1. ϥΪ̻Ps
2. Linux ɮv
@@2.1 Linux ɮݩ
@@2.2 pɮvG chgrp, chown, chmod
@@2.3 ؿݩʪNq
@@2.4 Linux ɮ׺PɦW
3. Linux ؿtm
@@3.1 Linux ؿtm̾ FHS
@@3.2 ؿtme
@@3.3 ݭnSO`Nؿ
@@3.4 @D partition Pؿtmp
4. Linux 䴩ɮרt
5. Dm
6. ѦҸ
7. w糧媺ĳGhttp://phorum.vbird.org/viewtopic.php?t=23878

gLe@~§AzӥiHb Linux OCҦUJOFaHI IUӡAMOnznns@U Linux tθ̭ǭnɮoC LACɮ׳۷hݩʡA𫟺̭niNOɮת֦̪FC ҥHAb}lɮ׬TЫeAN²檺ϥΪ̤θsժ@ӻa nzIiJpI ^_^

ɮ׾֦

즸Ĳ Linux Bͤj|ıoܩǲAyLinux ohϥΪ̡A٤sաAΡHzC oӡyϥΪ̻Psաz\iO۷ӦnΪ@Ӧw@OI򻡩OH ѩ Linux OӦhHhut ( wgLYzoI )A]i``|hHPɨϥγoDӶiu@po͡A FҼ{CӤHpvHΨCӤHߦnu@ҡA ]Aoӡyɮ׾̡֦zN㪺۷nFI

ҦpANA e-mail sɮפAbzۤvaؿAz`ƱQLHݨۤvѧaH oӮɭԡAANɮ׳]wyuɮ׾̡֦ANOڡA~ݻPקoɮתezA YϨLHDAoӬ۷yzɮסALѩz]wAvA ҥHLH۵M]NLkDɮתeoI

sշ

sթOHn]wɮ٦ݪsաHA sճ²檺\ध@ANOzbζ}o귽ɭԳ̦ΰI |ӨҤlӻnFApbڪDWӹAoĤ@ӹW٬ testgroup ӥLO test1, test2, test3 TӡAĤGӹW٬ treatgoup Lέ treat1, treat2, treat3Aoӹ𫗪Oۦvʽ𫍧A OoSnúP@iAMӨCչέSݭnPɥiHקۤv馎HҫإߪɮסA BDۤv骺LHݨۤvɮפeIoӮɭԫH

Ib Linux UiN²աIڥiHg²ɮv]wAN୭Dۤvζ( YOso )LH\eoIӥBiHۤvζiHקکҫإߪɮסI PɡApGڦۤv٦pHKAMiH]wۤvζ]ݤڪɮ׸ơC ܤKaI

t~ApG teacher oӱbO testgroup P treatgroup oӸsժѮvA LQnP[̪iסA]ݭn䪺sճih[ݡAoӮɭԡAziH]w teacher oӱbAyPɤ䴩 testgroup P treatgroup oӸsաIzA]NOA CӤHiHhӸsժ䴩OI

o˻γ\A٤ezѳoӨϥΪ̻PsժYaHSYAڭ̥iHϥΥثeyaxz[ӶiѻI ]@aHAḁuTS̡AOOjBGPTTӤHA ӳoӮaxOnObj򪺦WUIҥHAyjaTӤHAOOjBGPTzA ӥBoTӤHۤvжAåB@P֦@ӫUI

ѩaTӤHU۾֦ۤvжAҥHAGMiHiJT򪺩жA OG򤣯½T򪺩PI˷|QT K I]P̭i঳TۤvpHFAҦpѰաAOյA oOypHŶzAҥHMGoI

ѩ@P֦UAҥHaTS̥iHbU}qաB½\ȰաBbFoWobյI ϥAunObUNATS̳iHϥγI]jaO@aHI

o˻ӦIoFIӡyjazNOҿתysաzoA ܩTS̴NOOTӡyϥΪ̡zAӳoTӨϥΪ̬ObP@Ӹsո̭I ӤTӨϥΪMbP@sդAOڭ̥iH]wyvzA nYǨϥΪ̭ӤHTQsժҦHdߡAHOӤHypHŶzաI ӳ]wsզ@ɡAhija@PɳI

LH

nFA򤵤ѤSӤHAsipޡALOipޮaHAPaSYաI oӮɭԡADa{ѱipޡAM}ip޶iӤaA_hipޥûSkiJaA 󤣭niT򪺩жաILApGip޳zLY{ѤFTAåBT򦨬nB͡A ip޴NiHzLTiJaաIISIӱip޴NOҿתyLHA Others zoI

]Aڭ̴NiHDաAb Linux ̭A@ɮ׳㦳yUser, Group OtherszTvIڭ̥iHNWHUϥܨӸG
Cɮת̡֦BsջP others ܷN

Ϥ@BCɮת̡֦BsջPLHܷN
ɡAHT򬰨ҡAToӡyɮסz֦̬TALݩjoӸsաA ӱipެ۹TAhuO@ӡyLH(others)zӤwC

LAo̦ӯSHnӤЪANOyU઺ѯzIoӤѯ㦳LOA ҥHLiHFLQnhaAIӤHb Linux tΤNOy root zաIҥHnp߳I root iOyU઺ѯzI

LצpAyϥΪ̨zAPӨϥΪ̩Ҥ䴩ysաzAb Linux @ɸ̭O۷nALiHUzzhu Linux ܪe޲zIԲӪ yPsաz ]wAڭ̱Nb b޲z AiѻCUڭ̱NwɮרtλPɮvӶi满C

Linux ϥΪ̨PsհOɮ

bڭ Linux tηAw]pUAҦtΤWbP@먭ϥΪ̡A٦ root TAOOb /etc/passwd oɮפCܩKXhOOb /etc/shadow oɮפUC ~A Linux ҦsզWٳb /etc/group IoTɮץiHO Linux tθ̭bBKXBsոTaoInHKRoTɮװڡI ^_^

ܩhPbsզ]wA٦oTɮת榡AnAڭ̦bĥ|gbɡA |AjaԲӪЪIo̥YiC

jPAѤF Linux ϥΪ̻PsդAۤUӡAڭ̭nӽͤ@͡A oɮתvnpwoǩҿתyϥΪ̡zPysաzӳ]wɮתvOH oӳO۷nAרǪ̨ӻA]ɮתvPݩʬOǲ Linux @Ӭ۷ndApGSoAzNѬOťOHbOI רOzbzùeX{FyPermission denyzɭԡAnߡAy֩wOv]w~zաIInFAܤhA֨@@@G

Linux ɮݩ

IJMnAA Linux ɮݩʡA򦳭ӭn]O`ΪONnAoI@ӡHINOy ls zo@ list ɮתOoIbAH root nJ Linux AUFyls -al zݬݡA|ݨ쩳UXөNNG

[root@linux ~]# ls -al
total 248
drwxr-x---   9   root    root    4096    Jul 11 14:58    .
drwxr-xr-x  24   root    root    4096    Jul  9 17:25    ..
-rw-------   1   root    root    1491    Jun 25 08:53    anaconda-ks.cfg
-rw-------   1   root    root   13823    Jul 10 23:12    .bash_history
-rw-r--r--   1   root    root      24    Dec  4  2004    .bash_logout
-rw-r--r--   1   root    root     191    Dec  4  2004    .bash_profile
-rw-r--r--   1   root    root     395    Jul  4 11:45    .bashrc
-rw-r--r--   1   root    root     100    Dec  4  2004    .cshrc
drwx------   3   root    root    4096    Jun 25 08:35    .ssh
-rw-r--r--   1   root    root   68495    Jun 25 08:53    install.log
-rw-r--r--   1   root    root    5976    Jun 25 08:53    install.log.syslog
[    1   ][ 2  ][  3   ][  4 ][    5   ][      6     ][       7          ]
[  ݩ  ][s][֦][s][ɮ׮eq][  ק  ][      ɦW        ]

ls OylistzNAPb DOS ~NO dir \C ӰѼơy-alzhܦCXҦɮ ( ]tɡANOɦWeĤ@Ӧr . ɮ ) CpWҥܡAbAĤ@H root nJ Linux ɡApGAJOAӦWCXӪFA @UWCӧONG

