bثeͬAzӫIJqoӪNaH oӹqb}oɭԡAOƱiHUP²ƤH̶ijqBu@A Ӥ~oi@ǯSγ~CLצpAq򥻪\NOG yϥΪ̿JOAg CPU ƾǻP޿椸BBzA HͩxsΪTzCFFoӥ\AMqNnG

• J椸GҦpƹBLBŪd
• Bz(CPU)Gt޿BBOе椸
• X椸GҦpùBL

pGzݹLqܡAWFNOզzqDnoI ӬFsUӤA]FDOAҥHAzḒN]tFDOH CPU A ٦UػݭndCӿùBLBƹhzLPDsANc@iHB@qFC t~AѩqȻ{ 0/1 A]qDnOHGi쪺觋ӭp⪺A ]Aq`qO/xs쳣OH Byte bits 򥻳CL̪Oo˪G

• 1 Bytes = 8 bits
• 1 KB = 1024 Bytes
• 1 MB = 1024 KB
• 1 GB = 1024 MB

ӹq]]LסAӤƺصšAҦpG

• WŹq(Supercomputer)G
  WŹqOB@t׳̧֪qAOL@Bާ@OΤ]̰I DnOΩݭntp⪺peCҦpG꨾xơBHwBӪŬޡA ΦbhCԱ]iHѦҡGatPp⤤http://www.nchc.org.tw/ СI ܩ@ɪ 500 jWŹqAhаѦҡGhttp://www.top500.org/


• jq(Mainframe Computer)G
  jqq`]㦳ƭӰt CPU A\WζWŹqA ]iΨӳBzjqƻPBCҦpj~DB ʪҨҵCѻݭnBzƦʸUƪ~cA Ϊ̬Oj~ƮwAC


• gAq(Minicomputer)G
  gAqOjqPɤ䴩hϥΪ̪SʡAODiHb@@~ҡA eӤjqݭnSŽճҡCq`Ψӧ@ǬsB u{RPuty{޲zC


• Lq(Microcomputer)G
  SiH٬ӤHqA]Oڭ̳oѥDnQؼСIn̤pA̧CA \٬OŦѥIjPSiWBOC

MbثeӤHqϥάƬsxAOb 1990 ~HeAӤHqOQI ](1)LBtצbɹbܮtAӥB(2)ɤW@~tΤ]SӤHq䴩C ҥH~|y椣Ӱ_ӡ KKI@~to Uڭ̴Nӽͤ@ͤe@~tΡC

O@~t (Operation System, OS) OHڭ̥ӷQ@QA WЪp(q)Opu@H|ҨӻAzqùWܪTA OpܥXӪOHIOǥܥdPù㹳CpGAQn VCD OH ANݭn 1.)vƪФB 2.)iŪФоB 3.) iHഫvƿXBz (CPU)B 4.)iHܼvܴ(ܥd)B 5.) iHǿnĴ(ĥd)B 6.)iHXvùH 7.)iHoXnzI ]NOGҦbyu@zF卖OywzrI աINOwbu@I

DӤFA{bڭ̪DAqҶi檺u@Oqwڭ̹FAOA oǵw骾Dp󼽩 VCD OHoMO]YӪFbTw骺u@FA өNNNOG @~t աI @~tΥiH޲z㳡qwALiH CPU i楿TBA LiHwиYƨöiŪAL٥n{ѩҦdA oˡA~NҦwqqTϥΤWڡI ҥHApGSoӧ@~tΡAzqNO@oKӤwڡI

M@~tΥiH㪺xҦw귽AOAϥΪ̨ӻA٬OI ]@~tMiHxҦwAOApGϥΪ̵LkP@~tηqA oӧ@~tδNSγBFC²檺ӻAHW VCD ҡA M@~tΥiHw鼽 VCD AOApGϥΪ̨SkɭnX VCD ܡA 쩳ڭ̭n VCD ڡHaI

ҥHA@Ӥy㪺@~tzӭn]t ӪFA@ӬOy֤߻P䴣ѪuzB @ӬOyQή֤ߴѪuҶ}oXӪnzC ڭ̥Hja`ϥΪ Windows qӰ@²檺nFCjaӳϥιL Windows q̭yɮ`ޡzaIA}ɮ`ުɭԡALN|ܧAwзơA oӡyܵwи̭ơANO֤AzAOA yAn֤ߥhܵwЭ@ӥؿUơAhOɮ`޳oӤuAFzI o˥iHzѶܡH

