~tάOLkbPw饭xWB@I|ҨӻApGAQnx86W]M@~tΤ]bPower CPUWB@ɡANonNӧ@~tζiק~CpGѦҵw骺\ƨþڥHקA@~tε{XA gL睊᪺@~tδNbt@ӵw饭xWB@FC oӰʧ@ڭ̳q`N٬yn鲾zFI

LinuxѤF@ӧ㪺@~tη̩hw鱱P귽޲z[cA oӬ[cOuŧUnix}nDzΨӪAҥH۷íwӥ\jjI~A ѩou}[ciHbثeӤHq(x86t)W]A ҥHܦhn}o̺NL̪u@ߦ岾oӬ[cWAҥH Linux @~tΤ]ܦhγnաI

MLinuxȬO֤߻P֤ߴѪuALѩ֤ߡB֤ߤuPodzn}o̴Ѫn骺XA ϱoLinux@ӧ󧹾㪺B\jj@~toIALinuxO󪫤AUӡAڭ̭nͤ@͡A yLinuxOíw@~tΩOHLOpӪHz

bLinuxX{eGQ~(jb1970 ~N)AN@Ӭ۷íwӦ@~tΦsbFI NOLinuxѤjyUnixzO]Io򻡩OHL̳oӳå릳YrHo̴NL@oI

ҬҪALinux֤߬OLinus Torvaldsb1991~ɭԵL}oXӪA åBWѤjaUAӤjaıooӤpF(Linux Kernel)۷pӺ륩A ҥHCCN۷hBͧJoӤpF𫍧s̭hFI OoӤpFoΩOHSjaiHKOUoӪFOH ICCxx....ᤣIťںCCDӡI

• 1969~HeG@ӰjڷQ--Bell,MITPGEyMulticszt

qä{bӤHq@˴MALiO@HI_O DOxƩΪ̬Oޥγ~AΪ̬OdzN쪺dzNsA_huIJC DpAq[c٫ϥΡAFBtרä֤~Aާ@]ܧxZI ]ӮɭԪJ]ƥuŪdBX]ƥuLA ϥΪ̤]LkP@~tΤ(妸@~t)C

bӮɭԡAg{OܥiƱA]{]p̡AnN{TbŪdȤW}A MANŪdȴJŪdӱNTŪJDBCOo˴Nܳ·ФFApG{ӤpagA IOsdNܺGA[WD֡AϥΪ̲hAOݡANӥhܦhɶFI

bAѩwP@~tΪ}AϱoӥiHϥLӶiTJC LAb@Ǯո̭ADiu@ApGhHݨϥΡAHja٬OonݰڡI nb1960~N¬ٲzuǰ|(MIT)oiFҿתG yۮeɨt(Compatible Time-Sharing System, CTSS)zA iHjDzLѼƭӲ׺ݾ(terminal)HsuiJDAӧQΥD귽iBu@C [cIoˡG

1.2.1BDP׺ݾʹϥ

p@ӡALץDb̡Aunb׺ݾeiJX@~ANiQΥDѪ\FC LAݭn`NOAɲ׺ݾu㦳J/X\ABΪ̳nw˪OC ӥBAiDj]uണ30Ӥ쪺׺ݾӤwC

F[jƤjD\AHD귽iHѧhϥΪ̨ӧQΡAҥHb1965~eA Ѩ(Bell)B¬ٲzuǰ|(MIT)Ω_q(GE, κ٬qιq)@Po_FMulticspeA MulticspeتOQnjDiHF300ӥHW׺ݾsuϥΪؼСC LAF1969~eApei׸A]uʡAҥHӭpeM~bsA٬OhXFӭpesu@C (GMulticsBhƪNsbC)

• 1969~GKen Thompsonpfile server system

b{Multicspeiন\AsNhXӭpeCLA쥻ѻPMulticspeHAwgqӭpeo@IlA Ken Thompson NO𫟺@I

Thompson]ۤvݭnAƱ}o@Ӥpp@~tΥHѦۤvݨDC b}oɡA@DEC(Digital Equipment Corporation)qXPDP-7nSHϥΡA OLNdzưwoDi@~tή֤ߵ{gCThompsonӬOSɶ(apĪJRH)A LOAb1969~KkAnThompsondhF豴ˡA OLFB~@Ӥ몺ɶnnݦbaN@ǺcQ{XӡI

gL|ӬPİALשHզXy(Assembler)gXF@ծ֤ߵ{APɥ]A@Ǯ֤ߤu{A HΤ@ӤppɮרtΡCӨtδNOUnix쫬I ThompsonNMulticsejt²ƤF֡AOPǪBͳٳoӨtάGUnicsC(ɩ|UnixW)

Thompson oɮרtΦӭnAOOG

• Ҧ{Ψtθ˸mOɮ
• ޫغcs边٬OɮסAҼg{u@ӥتABnĪؼСC

oǷbӹLinuxoi۷nvTI

• 1973~GUnixϥ͡ARitchieHHCygXĤ@ӥUnix֤

ѩThompsongӧ@~tιbӦnΤFAҥHbǤsyǡAåBƫ׸gL睊C O]UnicsӬOHզXygAӦpĹspͨ쪺A զXy㦳M@ʡA[Wɪq[cӬۦPAҥHCnw˨줣PonssgզXyAuKI

ThompsonPRitchieX@QNUnicsH{yӼgCɲ{{yByC OByҽsĶXӪ֤߮įणOܦnCDennis RitchieNBysgCyAAHCysgPsĶUnics֤ߡA ̫᥿WPoXUnixI

ѩ󨩺ǬOݩqHjtAT&TqA uOAT&TɦLӷ~ʡAUnixä]ƥC~AUnixboӮɴoi̳OǪu{vA oǤu{v{M۷sAҥHAUnixbɷMOeQ@HұILdzNɪǪ̨ӻA o Unix uOǪ̶̭is֭I]{XigåBi@dzNsιI