ϤGBɮݩʪܷN

Ĥ@NoɮתݩʡG oӦa̻ݭn`NFIJӬݪܡAAӥiHo{o@@QݩʡG

ϤTBɮתQݩʤe
- Ĥ@ݩʥNoɮ׬OyؿBɮשγszG
- UӪݩʤATӬ@աAByrwxz TӰѼƪզXC𫟺A[ r ]NiŪ(read)B[ w ]Nig(write)B[ x ]Ni(execute)G
dGY@ɮתݩʬy-rwxr-xr--zA²檺iѤUG
```
[-][rwx][r-x][r--]
 1  234  567  890
     1 GNoɦWؿɮס]Wɮס^
    234G֦Hv]WiŪBigBi^
    567GPsըϥΪv]WiŪi^
    890GLϥΪv]WȥiŪ^
```
WݩʱpN@ɮסBoɮת֦HiŪigiBPsժHȥiŪPA DPsժϥΪ̶ȥiŪNI

~AݭnSOdNO x oӼиI YɦW@ӥؿɭԡAҦpW .ssh oӥؿG
drwx------ 3 root root 4096 Jun 25 08:35 .ssh
iHݨoO@ӥؿAӥBu root iHŪgPCOYU˦ɡAаݫD root LHO_iHiJӥؿOH
drwxr--r-- 3 root root 4096 Jun 25 08:35 .ssh
xIGnOiHI]iŪ[ r ]sbIyIz׬OD root oӱbLϥΪ̧iiJ .ssh oӥؿAOH ] x P ؿ Y۷nA pGzbӥؿUOܡA۵M]NLkiJFA]A ЯSOdNOApGzQn}Yӥؿ@ǤHiӪܡA аOoNӥؿ x ݩʵ}IܩؿvA ڭ̷|bU~򤶲ЪC

t~AA]n[pߪOAb Windows U@ɮ׬O_㦳檺OOǥѡy ɦW zӧP_A ҦpG.exe, .bat, .com AOb Linux UA ڭ̪ɮ׬O_AhOǥѬO_㦳 x oݩʨӨMwIҥHAɦWOS諸YI oIٽЯSOdNOIyڭٷ|wؿӵy@
ĤGܬsΪ`I (i-node)G oӸs (link file) YAڭ̦bӪ`|A[HЪC pGOؿܡANPӥؿU٦h֥ؿC
ĤTܳoɮס]Υؿ^y֦HzC
ĥ|ܾ֦HsաC
o̦A@UAb Linux AA ID ( p root test bOҿת ID ) YOAAӥBA٥iHݦb@өΦhӸsդUAҦpڭ̤W쪺AA@ӹ ( Ys ) N testgroup ABoӸșTӤHANOO test1, test2, P test3AhoTӤHP@sէY testgroupIpGHWϪɮݩ(-rwxrwx---) ӬݡApGɮݩ test1 ҦA test2, test3 禳ŪBgB檺vOA]L̳ݩP@ group rIӦpGzOݩ test1, test2, test3 @ӤHA]ݩ testgroup oӸsծɡAzNŪBgBoɮתvFI
Ĥ欰oɮתeqjpC
Ĥ欰oɮתɤΪ̬O̪񪺭קA OBήɶCЯSOdNApGzOHc餤Ӷiw˱z Linux ɡAw]yti|QאּC ѩ󤤤LkܦbrA׺ݾWA ҥHo@|ǩǪýXAoӮɭԡAЭק@U /etc/sysconfig/i18n oɮסA̭y LC_TIME zקאּGy LC_TIME=en zAxs}AAnJ@ANiHo^rܪFI pקɮשOHIH root vi קC t~A]iHϥΡy LANG=en ls -al zykܡC
ĤC欰oɮתɦWA pGɦWeh@ӡy . zAhNoɮ׬yzA ҦpW 6 檺y.bashrc_historyzɦWYOɡAѩڭ̦U@ӰѼƬ ls -alAҥHsɳCXӡApGAuJ ls hɦW[y . zɮ״N|QܥXӡI

ԲӪ ls ΪkAٰOod߶ܡHաIϥ man ls info ls hݬݥL¦ΪkhIۧڶi׬OܭnA ]yvűaiAצbӤHIzAۥjuѤ~ǥ͡ASѤ~ѮvI[oaI^_^ oC쪺NqOܭnIȥMDUNNqOIרOĤ@쪺QvA O Linux ɮvI@CUڭ̨ӰX²檺mߡAzN|MoI ] test1, test2, test3 Pݩ testgroup oӸsաG

D@GpGUɮסAлɮת֦̻PvH

   -rw-r--r--   1 root     root          238 Jun 18 17:22 test.txt 
   -rwxr-xr--   1 test1    testgroup    5238 Jun 19 10:25 ping_tsai

G

ɮסy test.txt z֦H root Asլ root Cܩv譱hu root oӱbiHsɮסALHhȯŪɮסF

t@ɮסy ping_tsai z֦H test1 AӸsլ testgroupC𫟺A test1 iHw惡ɮר㦳iŪigi檺vOAӦPsժ test2, test3 ӤHP test1 PˬO testgroup sձbAhȥiŪig (Yק)AܩD testgoup o@ӸsժHhȥiHŪAg]I

DGGpGڪؿU˦Aа testgroup oӸsժPLH( others )O_iHiJؿH

    drwxr-xr--   1 test1    testgroup    5238 Jun 19 10:25 groups/

G

ɮ׾֦ test1 iHbؿiu@F
testgroup oӸsժbAҦp test2, test3 iHiJؿiu@A ObؿUigJʧ@F
ܩ other vM r AOѩS x vA] others ϥΪ̡AäiJؿI

Linux ɮݩʪnʡG

P Windows tΤ@˪OAb Linux tΡ]Ϊ̻ Unix-Like tΡ^AC@ɮ׳h[FܦhݩʶiӡAרOsժAo˦γ~OH 򥻤WA̤jγ~ObywʡzWC|²檺ҤlAbAtΤAtΪAȪɮ׳q`u root ~ŪgAΪ̬OAҦp /etc/shadow o@ӱb޲zɮסAѩɮװOFAtΤҦbơA]Oܭn@ӸTɡA MHŪAu root ~ŪoIҥHɮתݩʴN| [ -rw------- ]oI

ApGA@Ӷ}oζAbAζAAƱCӤHiHϥάY@ǥؿUɮסA ӫDAζLHhH}OHHWҤlӻAtestgroup ζ@TӤHAOO test1, test2, test3 IڴNiHN test1 ɮݩʭq [ -rwxrwx--- ] Ӵѵ testgroup u@ζϥoIoiO۷nC