֤ߦS@쪺ơHMA|ҨӻA pGzgۦw˹LsܥdbzӤHqWA ӱ``|o Windows qizGy䤣XAXʵ{ܡzDaH ]NOAYϱz̷sܥdw˦bzӤHqWAӥB] VCD {A O]y֤ߡzLkޱoӳ̷sܥdAҥHANLk`ܱz VCD FC SIAӵwOѮ֤ߨӺ޲zAӦpG֤ߤ{ѧAwA ANLkϥθӵw]AҦpW쪺̷sܥdC
bwqWAunqw饿TL~B@ANO@~tΤFC ҥHA@~tΨNO֤߻P䴣ѪuA LANpPWA]̶K֤߯ʥFFPϥΪ̷q˩MA ҥHbثeA@ڭ̴쪺y@~tΡz|]t֤߻PϥΪγnOI ֤ߴNOyKernelzA LO@ӧ@~tΪ̩hFAѥLӴx޾ӵw귽u@AA Cӧ@~tγۤv֤ߡAҥHA sw[JAtΤɭԡAYAy Kernel zèS䴩LɭԡAAoӷswN֩wLku@A]L Kernel ä{ѥLrIoAѤFܡHIӷʪAѡA ᭱ڭ̴y֤߽sĶzɭԷ|AԲӪͨLI

@ӻAKernel FFϥΪ̩һݭnTB⵲GALn޲zƶG

• tΩIs(System call interface) G FK{}o̥iHzLP kernel qANw骺귽i@BQΡA Oݭno²ӤK{}o̡C
• {޲z(Process control) G `ťLҿתyhuҡzaH@qiPɶܦhu@] CPU ݹBBzA Kernel oӮɭԥnoǤu@A CPU 귽@Īt~I
• O޲z(Memory management) G ӨtΪO޲zAYO餣A Kernel ̦nٯѵO骺\I
• ɮרtκ޲z(File system management) G ɮרtΪ޲zAҦpƪJX (I/O) u@աI ٦Pɮ׮榡䴩յApGA֤ߤ{ѬYɮרtΡA zNLkϥθɮ׮榡ɮoIҦpG Windows 98 N{ NTFS ɮ׮榡wСF
• ˸mX(Device drivers) G NpPW쪺Aw骺޲zO Kernel Dnu@@AMoA˸mXʵ{NO֤߻ݭnƱաI nbثeҿתyiJҲաz\AiHNXʵ{s覨ҲաA NݭnssĶ֤߰աIoӤ]|b֤߽sĶ쪺I

ҥHաIҦw骺귽O kernel Ӻ޲zIܩڭ̭nF@Ǥu@ɡAFǥѮ֤ߥѪ\ ( ҦpW쪺ɮ` ) ~A٥iHǥѨLγnӹFI|ӨҤlӻAAn VCD vOaI򰣤F Windows ѪC鼽{~AA]iHۦw VCD {Ӽ VCD oIoӼ{NOγnoAӳoγniHAh֤ߨӤu@ ( NOMvo ) A]Aڭ̥iHo˻A ֤߬Oӵw䴩NNA]O@ӧ@~tΪ̩hA Mӭnӧ@~tΧ󧹳ƪܡAٻݭnt۷״I֤ߴѪuA Hή֤߬γnӤ䴩C

OKIǫzD Linux OFܡHIաI Linux NO@ӧ@~tΡAoӧ@~tθYt̥Dn kernel H kernel ѪuILѤF@ӧ㪺@~tη̩hw鱱P귽޲z[cA oӬ[cOuŧ Unix }nDzΨӪAҥH۷íwӥ\jjI~A ѩou}[ciHbثeӤHq( X86 t ) W]A ҥHܦhn}o̱NL̪u@ߦ岾oӬ[cWANOܦhγnաI M Linux ȬO֤߻P֤ߴѪuA LAѩ֤ߡB֤ߤuPodzn}o̴Ѫn骺XAϱo Linux @ӧ󧹾㪺B\jj@~toIڭ̥iHN Linux tλPϥΪ̪ʬݦUϥܡG
Ϥ@BϥΪ̡BϥΪ̤P֤ߤuB֤ߡBPw𫗪
A Linux O󪫤AUӡAڭ̭nͤ@͡Ay Linux Oíw@~tΩOHLOpӪHz
Torvalds ͦbgX Linux ɭԡAӮ֤߶ȯyX 386 ҦwzӤwA ҿתy 386 q}lB@AåBݨϥΪ̫OJzӤwAƹWA ɯb Linux W]on٫ܤ֩OI ѤWAڭ̪DwOѡy֤ߡzӱAӨCا@~tγLۤv֤ߡC oNͤF@ӫܤjDA]w骺}o̩Ҷ}ow[cΦhΤֳۦPA |ҨӻA2006~HeīGqqO IBM q}ow (ҿת power CPU)A īGqqhbӵw[cWoiۮa@~t(NOU٪, MAC O])C Windows hO}ob x86 [cW@~tΤ@C