ݭnSOjժOAѩUnixOHCygA۹զXyݭnPw驰KtXA CyPw骺ʴNSojFIҥHAoӧܤ]ϱoUnixܮeQӨ줣PWI

• 1977~GnUnix--BSDϥ

MݩAT&TAOAT&TɹUnixOĨ}񪺺AסA~AUnixOHCygA zפWO㦳iөʪIYunoUnixlXAåBwjDSʥ[H׭q즳lX(Source Code)A NiNUnixӨt@PDWYFCҥHb1973~HAUnixKoHPdzNɦX@}oI ̭nIJNOP[{fJ(Berkeley)jǪX@FC

fJܤjǪBill JoyboFUnix֤߭lXAۤק令AXۤvA åBPɼW[FܦhunPsĶ{A̲ױNRWBerkeley Software Distribution (BSD)CoBSDOUnixܭn@ӤABill Joy]OUnix~̡ySun(@)zoaqп̡I SunqYOHBSDoi֤߶iۤvӷ~UnixoiC (ӥiHw˦bx86w[cWFreeBSDYOBSD睊ӨӡI)

• 1979~Gn System V [cPvŧi

ѩUnixץiөʻPjjįA[WɨèSvȯɡA ҥHܦhӷ~q}lFUnix@~tΪoiAҦpAT&TۮaSystem VBIBMAIXHHPPDECqA XۮaDftۤvUnix@~tΡC

OApPڭ̫e쪺A@~tΪ֤(Kernel)nwtXA HѤαw骺귽i}nu@IӦbC@aͲqw骺q٨SҿתywzA ҥHC@ӹqqXw۵MNۦPoI]L̥nۤvqw}oXAUnixtΡC ҦpbdzNc۷WSunBCrayPHPNOo@رpC L̶}oXӪUnix@~tΥHΤtnèSkbLw[cUu@I t~AѩStӰwӤHq]pUnixtΡA]AbèS䴩ӤHqUnix@~tΪX{C

C@aqۤvXUnixMb[cWjPpAOouȯ䴩ۨwA ҥHoAUnixuPA(Server)Ϊ̬Oju@(Workstation)WI F 1979 ~ɡAAT&TX System V ĤC Unix AoӱpNIﵽFC o@̭nSOiH䴩x86[cӤHqtΡA]NO System V iHbӤHqWw˻PB@FC

L]AT&Tѩӷ~ҶqAHΦbɲ{ҤUҡAOQNUnixv^hC]A AT&Tb1979~o檺ĤCUnixASOF yiǥʹѭlXzY歭I PɡA]yUnix~ɤi^AåB]zFܦhӷ~ȯɡ

• 1984~@Gx86[cMinix@~tνϥ

1979~vnAvT̤jMNOǮձUnix֤߭lXǰݪб¤FI Q@QApGS֤߭lXApоɾǥͻ{UnixOHoDAndrew Tanenbaum(ӹ稹)б¨ӻAbOܶ˸ILAǮժҵ{٬Oo~ڡIH

JM1979~UnixĤCiHbIntelx86[cWi沾ӡA O_NۥiHNUnixgòӨx86WFOHboӷQkWA ӹ稹б©OGۤvʤgFMinixoUnix Like֤ߵ{I bgL{AFקKvȯɡAӹ稹Unix֤߭lXI åBjեLMinixPUnixۮe~Iӹ稹b1984~}lg֤ߵ{A F1986~ש󧹦Aé󦸦~XMinixyAPɻPsDs(BBSNews)۵X

oMinix쪺aOALäOKOALkbWѤUI nzLϤ/ϱaʶR~IMuܫKy㤣LA]SbWyǡA ҥHMinixǻtרèSܧֳtI~AʶRɡAHϤٷ|WMinixlXI oNۨϥΪ̥iHDzMinix֤ߵ{]pI (oӯSLinuxҩl}oqAiOܤjYI)

~AMinix@~tΪ}o̶Ȧӹ稹б¡A]Ǫ̫ܦڡI[Wӹ稹l׻{MinixDnΦbШ|γ~WA ҥHMinixOI쬰ISAMinixOܨwALAϥΪ̪nD/ݨDniNSkWɨaFI o˻AAէaH^_^

• 1984~GGGNUpePFSF|

Richard Mathew Stallman(v)b1984~o_GNUpeA{ۥѳn鱿A uiiaIثeڭ̩ҨϥαoܦhۥѳnAXGζqGNUoӭpeOI vҬO\H]HL|o_oGNUpeOH

• @ӤɪҡG
  
  Richard Mathew Stallman(ͩ1953~A Wۺ٪IDRMS)qpNoILb1971~ɭԡAiJbȰ餤۷XWHuz(AI Lab.)A oӮɭԪbȱMq\OܱjHAӫD}aqǫ(cracker)I
  
  ɪbȰn骺۲IXGObyɡzAҥHèSMQ譱xZI oӯSvҪvTܤjILAӥѩ޲zhDAɭPǪuqb}ӹǡA åBiJLӷ~q~oiuqnCvҨäAAMbӪǶ}os{PnC ӡALo{Aۤv@ӤHõLkҦu@AOQnߤ@Ӷ}񪺹Ӧ@PVOI
  