A|ӨҤlӻApGAؿvS@nܡAiyLHiHbAtΤW÷doIҦpӥu root ~వ}BADSL {BsWΧRϥΪ̵OAYQA令HiH檺ܡA pGϥΪ̤pߵAs}աIsաIIAtΤN|``W䧮oI ӥBU@AϥΪ̪KXQLHhoܡAunLnJAtδNiHө|@ root u@IiȧaI]AbAקA linux ɮ׻PؿݩʤeA @wndMAOiܪAOiܪIdU`NoI

pɮv

nFAڭ̤wgDɮv@ӨtΪwnʤFA]DɮתvϥΪ̻PsժʤFA nFApק@ɮתvOHSIhɮתvڭ̥iHקOH @ɮתvܦhIjPWڭ̥дX²檺AҦpGsաB̡֦BUبvC

chgrp Gɮשݸs

chown GɮשݤH

chmod GɮתݩʡB SUID BS

ܩݸs, chgrp

ܤ@ɮתsկuO²檺AH chgrp ӧܧYiAxIoӫONO change group YgIաIo˴NܦnOFaI ^_^CLAаOoA nܦsզW٥nb /etc/group ̭sbW٤~A_hN|ܿ~I

]zOH root nJ FC4 Abzaؿ@ install.log ɮסA pNɮתsէܤ@UOH]zwgDb /etc/group ̭wgsb@ӦW users sաAO testing oӸsզWrNsb /etc/group FA ɧܸsզ users P testing |{HoͩOH

[root@linux ~]# chgrp [-R] dirname/filename ...
ѼơG
-R : i滼j( recursive )ܧAYsPؿUҦɮסBؿ
     soӸsդNC``ΦbܧY@ؿpC
dҡG
[root@linux ~]# chgrp users install.log
[root@linux ~]# ls -l
-rw-r--r--  1 root users 68495 Jun 25 08:53 install.log
[root@linux ~]# chgrp testing install.log
chgrp: invalid group name `testing' <== oͿ~To䤣oӸsզW

o{FܡHɮתsճQ令 users FAOn令 testing ɭԡA N|oͿ~`NIoͿ~T٬OnVOd@d~Te~nI

ɮ׾֦, chown

nFApܤ@ɮת֦̩OH²rIJMܸsլO change group A̴ܾ֦NO change owner oIBINGOAաINO chown oӫOγ~An`NOAϥΪ̥OwgsbtΤA]NOb /etc/passwd oɮפϥΪ̦W٤~ܡC

chown γ~ٺhAL٥iHKקsժW٩OI~A pGnsؿUҦؿɮצPɧɮ׾֦̪ܡA[W -R ѼƧYiIڭ̨ӬݬݻykPdҡG

[root@linux ~]# chown [-R] bW ɮשΥؿ
[root@linux ~]# chown [-R] bW:sզW ɮשΥؿ
ѼơG
-R : i滼j( recursive )ܧAYsPؿUҦɮסBؿ
     soӸsդNC``ΦbܧY@ؿpC
dҡG
[root@linux ~]# chown bin install.log
[root@linux ~]# ls -l
-rw-r--r--  1 bin  users 68495 Jun 25 08:53 install.log
[root@linux ~]# chown root:root install.log
[root@linux ~]# ls -l
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 68495 Jun 25 08:53 install.log

IDpɮתsջP֦̤FA򤰻ɭԭnϥ chown chgrp OHIγ\z|ıo_ǧaHIOAT꦳ɭԻݭnܧɮת֦̪A ̱`ҤlNOb copy ɮ׵A~LHɡAڭ̨ϥγ²檺 cp ӻnFG

[root@linux ~]# cp ӷɮ تɮ

]zѭnN .bashrc oɮ׫ .bashrc_test ABOn bin oӤHAziHo˰G

[root@linux ~]# cp .bashrc .bashrc_test
[root@linux ~]# ls -al .bashrc*
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 395 Jul  4 11:45 .bashrc
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 395 Jul 13 11:31 .bashrc_test

zIH .bashrc_test ٬Oݩ root ҦAp@ӡAYϧANɮ׮ bin oӨϥΪ̤FALMLkק諸( ݩʴNDFaI )A ҥHANnNoɮת֦̻Psխק@UoIDpקFaIHI

ܤEݩ, chmod

ɮݩʪܨϥΪO chmod oӫOAOAݩʪ]wkءA OiHϥμƦrΪ̬OŸӶiݩʪܧCڭ̴Nӽͤ@͡G

Ʀrɮv

Linux ɮתݩʴNEӡAOO owner/group/others էO read/write/execute ݩʡA Ʋߤ@UW쪺ơG

-rwxrwxrwx

oEݩʬOTӤTӤ@ժI𫟺Aڭ̥iHϥμƦrӥNUݩʡAUݩʪӪpUG

r:4
w:2
x:1

P@ (owner/group/others) Tݩ (r/w/x) Oݭn֥[AҦpݩʬ [-rwxrwx---] hOG

owner = rwx = 4+2+1 = 7
group = rwx = 4+2+1 = 7
others= --- = 0+0+0 = 0

ҥH@Uڭ̳]wݩʪܧɡAݩʪƦrNO 770 աIܧݩʪO chmod ykOo˪G

[root@linux ~]# chmod [-R] xyz ɮשΥؿ
ѼơG
xyz : NO责쪺ƦrvݩʡA rwx ݩʼƭȪۥ[C
-R : i滼j( recursive )ܧAYsPؿUҦɮסBؿ
     soӸsդNC``ΦbܧY@ؿpC

|ҨӻApGnN .bashrc oɮשҦݩʳ}ANUFG

[root@linux ~]# ls -al .bashrc
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 395 Jul  4 11:45 .bashrc
[root@linux ~]# chmod 777 .bashrc
[root@linux ~]# ls -al .bashrc
-rwxrwxrwx  1 root root 395 Jul  4 11:45 .bashrc

ݨFܡHݩʧܤFIѩ@ɮצTݩʡAҥHAiHo{W 777 TաAӥѩڭ̱NҦݩʳ}AҥHƦrۥ[AYy r+w+x = 4+2+1 = 7z

pGnNݩܦy -rwxr-xr-- zOHN [4+2+1][4+0+1][4+0+0]=754 oIҥHAݭnUF chmod 754 filenameC ̱`oͪ@ӰDNOA``ڭ̥H vi s@ shell rɫALݩʳq`O -rw-rw-rw- ]NO 666 ݩʡApGnNLܦiɡAåBnLHק惡@ɮתܡA Nݭn -rwxr-xr-x o@ 755 ݩʡAҥH chmod 755 test.sh Nݭno˰oI

t~AɮקAƱQLHݨAҦp -rwxr-----ANUF chmod 740 filename aI

DTGNz .bashrc oɮתݩʧ^Ӫ -rw-r--r--
G

chmod 644 .bashrc

Ÿɮv

٦@ӧݩʪkIqeФڭ̥iHo{A򥻤WNEݩʤOO(1)user (2)group (3)others TsաIڭ̴NiHǥ u, g, o ӥNTsݩʡI~A a hN all YTsIŪgݩʴNiHgF r, w, x oI]NOiHϥΩU觋ӬݡG

chmod

u
g
o
a

+([J)
-(h)
=(]w)

r
w
x

ɮשΥؿ

ӹ@@UaIpڭ̭ny]wz@ɮתݩʬy-rwxr-xr-xzɡA򥻤WNOG

user (u)G㦳iŪBigBi檺vF
group P others (g/o)G㦳iŪP檺vC

ҥHNOG

[root@linux ~]# chmod  u=rwx,go=rx  .bashrc
# `NI u=rwx,go=rx Osb@_AèSťզrI
[root@linux ~]# ls -al .bashrc
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root root 395 Jul  4 11:45 .bashrc

Ъ`NA u=rwx,og=rx o@qrèSťզrj}IndoI 򰲦pOy -rwxr-xr-- zHiHϥΡy chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o=r filename zӳ]wC~ApGڤDɮݩʡAӧڥuQnW[ .bashrc oɮתCӤHigJvAڴNiHϥΡG

[root@linux ~]# ls -al .bashrc
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root root 395 Jul  4 11:45 .bashrc
[root@linux ~]# chmod  a+w  .bashrc
[root@linux ~]# ls -al .bashrc
-rwxrwxrwx  1 root root 395 Jul  4 11:45 .bashrc