Windows O_iHbīGqwW]H׬OyzILAb 2006 ~HA īGqӽ Intel ]pw[cAYw[cwgର x86 tΡA]b 2006 ~H᪺īGqYϥ x86 [cɡAwhyiziHw Windows @~tΤFC LAziݭnۤvQǤ觋ӳBzӵw骺ۮeoI ] Windows @~tΥӴNOwӤHq x86 [cwh]pAҥHLMub x86 ӤHqWB@AbPxAMNLkBFC]NOA Cا@~tγObLMWB檺IoIonAѡC LA Linux ѩO Open Source @~tΡAҥHL{XiHQק令AXbUؾWB檺A ]NOA Linux O㦳yiөʡzAoiOܭn@ӥ\I ^_^

b Linux X{eGQ~ ( jb 1970 ~N )A N@Ӭ۷íwӦ@~tΦsbFINO Linux Ѥjy Unix zO]I o򻡩OHIL̳oӳå릳YrHo̴NL@oIҬҪA Linux ֤߬O Linus Torvalds b 1991 ~ɭԵL}oXӪA åBWѤjaUAӤjaıooӤpF ( Linux Kernel ) ۷pӺ륩AҥHCCN۷hBͧJoӤpF𫍧s̭hFI OopFoΩOHIMӤSjaiHKOUoӪFOHI ICCxx....ᤣIťںCCDӡI

1969 ~HeG@ӨSڷQG Bell, MIT P GE y Multicszt

qä{bӤHq@ˡALiO@HI_O DOxƩΪ̬Oޥγ~AΪ̬OdzN쪺dzNsA_hAuIJC DpAq[c٫ϥΡAFBtרä֤~Aާ@]ܧxZI bӮɭԡAg{OܥiƱA]A{]p̡AnN{TbŪdȤW}A MANŪdȴJŪdӱNTŪJDBCOo˴Nܳ·ФFApG{ӤpagA IOsdNܺGA[WD֡AϥΪ̲hAOݡANӥhܦhɶFI

bAgѧ@~tΪ}AϱoӥiHϥLӶiTJ/XC LAb@Ǯո̭ADiu@ApGhHݨϥΡAH nb 1960 ~N¬ٲzuǰ| (MIT) oiFҿתG yۮeɨt( Compatible Time-Sharing System, CTSS )zA iHjDzLѼƭӲ׺ݾ(terminal)HsuiJDAӧQΥD귽iBu@C [cIoˡG

ϤGBDP׺ݾʹϥ
p@ӡALץDb̡Aunb׺ݾeiJX@~ANiQΥDѪ\FC LAݭn`NOAɲ׺ݾu㦳J/X\ABΪ̳nw˪OC ӥBAiDj]uണ 30 Ӥ쪺׺ݾӤwC

F[jƤjDtΡAHD귽iHѧhϥΪ̨ӧQΡAҥHb 1965 ~eA Ѩ (Bell)B¬ٲzuǰ| (MIT) Ω_q (GE) @Po_F Multics peA Multics تOQnjDiHF 300 ӥHW׺ݾsuϥΪؼСC LAF 1969 ~eApei׸A]uʡAҥHӭpeNŧiv.....IOŧiѡ (G Multics BhƪNsbC)

1969 ~G Ken Thompson p file server system

b{ Multics peiন\As NhXӭpeCLA쥻ѻP Multics peHAwgqӭpeo@IlA Ken Thompson NO𫟺@IThompson ]ۤvݭnAƱ}o@Ӥpp@~tΡA HѦۤvݨDCb}oɡA@ DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) PDP-7 SHϥΡA OLNdzưwoDi@~tή֤ߵ{gC Thompson OSɶA 쪺OAb 1969 ~KkAn Thompson dhF豴ˡA OLFB~@Ӥ몺ɶnnݦbaN@ǺcQ{XӡI gL|ӬPİALשHĶy (Assembler) gXF@Ӯ֤ߵ{APɥ]A@Ǯ֤ߤu{A HΤ@ӤppɮרtΡCӨtδNO Unix 쫬I Thompson N Multics ejt²ƤF֡AOPǪBͳٳoӨtάG Unics C Thompson oɮרtΦӭnAOOG