  
• ϥUnix}oqG
  
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• GNUpeiG
  
  1984~AvҶ}lGNUpeA oӭpeتOGإߤ@ӦۥѡB}Unix@~t(Free Unix)C Oإߤ@ӧ@~tνͦeڡIӥBbɪGNUOȦۤv@ӤH楴Wvҡ obӳ·СASQoӭpeAiڡH
  
  ovҰܤϨDӦyJM@~tΤӽAڴNgiHbUnixWB檺p{Ao`iHFaHzboӷQkWA vҶ}lѦUnixW{nAè̾ڳodzn骺@ζ}oX\ۦPnAB}ovҵݨLn骺lXA HקKYWxqCӤ@HDKOGNUnAåBڨϥΫo{P즳MQn]tFӦhAOKӨϥGNUnA OGNUpev}WסC
  
  MGNUpe}WסAOਣ٬OCoɥvҤSQG׬OnA onisĶGiɮ(binary program)~ApGgX@ӤsĶANOjaݭnnFܡH ]LK}lgCysĶANO{b۷WGNU C Compiler(gcc)I oI۷nIoO]CysĶhAOMQnA pGLgCsĶΡAįΡAN|jjGNUpeX{bHeIpGѰOԣOsĶA Ц^Ĺsh@@sĶ{aI
  
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  ɺں|yAҥHAvҫKǵEmacsHϱa(tape)XAȤF@I AiӶ}lOgLnCåBۥѳn|(FSF, Free Software Foundation)AЧhu{vPӤugnCש٬OFGCCAoEmacs٧UI ~ALټgFhiHQIsC祃w(GNU C library)AHΥiHQϥΨӾާ@@~tΪ򥻤BASH shellI odzb1990~kFI
  
  pGºϥΤrs边ӽs{ܡA{ykpGgɡAuQνsĶɵoͪ~Tӭ׭qFAo˹bܨSIJvC EmacshO@ӫܴΪs边I`NIOs(editor)ӫDsĶ(compiler)I LiHܧ֪ߨܥXAgJyki঳~aAo{]pvӻA bO@Ӧn줣AnuFIҥH~|o򪺨wڡI
• GNUqΤ@\iҡG
  
  F1985~AFקKGNUҶ}oۥѳnQLHҧQΦӦMQnA ҥHLP߮vFWqΤ@\i(General Public License, GPL)A åB٩ILcopyleft(۹MQn骺copyrightI)C GPLeڭ̦bU@Ӥp`~ͽסAbo̡AnOA ѩGNUҶ}oXӭnnApG
  
  
  • Emacs
  • GNU C (GCC)
  • GNU C Library (glibc)
  • Bash shell
  
  yӫܦhn}o̥iHǥѳoǰ¦uӶi{}oI i@BjFۥѳnIoOܭnILAGNU̪cQ yإߤ@ӦۥѪUnix@~tΡzӻAouq{OLkA ]AUèSyۥѪUnix֤ߡzsb...ҥHodzn餴ubǦMQ UnixxWu@@LinuxX{...hFSF}oniHѦҦpUG
  
  
  • https://www.fsf.org/resources

• 1988~GϧΤXFree86pe

ŲϧΨϥΪ̤(Graphical User Interface, GUI) ݨDq[Ab1984~MITPLOtӭoFX Window System AåBb1988~ߤFDQʽ𫍧XFree86oӲ´CҿתXFree86O X Window System + Free + x86XW٩OI ӳoXFree86GUIbLinux֤1.01994~XɡAXLinux@~tηI

• 1991~GjǥLinus Torvalds@h²T

F1991~AjǪLinus TorvaldsbBBSWKF@hA ź٥LHbash, gccugF@Ӥpp֤ߵ{AoӮ֤ߵ{iHbIntel386WB@A ܦhHܷPIq}lFLinuxZ{I

GNUpeӦۥѳnӻOD`nIUڭ̴NӽͽͳoNNaI

• ۥѳn骺ʡG

1984~ХGNUpePFSF|Stallmanͻ{Ag{̤jִּNOۤvoi}nnjaӨϥΤFI ӬJM{OQnɵjaϥΪALACӤHҨϥΪqnwäۦPA JMpܡAӵ{lX(Source code)NӭnPXA oˤ~KjaקӾAΩCӤHqOIoӱNlXsPn{X|ʡA N٬ۥѳn(Free Software)BʡI

~AvҦPɻ{ApGANA{Source codeɥXӮɡAYӵ{OuqAN|ܦhHϥΡA ӨCӤHӵ{iHd\source codeALΤAN|@HAoI Ao{N|VӶVjIVӶVuqOI

• ۥѳn骺vGNU GPLG

ӬFקKۤv}oXӪOpen sourceۥѳnQhMQnA OStallmanPɱNGNUPFSFoiXӪnAWGPLvŧi oFSF֤[Oyv׬OPi|iBqA vO۵MvOCzFSFΪ̹GNUQn`JAѮɡAаѦ¶ޤjǬx¶Qб http://people.ofset.org/~ckhung/a/c_83.phpAΪGNUhG http://www.gnu.org ̭󬰲`JѻI

• ۥ(Free)u͡G

oGPL(GNU General Public License, GPL)O򪱷NH nNۥѳn鱾WGPLyvŧizOHoӪvŧi@̦nBH AStallmanGPL@OjFreeAoFreeNOo˪G

"Free software" is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of "free speech", not "free beer". "Free software" refers to the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change, and improve the software

jNOAFree Software(ۥѳn)O@ئۥѪvOAëDOyIz |ҨӻAAiH֦ۥѩIlvOBA֦ۥѵoתvOA OAoäNAiHBܡyKOsI(free beer)zA]NOA ۥѳn骺IäOyKOzAӬO㦳yۥѫ, freedomznA vҶi@BFۥѫתNqOG ϥΪ̥iHۥѪBƻsBAoBDzߡBקPjƦۥѳnC