ӦpGOnNݩʥhӤʨLݩʩOHIҦpnҦH x ݩʡAhG

[root@linux ~]# chmod  a-x  .bashrc
[root@linux ~]# ls -al .bashrc
-rw-rw-rw-  1 root root 395 Jul  4 11:45 .bashrc

D +, -, = PIFܡHաI + P V AUAunOSw쪺ءA hݩʡy|QܰʡzAҦpWҤlAѩȥH V x hLӫOɪȤܡIIhh@@UAAN|DpݩoI obYǱpUܦnΪ|ҨӻAzQnФ@ӪBͦp@ӵ{iH֦檺vA zSDɮ׭쥻vAɡAQ chmod a+x filename ANiHӵ{֦檺vFC O_ܤKH

ؿݩʪNqG

Wڭ̴쪺ݩʴXGOw@ɮתSʦbApGOwؿɡA r, w, x ؿONqOH²檺G

r (read contents in directory)G ܨ㦳ŪؿcM檺vAҥHz㦳Ū (r) @ӥؿvɡA zNiHQ ls oӫONӥؿeCܥXӡI
w (modify contents of directory)G oӥigJvؿӻAOܤF_I ]LܱzN㦳ʸӥؿcM檺vA]NOUovG
ҥHApGzO@먭ϥΪ̡AҦpb dmtsai Ab /home/dmtsai oӮaؿA L׬O (]A root) إߪɮסAL׸ɮݩ֡AL׸ɮתݩʬOA dmtsai oӨϥΪ̳yvONɮקRzI
x (access directory)G oӦbWYڭ̤wgyLLFAo x P_iJӥؿOI

nFAڭ̨²檺ӴլݬݡAUi|ܦhzSLOA nߡAӵۧ@ݬݡA쥼ӴӫOɡAz۵MN|AѤFC

[root@linux ~]# cd /tmp
[root@linux tmp]# mkdir testing
[root@linux tmp]# chmod 744 testing
[root@linux tmp]# touch testing/testing
[root@linux tmp]# chmod 600 testing/testing
# o mkdir ObإߥؿΪOIO make directory YgC
# ڭ̥ root b /tmp Uإߤ@ӦW testing ؿA
# åBNӥؿvܬ 744 Aӥؿ֦̬ root I
# t~A touch iHΨӫإߤ@ӨSeɮסA]A touch testing/testing
# iHإߤ@ӪŪ /tmp/testing/testing ɮ׳I
[root@linux tmp]# ls -al
drwxr--r--   2 root root 4096 Jul 14 01:05 testing
# JӬݤ@UAؿvO 744 ABݸsջPϥΪ̧O root I
# UӡAڭ̱N root @먭ϥΪ̡C
# tθ̭ dmtsai @먭ϥΪ̱bAҥH dmtsai 
[root@linux tmp]# su dmtsai
#  su OOΨӡyܴz@ӫOAڭ̥ӷ|ԲӤСC
# `NݡAUo@椤Ao{ϥΪܬ dmtsai FAӥBܦrܦ $ FI
# ]NOA{bާ@tΪHܦ dmtsai FI dmtsai oӤH 
# /tmp/testing Oݩ others vALiH /tmp/testing FH
[dmtsai@linux tmp]$ ls -l testing   <== ɨ dmtsai
total 0
?---------  ? ? ? ?           ? testing
# iHd\̭TI]dmtsai 㦳 r vALAvA
# ܦhƳMOݸ (?) ӪǩǪ
[dmtsai@linux tmp]$ cd testing  <== ɨ dmtsai
bash: cd: testing/: Permission denied
# o{FܡHYϧڭ̨㦳 r vAOS x AҥH 
# dmtsai LkiJ /tmp/testing I
[dmtsai@linux tmp]$ exit
[root@linux tmp]# chown dmtsai testing
# ϥ exit NiH} su \FCڭ̱No testing ؿ֦̳]w
# dmtsai A dmtsai N owner FAoӨϥΪ̤SF©OH
[root@linux tmp]# su dmtsai
[dmtsai@linux tmp]$ cd testing  <== ɨ dmtsai
[dmtsai@linux testing]$ ls -l  <== ɨ dmtsai
-rw-------  1 root root 0 Jul 14 01:13 testing
# A dmtsai AɴNiJ testing FId\@UeC
# o{F testing oɮצsbIvOu root ~s
# ڭ̴դ@U_ROH
[dmtsai@linux testing]$ rm testing  <== ɨ dmtsai
rm: remove write-protected regular empty file `testing'? y
# MiHRIo˲zѤFܡHI

zLWo²檺BJAzNiHMDA x bؿOPy_iJӥؿzA ܩ󨺭 w h㦳۷nvA]LiHϥΪ̧RBsBsɮשΥؿA OӫܭnѼưڡIo˥iHzѤFܡHI ^_^

Linux ɮ׺PɦW

ڭ̦bǲ Linux eANjaL@ӷANOA˸mb Linux UOɮסA ȦpAsƷq]MݪɮצbtdҥHAz|AѨA Linux ɮ׺uܦh Fe쪺 -, d Yҿת@ɮ׻Pؿɮפ~A٦ǺɮשOH

ɮ׺G

ڭ̦b𫍧ݩʤФF̫eлx ( d - ) iHNؿɮסANOPɮ׺աILinux ɮ׺DnUoXءG

Wɮ (regular file )G NO@ڭ̦bisɮסAb ls Val ܥXӪݩʤ譱AĤ@ݩʬ [ - ]AҦp [-rwxrwxrwx ]Ct~A̷ɮתeASjiHG
- ¤r(ASCII)GoO Unix tΤ̦h@ɮoA٬¤rɬO]eڭ̤HiHŪ쪺ơA ҦpƦrBrCXGunڭ̥iHΨӰ]wɮ׳ݩo@ɮC |ҨӻAziHUFy cat ~/.bashrc zNiHݨɮתeC (cat ON@ɮפeŪXӪO)
- Gi(binary)GٰOoڭ̦by Linux O z@̭ GNU oivLA ڭ̪tΨȻ{ѥBiHGiɮ (binary file) aHS z Linux i (scripts, r妸ɤ) NOoخ榡ա |ҨӻAUFO cat NO@ binary file C
- Ʈ榡(data)G ǵ{bB@L{|ŪYǯSw榡ɮסAǯSw榡ɮץiHQ٬ (data file)C|ҨӻAڭ̪ Linux bϥΪ̵nJɡA|NnưOb /var/log/wtmp ɮפAɮ׬O@ data file ALzL last oӫOŪXӡI Oϥ cat ɡA|ŪXýX]LOݩ@دS榡ɮסCAGH
ؿ (directory)GNOؿoĤ@ݩʬ [ d ]AҦp [drwxrwxrwx]C
s (link)GNO Windows U|աIĤ@ݩʬ [ l ]A Ҧp [lrwxrwxrwx] F
]ƻP˸m (device)GPtΩPxs@ɮסA q`b /dev oӥؿUIq`SءG
- ϶ (block) ] GNO@xsơA HѨtΦsP]ơA²檺NOwаաIҦpA@wЪNXO /dev/hda1 ɮװաIĤ@ݩʬ [ b ]F
- r (character) ] GYO@ǧǦC𪺩P]ơA ҦpLBƹIĤ@ݩʬ [ c ]C
Ʊf (sockets)GJMQ٬ƱfɡA QMAoɮ׳q`QΦbWƩӱFCڭ̥iHҰʤ@ӵ{ӺťΤݪnDA ӥΤݴNiHzLo socket ӶiƪqFCĤ@ݩʬ [ s ]A ̱`b /var/run oӥؿݨoɮFC
ƿe (FIFO, pipe)G FIFO ]O@دSɮALDnتbѨMhӵ{ǦPɦs@ɮשҳy~DC FIFO O first-in-first-out YgCĤ@ݩʬ [p] C