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• onPlXGAiHھڦۤvݨDӰoӦۥѳnF
• ƻsGAiHۥѪƻsӳnF
• קGAiHNolXi{קu@AϤAXAu@F
• AoGAiHNAקL{AAתۥѵoAӤ|Pg̽ĬF
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• קvGAN@GPLvۥѳnAbAקӱNLGPLv
• ³cGAªcۥѳnC

]NOAJMGPLObUQפWh}oAA۵MӱNjaGvA aI]AMiHN@GPLn骺vAYϧAwgӳnijTתקI ۥѳn]cܡHMOIٰOoW@Ӥp`̭A ڭ̴vǥѳcEmacso@ǸgOAۤvͬܩ󹼥FaHOI ۥѳnOiHc⪺ALAiȳcӳnAPɷftAȻPU oǥiNݭnuOFOI

• ۥѳnPӷ~欰G

ܦhH٬OðݡAثeOܦhLinux}oӶܡHL̥iHcLinuxoGPLvnH ]²A]L̤jhOcyAȡIzҥHAL̩ҨϥΪۥѳnA iHbL̪WUI(MACӼtӥL̦ۤv}ounNOGPLvnFI) OAAiHʶRL̪LinuxСApGAʶRFСAL̷|ѬUA Pɤ]|ѧAƦ~ԸߡBAȡBnɯŻPLOu@[ȡI

ҥHAثeۥѳnu@̡AL̩ҿHͪAXGObyAȡzoӻOI ۥѳnäOCӤH|gAHݭnAۥѳnɡALN|ШDAUA ɡAANiHzLAȨӦOFIo˨ӻA ۥѳnT٬O㦳ӷ~ŶI

W쪺jhOPϥΪ̦ءA GPL ۥѳn骺@̦uIOHjPuIoǡG

• nwʸΡF
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• ^mlXûsbC

oO]JMOOpen SourceۥѳnAA{XN|ܦhHAd\A p@ӡA{|}P{uƱN|iiܧ֡IҥHAbwʻPįWA ۥѳn@I鵹ӷ~nI~A]GPLvAק̨äקvA ]AApGg^mL{XAKKIANWdCvOIaI ^_^

{}ǫӻAGPLbO@ӫD`nvA]jaiH۾Dz߹𫍧{gޥA ӥBۤvg{]HiHCA|ݰڡAڭ̳oǼsj׺ݥΤAGPLSnBڡHڡIMI M׺ݥΤγ\|ۤvsĶ{XΪ̬OHaAO׺ݥΤϥΪn鵴jNOGPLnA @ɦ@ju{vbA@AtΡAoDO@D`ΪƶܡH ^_^

Linus Torvalds(˯, 1969~X)~OjǪέpǮaA L~Fۤvp]lIFAҥHqpNN˯a쨭Ӻ޲z@ǷLqC boӮɴA˯IJFզXy(Assembly Language)AO@تPͪ{yA]NOҿתCyC nAѵw骺[cA_hHզXyg{C

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LABåI˯A][ALND@UnixtΡA åBPUnixۮeA٥iHbIntel 386W]@~tΡA NOڭ̤W@`LAӹ稹б¬FШ|ݭnӼgMinixtΡI LbʶRF̷sIntel 386ӤHqANߧYwˤFMinixoӧ@~tΡC t~AWӤp`]ͨAMinixoӧ@~tάOWlXA ҥH˯]gѳoӭlXDzߨFܦh֤ߵ{]p]pI

ƹWA˯ӤHqCPUäNA]LeIqOu@qA oqCPUSNOiHiyhuBzzOCOhuOHzפWA @CPUb@Ӯɶȯi@ӵ{A pGӥHW{PɥX{tΤOH|ҨӻA AiHb{qPɶ}ҨӥHW줽nAҦpqlպPѳBznC oӦPɶ}Ҫʧ@N۳oӵ{Pɭn浃CPUӳBz

ڡICPU@ӮɶIȯBz@ӵ{AHSYAoӮɭpG㦳huOCPUN|bP{ ٰOoe@ͨ쪺CPUɯߧaH]CPUɯ߬1GHzܡACPU@iHi10⁹u@C ]CPUCӵ{ui1000B@gAMNonUӵ{ܡACPU@N10⁶OI (MաAu@oƱ]|h@CPUɶALo̼ȤQ)Co֪BztפUAA|o{A ӵ{PıWXGOPBbiաI

Intel x86[cqOܨ]ANO]x86huBzΡA CPUbPu@OܶZCOoӱpb386qXAܤjﵽC ˯bos386TAL{AHʯ[IӬݡA Intel386۷KyAҥHbʯW]NyLiHNNNN ^_^C̲ץLNUڥhRF@Intel386ӪC

qįS{bonAҥH^qįNFu{v@}nI ˯HOզXyAզXyw驰ܱKYA˯ۤv]Gyکl׬Oөʯ}z^_^C Fo386įAO˯F֮ɶb386WI LnմNOb386h\įCALgFTӤp{A@ӵ{|XAB@ӷ|XBA ̫@ӷ|Nӵ{iCLNTӵ{PɰAGALݨùWܶQ@X{ABABAB...... LDAL\FI ^_^

2.2.1B386qhu

F386w𫗪Aש󮳨MinixåBw˦b˯386qWA˯BBSW@u{v@ˡA Lo{MinixMuܴΡAOӹ稹б´NO@Ni\઺[jAɭP@u{vb@~tΥ\WDI oӮɭԦ~˯NQGyJMpAڦ󤣦ۤvӧg@ӧڷQn@~tΡHz OLN}lF֤ߵ{gFC

g{ݭnOHݭnOiu@ҡAAӫhOiHNlXsĶiɪsĶC nbGNUpeѪbashu@ҳnHgccsĶۥѳnA ˯oHQg֤ߵ{CLѦMinix]pzPѤW{XAMJӬsX386ӤHqį̨ΤơA MϥGNUۥѳnN֤ߵ{XP386򪺵Xb@_A̲׼gXLһݭn֤ߵ{C ӳoӤpNMuiHb386WQ]_ӡ٥iHŪMinixɮרtΡC uOӦnFIL٤ALƱoӵ{iHoja@ǭקijA OLKNoӮ֤ߩmbWѤjaUAPɦbBBSWKF@hG

Hello everybody out there using minix-
I'm doing a (free) operation system (just a hobby,
won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones.

I've currently ported bash (1.08) and gcc (1.40), 
and things seem to work. This implies that i'll get 
something practical within a few months, and I'd like to know 
what features most people want. Any suggestions are welcome, 
but I won't promise I'll implement them :-) 

LALF@Ӥpp@~tΡAoӮ֤߬OΦb386WA PɡALuȬOnAäOQn@ӸGNU@ˤjpeI t~ALƱohHijP^Xӵoioӧ@~tΡIoӷMinixnIDӹOI ohsDް_ܦhH`NAL̤]h˯ѪWUFoӮ֤ߨӦwˡC 쪺OA]˯m֤ߪFTPؿGLinuxA qAjaKٳoӮ֤߬LinuxFC(Ъ`NAɪLinuxNOkernelI t~A˯ҥӥؿUĤ@Ӯ֤ߪ0.02OI)

PɡAFۤvLinuxۮeUnixtΡAO˯}lN@ǯbUnixWB@n鲓ӦbLinuxW]C LALo{즳ܦhnLkbLinuxoӮ֤ߤWB@CoӮɭԥLا@kA @جOקnAӳniHbLinuxW]A t@ثhOקLinuxALinuxŦXnB@WdI ѩLinuxƱۮeUnixAO˯ܤFĤGӧ@kyקLinuxzI FҦn鳣iHbLinuxWAO˯}lѦҼзǪPOSIXWdC

oӥTMwLinuxb_BɭNOHu}]POSIXзǥDnOwUnixP@dznBɭԪзdzWdA un̾ڳoǼзdzWdӳ]p֤߻PnAzפWANiHftb@_FC LinuxoiNO̾ڳoPOSIXзdzWdAUnixWn]O`oӳWdӳ]pA p@ӡALinuxܮeNPUnixۮe@ɤnFIPɡA]LinuxmbUAѤjaUA ҥHbyqtפW۷֡IɭPLinuxϥβvjWIodzOyLinuxjw諸Xӭn]OI

Linux\F˯ӤHzPOq~A٦ӳ̭nζI

• @ӤH@q

LinuxMO˯oAӥBeٵ|AαMQn骺vDC LApGa˯ۤv@ӤHܡALinuxn_bܧx ]@ӤHOqOܦCnb˯Linux}o觋۷ȹI ALNXLinux֤ߩmbFTPWAýЧijasTA ϥΪ̤UFoӮ֤ߨåBwˤApGoͰDA Ϊ̬OѩSݨDEݬYǵw骺Xʵ{AoǨϥΪ̴N|Dʦ^˯C b˯ѨMDd򤺡ALܧֳtiLinux֤ߪsPC

• sjbȧӤu[Jq

LA˯`OǵwLkoڡALMLkUiXʵ{gPn骺}C oӮɭԡAN|ǧӤuXӻGyoӵwڦAڨgXʵ{Cz ]Linux֤߬OOpen SourceAbȧӤu̫ܮeNHLinux쥻]p[cA åBgXۮeXʵ{Ϊ̳nCӤu̼gXʵ{Pn馫˯OpݫݪOH ALNXʵ{/naJ֤ߤAåB[HաC unեiHBAåBSDnjDALN|ַܼNNӤu̼g{X[J֤ߤI

`A˯OӫܰȹꪺHALinux֤ߩҤʪءAL`OyDB]A ADi@B}zߺAIoLinuxϥΪ̻PӤuo۷jyI ]LinuxiBӧ֤FIϥΪ̭nDOAG@ӬPXsLinuxNFI ooHتAڡI

t~A]oHɳ{X[JpAOLinuxKvoi㦳Ҳժ\I YONYǥ\WߥX֤ߥ~AbݭnɭԤ~J֤ߤCp@ӡA pGswXʵ{Ϊ̨Lw{XiӮɡANiHҲդơA jjW[FLinux֤ߪi@OI

• ֤ߥ\ӳuoiq

ӡA]Linux֤ߥ[JFӦh\Aa˯@ӤHi֤ߪڴըå[J֤߭l{bӶOO GANܦhB͸Xoӫem@~IҦpҧJ(Alan Cox)BPZ}(Stephen Tweedie)A oǭnƤ|NӦۧӤu̪׸ɵ{Ϊ̷s\઺{XiաA åBGWǵ˯ݡA˯@̫֤ߥ[JlXܻP֡I oӤhtdGALinuxoi[eI

SOȱo`NOAoǦ˯LinuxoiƤAHΦ@ǰe׸ɵ{bȧӤuA 곣SLAӥBbayUӨAjassO@PoiX{LinuxA ڭ̺ٳosHζIӬFζƪǿAOLinuxKߪ֤ߺG http://www.kernel.orgI

ӳosѭζ̡Ab1994~ש󧹦Linux֤ߥIversion 1.0C o@P٥[JFX Window System䴩OI1996~F2.0C~A˯FZLinuxNC

Linuxѩ󦫥˯Ow386gA386w骺ʫܱjAҥHA LinuxTO㦳өʪCLAjaDOpen sourcenBNOA iHק{XhAX@~ҡC]Ab1994~HALinuxKQ}oܦhwWhFI ثeFx86~AIBMBHPBSunqXw]QLinuxҤ䴩OI