ϥέ𫍧y ls -al zoӫOAANiH²檺gѧP_C@ɮת Ĥ@ݩʨAѳoɮ׬OI²aI F]ɬOڭ̨tΤܭnɮסA̦nnHNק蠟~]q`L]|Aק諸աI^A t@Ӥ쪺ɮ״NOsɡCpGA``Nε{ୱӪܡAANӪDb Windows Uҿתy|zCP˪AAiHN linux Us²檺@ɮשΥؿ|Cܩ socket P FIFO ɮפzѡA ]oөNNP{ (process) YAoӵ쥼ӱzA process A A^Ӭd\aI~A]iHzL man fifo man socket Ӭd\tΤWI

Linux ɮתɦWG

򥻤WA Linux ɮ׬OSҿתyɦWzA]ѫeڭ̥iHDA @ Linux ɮׯणQAPLĤ@檺QݩʦA PɦWڥ@IY]SCo[ Windows pۦPIb Windows UAQ檺ɮתɦWq`O .com .exe .bat AӦb Linux UA unAݩʷ x ܡAҦp [ -rwx-r-xr-x ] YNoɮץiHQI

LAiHQiH榨\O@˪|ҨӻAb root aؿU install.log O@ӯ¤rɡApGgѭקv -rwxrwxrwx AoɮׯQܡH M]LeڥNSiH檺ơCҥHAo x Noɮר㦳i檺OA Oण榨\AMNonݸɮתeo

MɦWSuUALAѩڭ̤MƱiHǥѪɦWAѸɮ׬OFHIҥHA q`ڭ٬O|HAɦWӪܸɮ׬OCUƺر`ΪɦWG

*.sh G 妸 ( scripts )A]妸ɬϥ shell gAҥHɦWNs .sh oF
*Z, *.tar, *.tar.gz, *.zip, *.tgzG gL]YɡCoO]YnO gunzip, tar Aѩ󤣦PYnAӨɦWoI
*.html, *.phpGɮסAON HTML ykP PHP ykɮoI .html ɮץiϥκsӪ}ҡAܩ .php ɮסA hiHzL client ݪs server sAHoB᪺GOI

t~A٦{yp perl ɮסAɦW]i .pl oɦWI򥻤WA Linux WɦWuuOAAѸɮץi઺γ~ӤwA uP_MݭnݩʪWd~IҦpM@ɮ׬iɡApWNzAn squid ALApGoɮתݩʳQק令LkɡALNܦoI oذḎ`oͦbɮ׶ǰeL{CҦpAbWU@ӥiɡAObA Linux tΤNOLkIINOiɮתݩʳQܤFInháAqWǰeA Linux tΤAɮתݩʽTO|QܪI

Aӥt~Ib Linux UAC@ɮשΥؿɦW̪iHF 255 rA[W|ɡA̪iF 4096 ӦrAO۷ɦWIڭ̧Ʊ Linux ɮצW٥iH@ݴNDɮצbFAҥHɦWq`OܪܪIӥκDF Windows Hi|FA]ɮצWٳq`uܪAκD Windows ӾɭPrtפ֪BͨӻAIuOܧxZ.....LAuoUznn[jrVmoI ӥѫe@z]|DAiHzL [tab] ӽT{ɮתɦWIoܦnΰڡI MաApGzwgŪFѲĤTg BASH ΪkAzN|o{ yzIܼƯuO@Ӭ۷nΪFoIz IݤASYAĤTgͨ bash AI

Linux ɮצW٪G

ѩ Linux brU@ǫOާ@YA@ӻAzb]w Linux UɮצWٮɡA ̦niHקK@ǯSrnIҦpUoǡG

* ? > < ; & ! [ ] | \ ' " ` ( ) { }

]oǲŸbrUAOSNqIt~AɮצW٪}YpIy.zɡA Noɮ׬yɡzIPɡAѩOUFA``|ϥΨ -option ѼơA ҥHz̦n]קKNɮɦW}YH - + өRWڡI

bAѤFCɮתPݩʡAHAѤFpɮݩʪTAAӭnAѪNOA CM Linux distributions L̪]wɰڡBɰڡBCӥؿmNNڡA곣thH ӬO@MзǨ̾ڪIڭ̩UN@@@C

Linux ؿtm̾ FHS

] Linux }o̹bӦhFApGCӤHoiXݩۤvؿtmkA Ni|yܦh޲zWxZCzQAziJ@ӥ~AұĲ쪺 Linux ؿtmkMzHeǪPܡHIQaҥHAӴNҿת Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) зǪXlFI

o FHS ( http://www.pathname.com/fhs/ ) ƹWȬOWdXbڥؿ ( / ) UUӥDnؿӬOnm˪ɮצӤwC FHS wqXhWdXӡAĤ@hO / UUӥؿӭnmˤeɮ׸ơAҦp /etc ӭnm]wɡA /bin P /sbin hӭnmiɵCĤGhhOw /usr /var oӥؿؿөwqC Ҧp /var/log mtεnɡB /usr/share m@ɸƵC

ѩ FHS ȬOwqX̤Wh (/) Φh (/usr, /var) ؿeӭnmɮ׸ơA ]AbLӦؿhŤANiHH}o̦ۦӰtmFC|ҨӻA FC4 ]wƩb /etc/sysconfig/network-script/ ؿUAO SuSE Server 9 hONmb /etc/sysconfig/network/ ؿUAؿW٥iOPOI

t~Ab Linux UAҦɮ׻PؿOѮڥؿ / }lIOҦؿPɮתY MA@Ӥ@ӪUӡAIOKڡ]Aڭ̤]ٳoإؿtm觋Gyؿ (directory tree)z oӥؿ𦳤SʩOHLDnSʦG

ؿ𪺱ҩlIڥؿ (/, root)F

C@ӥؿϥΥaݪ partition ɮרtΡA]iHϥκW filesystem C|ҨӻA iHQ Network File System (NFS) AYSwؿC

C@ɮצbؿ𤤪ɦW(]t|)OW@LGC

~AھɦWgkPA]iNҿת| (path) wq| (absolute) P۹| (relative)C |GѮڥؿ (/) }lg_ɦWΥؿWA Ҧp /home/dmtsai/.bashrcF۹|۹ثe|ɦWgkC Ҧp ./home/dmtsai ../../home/dmtsai/ Cϥ}YO / Nݩ۹|gkA ӱznAѡA۹|OHyzeҦb|۹mzӪܪC|ҨӻAzثeb /home oӥؿUA pGQniJ /var/log oӥؿɡAiHgOH

cd /var/log (absolute)
cd ../var/log (relative)

]zb /home UAҥHn^W@h (../) A~~ /var ӲʪI SO`NoӯSؿG

. GNeؿA]iHϥ ./ ӪܡF

.. GNW@hؿA]iH ../ ӥNC

o . P .. ؿOܭnAz``|ݨ cd .. ./command OUF觋A NONW@hPثeҦbؿu@AIܭnoI~AwyɦWzPyɦW ( / }lg_ɦW)z rjpG

@ɮשΥؿ̤je\ɦW 255 ӦrF
]t|W٤Υؿ (/) ɦW 4096 ӦrC

ڭ̪D /var/log/ UɮצW message Ao message ɮת̤jɦWiF 255 ӦrC var P log oӤWhؿ̪]OiF 255 ӦrC`ӻA /var/log/messages o˧ɦW̪hiF 4096 ӦrCo˥iHzѤFaIH ^_^
o root b Linux ̭NquܦhܦhhHdOԣNC pGHybzרӬݡAҿת root Oytκ޲zIzA pGHyؿzרӬݡAҿת root NYOڥؿANO / ա nSOdNI