Linux֤ߪsIpUˤlG

2.6.18-92.el5
D..X-ק睊

peҭzA]Linux֤ߪ}o̤ӦhFAHPyLinux֤߸g`ʪܰʡC @aιqΥ~ΪܡA`ܰʪ֤ߨäAXC]˯KN֤ߪoiͶդѡA îھڳoѮ֤ߪoiOP֤߽sANOG

• DB_Goi(development)
  p2.5.xxAoخ֤ߪDnΦbջPois\AҥHq`oتȦ֤߶}ou{v|ϥΡC pGsW֤ߵ{XA|[oتA첳hu{vըSDA~[JU@íw֤ߤF
  
  
• DBGíw(stable)
  p2.6.xxA֤ߥ\oi|[oADnΦb@aιqHΥ~C Ib󴣨ѨϥΪ̤@Ӭ۹íwLinux@~ҥxC

ܩXhObDB[cܪpUAsW\ֿn@w{׫ҷsX֤ߪC ӥѩLinux֤߬OϥGPLvA]jai֤ߵ{XקC]ApGAwYӪ֤߭קL{XA 򨺭ӳQקLs֤ߪNiH[Wҿתק睊FC

Linux֤ߪPdistribution (UӤp`|ͨ) äۦPAܦhBͱ``WݨGyڪLinuxO9.xAа....zdA oO諸ݤ觋A]ҿתLinuxӬO֤ߪA ӥثe̷s֤ߪӬO2.6.30(2009/08) ~Aä|9.xX{C

p`ΪLinuxtΫhӻdistribution~I]ApGHCentOSodistributionӻA pӻGyڥΪLinuxOCentOSo distributionA5.x Aа....z~I

nFAgLWAڭ̪DFLinuxNO@ӧ@~tγ̩h֤ߤΨ䴣Ѫ֤ߤuC LOGNU GPLvҦAҥHAHiolXPioӮ֤ߵ{AåBiHקC ~A]LinuxѦPOSIX]pWdAOۮeUnix@~tΡAGi٤Unix Like@ءC

• iw˪LinuxoGM

LinuxX{GNUpeUF߸̪@jYA]GNU@HӴNOʥFF֤ߵ{A ɭPL̪GNUۥѳnubLUnixW]CJMثeLinuxX{FAB Linux]ΤFܦhGNUnAҥHStallman{LinuxWӺ٤GNU/LinuxOI ޫ򻡡ALinuxbܤAGNUnjhHLinuxDn@~tΨӶi}oA ~AܦhLۥѳnζAҦpsendmail, wu-ftp, apache]HLinux }oեxpeX{Ip@ӡALinuxFDn֤ߵ{~AiHbLinux WB檺n]VӶVhApGߡANN@ӧ㪺Linux@~tηdwFI

MTorvaldstd}oLinuxȨ㦳KernelPKernelѪuA LApWҭzAܦhnwgiHbLinuxWB@FA]A yLinux + UسnzNiH@Ӭ۷㪺@~tΤFC LAno˪@~t......ٯu ]LinuxObȤu{vҶ}o@AL̨èSҼ{@ϥΪ̪O......

FϥΪ̯IJLinuxAOܦhӷ~qΫDQA NNLinux Kernel(ttools)PiB檺nX_ӡA[Wۤv㦳зNu{A oӤu{iHϥΪ̥H/DVDΪ̳zLw/޲zLinuxtΡC oӡyKernel + Softwares + ToolsiwˡzNNAڭ̺٤Linux distributionA @뤤½ĶiwˮMAΪLinuxoGӮM󵥡C

2.5.1BLinuxiw˵oGM

ѩGNUGPLvëDqưӷ~欰AOܦhӷ~qKߨӳcLinux distributionC ӥѩLinuxGPLvŧiA]Aӷ~qҳc⪺Linux distributionsq`]iHqInternetWӤUI ~ApGAQnLӷ~qAȡA򪽱VӤqʶRШӦwˡA]O@ӫܤ觋I

• UjLinux DistributionsDnPG䴩зǡI

LAѩoiLinux distributionssPqbӦhFAҦpbxWWRed Hat, SuSE, Ubuntu, Fedora, DebianAҥHܦhHܾߡAp@CdistributionO_ۦPOH oNݭnߤFA]CLinux distributionsϥΪkernelOhttp://www.kernel.orgXAӥL̩ҿܪnAXGOثeܪWnAƩʬ۷A ҦpAApacheAqllAPostfix/sendmailAɮצASambaC

~AFҦLinux distributions}oPtӤjABoǶ}oӦb}oɭԦҨ̾ڡA٦Linux Standard Base (LSB)зǨӳWd}o̡AHΥؿ[cFile system Hierarchy Standard (FHS)зdzWdI ߤ@tOAiNOӶ}o̦ۮaҶ}oXӪ޲zuAHήM޲zҦaI ҥHA򥻤WACLinux distributionsF[cYԫ׻PܪM󤺮e~A täӤjաI ^_^ CjaiHܦۤvߦndistributionӦw˧YiI

• FHS: http://www.pathname.com/fhs/
• LSB: http://www.linuxbase.org/

UCXXӥDnLinux distributionso̺}G

• Red Hat: https://#
• Fedora: http://fedoraproject.org/
• Mandriva: http://www.mandriva.com
• Novell SuSE: http://www.novell.com/linux/
• Debian: http://www.debian.org/
• Slackware: http://www.slackware.com/
• Gentoo: http://www.gentoo.org/
• Ubuntu: http://www.ubuntu.com/
• CentOS: http://www.centos.org/