ؿtme

qe@p`AziHAѪOA FHS wqXhؿWdApGzӨڥؿd\ؿơA |ܤOH

[root@linux ~]# ls -l /
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Jul 14 05:22 bin
drwxr-xr-x   3 root root  4096 Jul  9 05:18 boot
drwxr-xr-x   9 root root  4880 Jul 11 00:45 dev
drwxr-xr-x   6 root root  4096 Jun 29 01:06 disk1
drwxr-xr-x   3 root root  4096 Jun 25 08:53 disk2
drwxr-xr-x  83 root root 12288 Jul 14 05:23 etc
drwxr-xr-x   6 root root  4096 May 30 20:07 home
drwxr-xr-x  10 root root  4096 Jul 14 05:23 lib
drwx------   2 root root 16384 Jun 25 16:21 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x   3 root root  4096 Jun 25 19:34 media
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Apr 25 23:54 misc
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 23 12:28 mnt
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 23 12:28 opt
dr-xr-xr-x  59 root root     0 Jul 10 01:25 proc
drwx------   9 root root  4096 Jul 13 11:31 root
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Jul 14 05:22 sbin
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Jun 25 08:23 selinux
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 23 12:28 srv
drwxr-xr-x  10 root root     0 Jul 10 01:25 sys
drwxr-xr-x  10 root root  4096 Jun 25 20:24 system
drwxrwxrwt  10 root root  4096 Jul 14 05:23 tmp
drwxr-xr-x  14 root root  4096 Jun 25 08:27 usr
drwxr-xr-x  24 root root  4096 Jun 25 20:16 var

qݩʪרӬݡAWɦWCӳOyؿW١zASO root Aѩ root oӥؿO޲z root aؿAoӮaؿinFI ҥH@wn]wYK 700 ( rwx------ )oݩʤ~oIpGH㪺𪬥ؿӵܡA iHN Linux 𪬥ؿøsUϡG

ϥ|Bھ FHS wqUhؿ
Ъ`NACӥؿO̪b / oӮڥؿUAҥHڭ̦bw˪ɭԤ@wn@ / partition ~w˪]Yb󦹡Io]NOڭ̫U٪y𪬥ؿzoIӮھ FHS wqXӪCӥؿөmɮפeG

ؿ	mɮפe
/	ڥؿ root (/)A@ĳbڥؿUuؿAnɮצb / UC ڥؿO}ɭԨtβĤ@ӱ partition AҥHAҦ}L{\|Ψ쪺ɮסA ӳnmbo partition C\|ҨӻA /etc, /bin, /dev, /lib, /sbin oӦؿӭnPڥؿsb@_AiWߦY partition OI
/bin, /usr/bin, /usr/local/bin	F /bin ~A /usr/local/bin, /usr/bin ]OmyϥΪ̥i檺 binary file ؿzI\|ҨӻA ls, mv, rm, mkdir, rmdir, gzip, tar, cat, cp, mount nOboӥؿC
/boot	oӥؿDnتOm Linux tζ}\|Ψ쪺ɮסC }\|Ψ줰OHSNO Linux ֤ɮסCoӥؿUɦW vmlinuz NO Linux Kernel աInFI ӦpGA}޲z{ (loader) grub ܡAoӥؿ٦ /boot/grub oӦؿI
/dev	b Linux tΤWA˸mPP]ƳOHɮתAsboӥؿC zunzLsoӥؿUYɮסANsYӸ˸mo DnSP] (character device)AҦpLBƹFHxs] (block device)A ҦpwСBеCbؿUɮ׷\|hXݩʡAOO major device number A P minor device number Cڭ̪tή֤ߴNOzLo number ӧP_˸mOI nnɮצ /dev/null, /dev/tty[1-6], /dev/ttyS, /dev/lp, /dev/hd, /dev/sd
/etc	tΥDn]wɴXGmboӥؿAҦpHbKXɡB UتAȪҩlɵC@ӻAoӥؿUUɮݩʬOiH@ϥΪ̬d\A Ou root vOקCåBbؿUɮ״XGO ASCII ¤rɮ׭C LA FHS ĳnmiɦboӥؿCnɮצG /etc/inittab, /etc/init.d/, /etc/modprobe.conf, /etc/X11, /etc/fstab, /etc/sysconfig/ Ct~AUnؿG /etc/init.d/GҦAȪw]Ұ script Obo̪AҦpnҰʩΪ iptables ܡG /etc/init.d/iptables start /etc/init.d/iptables stop /etc/xinetd.d/GoNOҿת super daemon ޲zUAȪ]wɥؿC /etc/X11GP X Window Uس]wɳbo̡AרO xorg.conf XF86Config o X Server ]wɡC
/home	oOtιw]ϥΪ̮aؿ (home directory)CbAsW@Ӥ@ϥΪ̱bɡA w]ϥΪ̮aؿ\|WdǫӡCnOAaؿإNG ~GNثeoӨϥΪ̪aؿA ~dmtsai GhN dmtsai aؿI
/lib, /usr/lib, /usr/local/lib	tη\|ϥΨ쪺祃wmؿC {bB@L{Ai\|Is@B~\ѼơAݭn祃wUI oǨ祃wNbBCnO /lib/modules oӥؿ\|\ kernel ҲճI
/lost+found	tΤ`Ϳ~ɡA\|N@ǿ򥢪qm󦹥ؿUA q`oӥؿ\|۰ʥX{bY partition ̳hؿUCҦpA[ˤ@ʵwЩ /disk A boӥؿUN\|۰ʲͤ@ӳo˪ؿ /disk/lost+found
/mnt /media	oOnлPйw]IaFq`nбb /mnt/floppy UAӥбb /mnt/cdrom UAL]@wաIunAAHK@Ӧaӱ]iHrIt~Aثe]WXt@ /media ؿOIP /mnt Iա
/opt	oODB~w˳n\񪺥ؿC\|ҨӻA FC4 ϥΪO Fedora s}onA pGzѷQnۦw˷s KDE ୱn骺ܡAiHNӳnw˦boӥؿUNC LAHe Linux tΤAڭ٬OߺDmb /usr/local ؿUOI
/proc	oӥؿO@ӡyɮרtΡzILmƳObOA Ҧptή֤ߡBΦTBP]ƪAκAC]oӥؿUƳObOA ҥHwЪŶڡInɮרҦpG/proc/cpuinfo, /proc/dma, /proc/interrupts, /proc/ioports, /proc/net/* C
/root	tκ޲z (root) aؿCҥHbo̡A O]ڭ̴LAtβĤ@Ӷ}NQ partition / A ӧڭ̧Ʊ /root P / bP@ partition WGC
/sbin, /usr/sbin, /usr/local/sbin	m@Ǩtκ޲z~\|ʥΨ쪺OAҦpG fdisk, mke2fs, fsck, mkswap, mount CP /bin Ӥ@˪aAoXӥؿO root tκ޲zΪCOؿU٬OiH@ϥΪ̥ΨӡyݡzӤ]wI
/srv	@ǪAȱҰʤAoǪAȩһݭnΪƥؿC\|ҨӻAWWW AݭnƴNiHmb /srv/www ̭C
/tmp	oO@ϥΪ̩Ϊ̬Ob檺{ǼȮɩmɮתaC oӥؿOHsAҥHzݭnwMz@UCMAnƤimbؿڡI
/usr	FHS WdĤGheAb /usr ؿUA]ttΪDn{B ϧΤһݭnɮסBB~祃wBݩҦۦw˪nAHΦ@ɪؿP󵥵A iHboӥؿo{CƹWALIO Windows @~tηyProgram fileszP yWinNTzoӥؿXIbؿUnؿG /usr/bin, /usr/sbinG@먭ϥΪ̻Ptκ޲zi檺ɮשmؿF /usr/includeGc/c++{yY (header) P]t(include)mBA ڭ̥H tarball 觋 (*.tar.gz 觋w˳n) wˬYǸƮɡA\|ϥΨY\h]tɳIF /usr/libGUγn骺祃wɮשmؿF /usr/localGݦۦw˪nw]mؿCثe]AΩ /opt ؿC bAw˧F Linux A򥻤WҦtƧAFAOn`OiHɯŪA ҦpAnɯŧA proxy AȡAhq`nw]w˦aNOb /usr/local (local OyazN)APɡAw˧ұo쪺ɡAFPtέɦOA ]ɯū᪺ɳq`\b /usr/local/bin oӦaCӫĳաA q`\|NӤ~wˤWhnmbo̡A]K޲zF /usr/shareG@ɤmؿAҦpUӥؿG /usr/share/docGm@Ǩtλ󪺦aAҦpAwˤF grub FAbӥؿU@ANiHd grub FIܬOKQI /usr/share/manGmanpage ɮץؿFOHI NOAϥ man ɭԡA\|hdߪ\|rIҦpAϥ man ls oӫOɡAN\|dX /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz oӻɪeoI /usr/srcGLinux tά{XmؿAҦp /usr/src/linux ֤߭lXI /usr/X11R6GtΤ X Window System һݪɴXGboI
/var	oӥؿ]ܭnA]O FHS WdĤGhؿeCLDnmOwtΰL{A `AܰʪɮשmؿC\|ҨӻAҦp֨ɮ (cache) Ϊ̬OHܧ󪺵n (log file) OboӥؿC~AYǳnL{\|gJƮwɮסA Ҧp MySQL ƮwA]gJboӥؿIܭnaILUnؿG /var/cacheG{ɮצbB@L{@ǼȦsɡF /var/libG{檺L{AݭnϥΨ쪺ɮשmؿA \|ҨӻA locate oӸƮwP MySQL rpm ƮwtΡAgboӥؿC /var/logGnɩmؿCܭnڡIҦp /var/log/messages NO`ީҦnɪ@ɮסI /var/lockGYǸ˸m㦳@ʼgJSʡAҦp tab (ϱa)A ɡAF߳QLHzZӯ}abB@ʧ@A]A\|NӸ˸m lock ()_ӡA HTwӸ˸muQ@ӵ{ǩҨϥΰڡI /var/runGYǵ{Ϊ̬OAȱҰʫA\|NL̪ PID mboӥؿUI /var/spoolGO@ǦCƦs񪺦aC\|ҨӻADqllA N\|m /var/spool/mail AYHȮɵoXhAN\|m /var/spool/mqueue ؿUA ϥΪ̤u@Ƶ{ (cron) hOmb /var/spool/cron I