• LinuxbxW

MoM̤ȩ󦹡COȱojѯSѪAOLinuxpeGCLEoӮMI Linux]Ou{voiAӳoǤu{vjhH^ytaDA ҥHLinuxHDz߬OxZ@ICӥѰHo_CLEpeG http://cle.linux.org.tw/ }oܦhM½ĶFܦh^Aϱoڭ̥ثeoHϥΤ媺LinuxOI t~Aثeb}o٦xnspTѮv̵o_hۥѳnpeA uOy֫ܦhBͰڡI

• ۥѳn޳NyG http://freesf.tw/
• B2D: http://b2d-linux.com/

• http://www.knoppix.net/
• xѮv KNOPPIX: http://people.ofset.org/~ckhung/b/sa/knoppix.php

• http://distrowatch.com/

• ܾAXALinux distribution

ڨ쩳ӭnܭ@distributionsHNpPڭ̤W쪺ACdistributionstʨäjI LAѩM޲z觋DnDebiandpkgRed HattΪRPM觋A ثeijOADzߥHRPMM޲zDRHEL/Fedora/SuSE/CentOSxWϥΪ̸hA oˤ@ӡAoͰDɡAiHѸѨM޹DhCpGAwgIJLLinuxFA ٷQnQYԪLinuxAiHҼ{ϥDebianApGAOHįܤWӦҶqA γ\GentooOijI

`AܦhAOUtꤣjAijA@wnw@ӪA YAѥLAA~򪱨LɡANiHܧ֪iJpC ȴѤ@ӪALOH¦觋ӤЪA ]ApGmͳoӺܡAI@distributionsAӻADաI

LApG̾ڹqDγ~ӤܡAbxW|o˫ijG

• Ω~ҡGijϥΰӷ~AҦpRed HatRHELΪ̬ONovellSuSEOܤܡI ~ұjժO򪺸gAAiƱޤHFӾЪDSH޲zaI ѩӷ~|ѫȤAȡAҥHiHC~II
  
  
• ΩӤHαоǪAҡGnOAAҦbҦpG٤|yӤjDܡA [WAҬObоǪX(NOAIgOҰաI)iHϥΡy١zۮeӷ~RHELCentOSC ]CentOSORHELlXӭs°_Ӫ@Linux distributionAҥH٬ۮeRHELC o@n駹PRHELۦPAb睊T׸pAAXAtΪҡF
  
  
• ΩӤHWqGQnAܡHijϥΫܬFedora/UbuntuDesktop(ୱ)ϥΪI pGQnwLinuxܡAFedoraCentOS]XLive CDFI]ܮeDz߳I

oӨtΦS\OH²檺G

• ۥѻP}񪺨ϥλPDzG
  
  ѩLinuxOGPLvUA]LOۥѳnA ]NOHiHۥѪϥΩΪ̬Oק𫟺lXNI o}ʬ[cǬɨӻO۷nI ]ܦhu{vѩSݨDA``ݭnקtΪlXA ϸӨtΥiHŦXۤvݨDIӳoӶ}ʪ[cNiHUPݨDu{vI ]MNiVӶVyoIHӻAثeҤu{ɪŮ~Ҧ̷s Models-3/CMAQ NOHLinuxǥx]pOI
  
  
• tƻݨDCGG
  
  LinuxiH䴩ӤHqx86[cAtθ귽UnixtΨAȾAX@qҥX]ơI No@IӬݡANiHyܤjyoILApGAQnbLinuxUX WindowtΡA w骺ŴNӧCFI
  
  
• ֤ߥ\jjíwG
  
  ӥBѩLinux\ä|鵹@ǤjUnixu@A]A~ӶVӶVhqΪ̬OB ӤHJo@ӧ@~tΪ}oPXu@IҦpIBMP@qXx86LinuxAOI
  
  
• Wߧ@~G
  
  t~AѩܦhnMvQoM@~tήӨϥΡAӫܦhMn]b Linuxoӧ@~tΤWioiPաA]ALinuxӤwgiHWOXGҦu@ΦAAȤFAҦp Web, Mail, Proxy, FTP.....C

ثeLinuxwgO۷@M@~toIӥBӸ귽SiHۥѨoIA iHyLn۷jOrI~AѩLtεwnDܧCA [WثeܦhHѩyIntel zӳy𨷿۷h^OwtơA LinuxbodzQ^Ow餤NiH檺۷ZPíwI]]y۷hBͪ`oI

o]OyLinux̪X~ӳ̨fت@~tΤ@ApeҭzA L|fت]DnO]LOyfreezANOiHۥѨo@~tΰաI MLO}ʪtΡA]NOAiHHɪo{lXAo{}ou{vOܭnI ӥBAMLOFreeۥѳnAL\oܱjjIt~A Linuxw骺ݨDOܧCAo@Iyy檺D]A]w骺Ovӧ֤FA ҥHܦhH䳣@ǫܤ֦bΪsAoǹsդ@մNiHΨӶ]LinuxFA ϥ@Ӥu@SΨϥΨù(unDNiHo)A]LinuxNVӶVyoI

FnϥLinuxڭ̪DtΩOHoO]LinuxUouIG

• íwtG
  LinuxӴNOUnixӵoiXӪ@~tΡA]ALinux㦳PUnixtάۦ{ާ@觋A M]~ӤFUnixíwåBIJvSIC`ťwLinuxDsB@~HWӤB O}P`ơF
  
  
• KOΤֳ\OG
  ѩLinuxOGPLvUA]HҥiHۥѨoLinuxA ܩ@ǡywˮMzo̡A L̵o檺w˥Ф]Ȼݭndz\OΧYioIPUnixݭntejvOΡAM]PLnݭn@ӦAB AӤTsAtΡAåBúǤjqOoI
  
  
• wʡB|}ֳt׸G
  pGA`ܡAA̱`ť쪺ӬOySwDzI SILLinuxѩ䴩̤鲳A۷h߹BӤHѻP𫟺}oA ]iHHo̷swTAõHɪsAYO㦳۹諸wI
  