ݭnSO`Nؿ

bW@`ڭ̤jAѤFUӥؿUҩmɮתγ~Cγ\z|ݱoܦYOALAnߡA ᭱`ݧAA^ӳo@@@AN|ܲMDCӥؿNqoIӳoǥؿA XӤ쪺ؿ٬OݭnSOӴ@UG

ĳiP root partition }ؿ

ڭ̦b w FC4 ӳ`̭AϺФ (partition) aIb Linux w˸̭A̭nNOڥؿ / Ҧb partition FC ڭ̤]iHNLҦp /home bP partition ̭CO_y@wznb root partition ؿOHڡINOG /etc/, /sbin/, /bin/, /dev/ H /lib/ oXӥؿFC

OH]ڭ̪ Linux tΦb}ɭԡA@}li֤߸JɡA u|@ partition ANO / CO}ɭԷ|ΨܦhOP祃wA|ҨӻAnA Noݭn mount o{AӥBڭ̤]ݭn init o{AٻݭnΨܦh]wɡAҦp /etc/inittab Cӧڭ̮֤ߪҲիhOmb /lib ̭CMA /dev OҦ˸mmؿA ]ݭnb}ɭԨϥΨ쪺C]Aoǥؿݭn / jb@_I YiAU⳹|zЩҿת partition I

ĳ̦nWߦ@ partition ؿ

W쪺O̦nn / o partition ؿCܩ󦳨ǥؿhO]wʻPS\ʡA ӧƱWߦ@Ӧۤv partition OIҦpG /home, /usr, /var, /tmp C

ڭ̥nDAtΤWϥΪ̭ӤHaؿb /home ̭A oӥؿ]OiQϥΪWcؿ@C~AF귽tA ڭ̥i|ƱwCӤHLiHϥΪ̤jw`q (quota)AboӫeUA zNnN /home WߥXӡAӥB̦no partition j@IAרOz Linux O@ɮצA (file server) ɡANέnFC

ܩ /usr hO@ǵ{w˪ؿA]iHWߥXӪF٦ /var/A oӥؿѩOF۷h`θơAŪuOWcAҥHOyܮeI partition @Iz pGNLWߥXӡA /var/ uBU@Bp߱IɡAN|vTL partition A ̰_X঳@w{תwʰաI

SOnXӥؿ

Fw partition [ӽͥؿnʤ~AXӤnؿz]ݭnAѤ@UG

/etcGoӥؿOtγ]wɩmaA ]AztΤWbPKX (/etc/passwd, /etc/shadow)A٦}ɩҭnΨ쪺U]w (/etc/sysconfig/*) A٦UDnAȪ]wɡAboӥؿC NNOApGoӥؿUɮ׳QRΪ̬OFAKK ztΤj]Nݭnyܪ\ҡzؤF ^_^C]A @볾|wNoӥؿҦɮ׵LƥUӡA ϥoӥؿjpӤ|WL 50MB ~AhhƥAƵLwڡI
/usr/localGMثewgNoӥؿnʲʨ /opt FA O٬OߺDNڦۤv}oΦۦB~w˪nmbo /usr/local ؿUC pGz Linux tάOhH@ުܡAAi@Ө}nާ@ߺDOnC w˳n骺ߺD]nnnإ߰_Ӱڡ㤣nHNw˩OI Τ@mb /usr/local Ϊ̬O /opt UaI ^_^
/varGbWL@Ao̦AjաC oӥؿOb޲ztιB@L{nȦsƪAҦp /var/lib P /var/run C ~A̲תƨҦpl /var/spool/mail ]Omboӥؿ t~AXGҦAȪn (iHO֡BɭԡBѭ̵nJDBFƵTI) b /var/log oӥؿUA]Aoӥؿ]ܭnCOo``hˬd /var/log/messages oɮ׬O_`ڡ

@D partition Pؿtmp

nFADF Linux ɮvAثe]DFUɮפi\񪺸ƬOFA AӻAؿPϺФΤʡCq`@몺jD|NҦƩmb@ӺϺФ ( NOu@ӡy / zڥؿ )AoXӥتG

wʦҶqG
Atγq`Ob /usr/ AӭӤHƫhimb /home Aܩ@Ƕ}ƫhmb /etc CpGNҦƩb@_AAtΤp߳Qbȯ}aAΪ̤pߦۤvF@ӤpFA hҦNN]ۤF.....oڭ̥pγ\LҿסAAwˤ@NnFA O@Ǥj~ioˡI]ݭnNƤOm󤣦PϺФA|OIǡC
KQG
pGAݭnɯŧAtΪܡAO_ݭns format w˩OHǸƨҦp /home ̭ƬӤHΤ᪺ơAGPtεLIҥHpGANoǸƤOm󤣦PϺСA hAnɯũΪ̶i@ǨtΧʮɡANuʡC

Aγ\iHNAtΰo˪ partition GG

oO`ϺФGpA𫟺G

/ ڥؿiHt 1 GB HF
/boot jb 50 MB NiHFA]}ɮרäjF
/var Nܤֻݭn 1GB HWA]A mail B proxy w]xsϳboӥؿADAnN@ǳ]wܡI
/home P /usr q`O̤jA]AҦw˪ƳOb /usr/ AӥΤƫhmb /home A]q`ja|ĳANҳѤUϺЪŶtoӥؿI L]@wաI /usr j 10G NܦhFLiH /home A]iHOd@ǳѾlŶӧ@H᪺w˻P]wΰڡI

LצpACDһP\γ~ۦPA۵MϺЪtN|Ӥ@ˡA]A W]wzNݬݴNnAzN㥻ѩΪ̾Ӻe K FAjND˳]wzD̫աI

ڭ̦be쪺O@ɮתݩʻPTAHγ@ؿb Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) wqA٨Sҿת partition CUڭ̴Nӽͤ@͡Aڭ̫e쪺oɮסBؿA Ob˪ɮרtΤOH

Oɮרt (filesystem) OHثe@~tΤjhƬONƥѵwŪXӪA Cӧ@~tΨϥΪwЦb x86 [cWA@˰ڡIOP˪wСC OACا@~tγWSŪɮתkA]NOA Cا@~tιwŪkPAҥHNyNFPɮרtΤFC

|ҨӻA Windows 98 w]ɮרtάO FAT ( FAT16) ɮרtΡA Windows 2000 ҿת NTFS ɮרtΡAܩ Linux ɮרtΫh ext2 ( Linux second extended file system, ext2fs ) o@C ڭ̪tίणŪYɮרtΡAPeLy֤ߥ\zC Linux ֤ߥn{ѬYɮרtΫAڭ̪ Linux ~ŪɮרtΪƤeڡI ]NOAAnNAҷQn䴩ɮרtνsĶA֤߷~Q䴩 C]AziHo{A Windows P Linux w˦bP@ӵwЪP partition ɡA Windows N Linux wиơA Why ? N] Windows ֤ߤ{ Linux ɮרtΧrI

ثe Fedora Core IV w]ɮרtά ext3 (Third Extended File System)A LO Ext2 ɯŪADnOW[Fx (journaling) \AO ext3 ٬OVU䴩 ext2 C t~ApGAݭnNA즳 Windows tΤ]b Linux UܡA Linux Pɤ]䴩 MS-DOS, VFAT, FAT, BSD ɮרtΡCܩ Window NT NTFS ɮרtΫhoC@ Linux distribution 䴩AҦpڭ̪ FC4 w]NS䴩FC ݧګݥXӪHI Linux 䴩ɮרtλP֤߬O_sĶihA ҥHAiHA Linux tΪG

/lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/fs

ӥؿUݤ@ݡApGAQnɮרtΡAoӮ֤ߴN䴩աI ܦh Linux һݭn\ೣiHb ext2 WAL ext2 ʥFx޲ztΡA pGoͰDɡA״_L{|C@ǡCҥH̪X Linux distribution jhwgw]ĥ ext3 reiserfs oب㦳x޲zɮרtΤFC

򤰻OxɮרtΩOH|ҨӻA ext3 P ext2 ԣPH ext3 uOhF@ӤxƪCڭ̭nbNƼgJwЮɡA ext2 ONƼgJAO ext3 h|Noӡyn}lgJzTgJxOϡA M~}liƪgJCbƼgJASNygJʧ@zTgJxOϡA onBOH̤jnBNOƪʻPy_OzC

Oy_OzOH ext2 ɮרtΦpGo_qɡAɮרtδNonˬdɮפ@PʡC oˬdL{nN partition ɮװ@ӧ㪺AzIܺCܺCBܤ[ܤ[ڡ pGO ext3 ܡAunzLˬdyxOϡzNiHD_qɡAO_ɮץbigJʧ@A unˬdoǦaYio˴N`٫ܦhɮˬdɶOI

o˪Dn ext3 FaHڭ٥iHޥ Red Hat qAu֤߶}o Michael K. Johnson ܡG

yAQnq ext 2ഫ ext3 OH|ӥDnzѡGiQΩʡBƧʡBtפΩഫz yiQΩʡzALXAoN۱qtΤֳts_ӤO e2fsck ɶ״_Cext3 xiHקKƷliCL]XG yFgJYzƶWL@ɡAext3 |֩ ext2A] ext3 xϵwŪYʯ󦳮Īiz Mөγ\Mw]٬ObJohnsonͪĥ|ӲzѤC

yOiHq ext2 ܧ ext3 o@ӱjӦOxɮרtΦӤݭns榡ơzCyOTAF@U ext3 nBOݭnh@تɶAFB󲣥Ϳ~ƥu@έs榡ƪʧ@zC

WCƥib Whitepaper: Red Hat's New Journaling File System: ext3 ( https://#/support/wpapers/redhat/ext3/ ) d\oC ҥHoAϥ ext3 Ϊ̬OLxɮרtάOnBA̤jnBMO~DưĲvC LצpAzuno ext2 O Linux WɮרtΡAӪ~Ӫ ext3 xɮרtΫhNͶաC

Linux VFS (Virtual Filesystem Switch)G

AѤFڭ̨ϥΪɮרtΤAAӫhOnA Linux ֤ߤSOp޲zoǻ{ѪɮרtΩOH A Linux tγOzL@ӦW Virtual Filesystem Switch ֤ߥ\hŪ filesystem C ]NOA Linux {Ѫ filesystem 곣O VFS bi޲zA ڭ̨ϥΪ̨äݭnDC partition WY filesystem O VFS |Dʪڭ̰nŪʧ@O

oLìOӫܦnΪ\㬰OH]untκ޲z@}lN]wnUDn filesystem ɮרtμҲիA ֤ߪ VFS N|Dʱ޸ filesystem sҦCϥΪ̥iHboC filesystem O򪺱pUA NۥѪBΨtΤWU filesystem CܤK㤣OܡHI ^_^

Unix tɦW̦h\ 14 ӦrAӷs Unix P Linux tΤAɦW̦hiHe\XӦrH

@ɦWiF 255 rAɦW (]t|) iF 4096 Ӧr

@ɮݩʬ Vrwxrwxrwx hܳoɮתNqH

HҥiŪBigJiRC

ڻݭnN@ɮתݩʧאּ Vrwxr-xr-- аݸӦpUFOH

chmod 754 filename chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o=r filename

Yڻݭn@ɮת֦̻PsաAӥΤOH

chown, chgrp

Linux ǲΪɮרtάH~A`Ϊ Journaling ɮ׮榡ǡH

ǲɮ׮榡Gext2,
Journaling ext3 Reiserfs

аݩUؿPDnmơG
/etc/, /etc/init.d, /boot, /usr/bin, /bin, /usr/sbin, /sbin, /dev, /var/log

/etc/GXGtΪҦ]wɮקbAר passwd,shadow
/etc/init.dGtζ}ɭԸJAȪ scripts \aI
/bootG}]wɡA]Ow]\֤ vmlinuz a
/usr/bin, /binG@\񪺦a
/usr/sbin, /sbinGtκ޲z`ΫO
/devG\Ҧtθ˸mɮתؿ
/var/logG\tεnɮתa

Y@ɮתɦW}Yy . zAҦp .bashrc oɮסANHt~ApܥXoɦWPLݩʡH

y . z}YɡAݭnϥ ls Va o Va ѼƤ~ܥXɮתeAӨϥ ls Val ~ܥXݩʡC

Journaling x峹 http://www.linuxplanet.com/linuxplanet/reports/3726/1/