  
• huBhϥΪG
  PWindowstΤPALinuxDWiHPɤ\hHWuӤu@A åB귽tA_WindowsHhutέníwhoI oӦhHhuiOUnix-LikeW۷n@ӥ\A򻡩OHAiHb@ LinuxDWWXPŪϥΪ̡AӥBCӨϥΪ̵nJtήɪu@ҳiHۦPA ~A٥iH\PϥΪ̦bP@ӮɶnJDAPɨϥΥD귽C
  
  
• ϥΪ̻PsժWG
  bLinuxAɮתݩʥiHyiŪBigBiz Ѽƨөwq@ɮתAΩʡA~Aoݩ٥iHTӺA OOyɮ׾̡֦BɮשݸsաBLD֦̻Psժ̡zC oM׭peΪ̨Lpe}ǫ㦳۷}ntΫOKʡC
  
  
• ۹Ӹ귽tG
  Linuxun@P-IIIHWŪqNiHw˨åBϥδroI٤ݭnP-4AMD K8 ŪqOILApGAn[]OݩjD]AȤWʤHHWDtΡ^A Nݭnn@IFCLAثeW@ڭӤHqiHFo@ӭnDoI
  
  
• AXݭnp֤ߵ{OJtG
  ѩLinuxunXK쪺{XNiH㪺Xʾӹqwæ@ӧ㪺@~tΡA ]۷AXثeaqΪ̬OpqlΫ~@~tΩOINOlyOJztΰաI LinuxuOܾAXҦpBƦ۾BPDABaqΫ~Lq@~tΩOI ^_^
  
  
• XרΥBh˪ϧΨϥΪ̤(GUI)G
  ۱q1994~Linux 1.0N[JX WindowtΡAbhbȪVOUשPLinux׾XA BDnøϥdq(Intel, NVidia, ATI)wLinuxX̷sXʵ{A ]LinuxGUIwgiBFIt~ALinuxҤUϧΤu@ةOI ]AjaռԪKDE(http://www.kde.org/)HGNOME(http://www.gnome.org)Oܱ`I

ϥLinuxnBաILMLinux㦳o˦hnBAOLѤW@ӨHPRaA ϥLβvܤjANOLinuxݭnϥΡyOCz׺ݾҦitΪ޲zI M~ӦܦhϧΤ}oϥΦbLinuxWAnxLinux٬OHOCӨϥάOnA ]nLinuxanxqUO欰AӤOηƹI@IiconNFI Linux ٥iHiaG

• SSw䴩tG
  ]bLinuxWҦMXGOۥѳnAӨCӦۥѳn骺}o̥iäOqA ӬODQʽ𫍧Cp@ӡAbALinuxDWnYoͰDAӦpOnH nbѩثeLinuxӷ~ɪX٤AثebxWWRed HatPSuSE ]ߤFAICAiHgѳoӪAIӪVLʶR/Ը߬nwDOI LApGAëDܦMӷ~qLinux distributionsɡHH SMH쩲AȩOoIˬO٤ݭnӾߡA ]椧AAnݪDXGbWiH쵪׳IݧASΤߥhNOFI
  
  
• C䴩פG
  b{NoӮɭԡAA̮aWq̭SCpBӤhFI Cn]Oε{AҥHP@~tΪYN۷KFC iOثeܦhC}oӨèSbLinuxxW}ojCAoɭPLinuxLkiJ@axC
  
  
• M~n骺䴩פG
  oOǮձЮѫ~o{@ơAثeܦhM~øϳn餽qұXM~nä䴩Linux@~tΡA oPǫbPxWާ@ۦPnIIܶ˸
  
  
• Ш|Vm@٤nG
  pGbpNоɤpBͨϥΦۥѳnAj۵MN|ϥΦۥѳnFI bxWثeF譱٬O۷n\wAƱ楼ӯۥѳn@Ǿ|C

ѹ껡AoǯIjOLinuxDAˬO@ǬFPӷ~譱ҶqA~O̤jxZC LALinuxPL@~tΤ@ˡANO@ӤuӤwIƱjabּ֤DzߨLinuxաI^_^

{bWnhnAOۥѳnAOMQnCMQnKOAۥѳnn ڡInаڡIoǪFHAäO߮vAkߤ]QALA ٬OXӱvҦiHӽͤ@͡

• Open Source (}񷽽X)

nHOpen Source觋XɡAܰFi檺n饻~A@wHۭlXXIq`Open Sourcen驰XӦnBG

1. {]pvq`|{~|X(KoQ, ^_^)AҥHq`{bΪɭԡANwg㦳۷u}F
   
   
2. Open Source믫A۫H{]pHN{lXXAL{]pvolXA ѩݭnN{令ۤvһݪ˦AҥH|gѥҾǨӥ[H}Añq[H}PΡA ҥH{debug\|DzΪclose sourceӪ֡I
   
   
3. ѩ{OHlXA]AtαN|sbAH차{Τ@Ǧw|}A ۹ӨA|[wI

Open sourceNvGNUGPLvBSDAUCXWOpen SourcevG

• GNU General Public LicenseG
  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.html#GPL
  ثeversion 2, version 3تALinuxϥΪOversion 2o@C ]@GPL version 2 ƱAziHѦҡGhttp://vbird.org.cn/linux_basic/1010appendix_A.php
  
  
• Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)G
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD_license
  ϥBSD source code̱`IJ쪺NOBSDvҦFIoӱvҦPGPLA Ө믫]POpen Source۩IOI
  
  
• Apache License, Version 2.0G
  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
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• Close Source

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• FreewareG
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware
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• SharewareG
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware
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