• Ҧ{Ψtθ˸mOɮ
• ޫغcs边٬OɮסAҼg{u@ӥتABnĪؼСC

oǷbӹ Linux oi۷nvTI

1973 ~G Unix ϥ͡ARitchie HH C ygXĤ@ӥ Unix ֤

ѩ Thompson gӧ@~tιbӦnΤFAҥHbǤsyǡAåBƫ׸gL睊C OAn睊hoͦb 1973 ~CUnix ӬOHĶygAӦ]tβӻPį઺ݨDA ӨtγQ B yҧgCLAį¤OܦnCӡA Dennis Ritchie N B ysg C yAC yO{yAiHbPWB@A Ritchie H]PɱN쥻 Thompson ӧ@~tέsH C ygA ̫oX Unix I

boӮɭԻݭnSO`NOAǬOݩ AT&T AuO AT&T ɦLӷ~ʡA ҥH Unix OĨ}񪺺AסA~A Unix boӮɴoi̳OǪu{vA oǤu{v{M۷sAҥHA Unix bɷMOeQ@HұI ~A]ݭnSOjաAѩ Unix OH C ygA۹ĶyݭnPw驰KtXA C yPw骺ʴNSojFIҥHAoӧܤ]ϱo Unix ܮeQӨ줣PWI

1977 ~G n Unix G BSD ϥ

eAMݩ AT&T AO AT&T ɹ Unix OĨ}񪺺AסA ~A Unix OH C ygAzפWO㦳iөʪI ҥHAuno Unix lXAåBwjDSʥ[H׭q즳lX( Source Code )A NiN Unix Өt@PDWYFCҥHb 1973 ~HA Unix KoHPdzNɦX@}oI̭nIJNOP[{fJ ( Berkeley ) jǪX@FC fJܤjǪ Bill Joy boF Unix ֤߭lXAۤק令AXۤvA åBPɼW[FܦhunPsĶ{A̲ױNLRW Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) Co BSD O Unix ܭn@ӤA Bill Joy ]O Unix ~̡y Sun zoaqп̡I Sun qYOH BSD oi֤߶iۤvӷ~ Unix oiC (ӥiHw˦b x86 w[cW FreeBSD YO BSD 睊ӨӡI)

1979 ~G @ӱ⤣ΪvŧiI

ѩ Unix ץiөʻPjjįA[WɨèSvȯɡA ҥHܦhӷ~q}lF Unix @~tΪoiAҦp AT&T ۮa System VBIBM AIX H HP P DEC qAXۮaDftۤv Unix @~tΡC

OApPڭ̫e쪺A@~tΪ֤ ( Kernel ) nwtXA HѤαw骺귽i}nu@I ӦbC@aͲqw骺q٨SҿתywzA ҥHC@ӹqqXw۵MNۦPoI]L̥nۤvqw}oXA Unix tΡC ҦpbdzNc۷W Sun B Cray P HP NOo@رpC L̶}oXӪ Unix @~tΥHΤtnèSkbLw[cUu@I BѩStӰwӤHq]p Unix tΡA]AbèS䴩ӤHq Unix @~tΪX{ ( ѩ Unix jժOhHhuҡA x86 ӤHq[cU CPU OSOFhu@~A]AèSHﲾ Unix x86 qW )C C@aqۤvX Unix Mb[cWjPpAOouȯ䴩ۨwA ҥHoA Unix uPA ( Server ) Ϊ̬Oju@ ( Workstation ) WI

OoӰ׶} Unix tΦb 1979 ~Fj ] AT&T ѩӷ~ҶqAHΦbɲ{ҤUҡAONQ Unix v^hA ]Ab AT&T b 1979 ~o檺ĤC Unix ASOF yiǥʹѭlXzY歭I PɡA]y Unix ~ɤi^AåB]zFܦhӷ~ȯɡ

1984 ~@G x86 [c Minix ϥ

1979 ~vnAvT̤jMNOǮձ Unix ǰݪб¤FI Q@QApGS֤߭lXApоɾǥͻ{ Unix OH oD Andrew Tanenbaum (ӹ稹)б¨ӻAbOܶ˸I LAǮժҵ{٬Oo~ڡIHH JM 1979 ~ Unix ĤCiHb Intel x86 [cWi沾ӡA O_NۥiHN Unix gòӨ x86 WFOHboӷQkWA ӹ稹б©OGۤvʤgF Minix o Unix Like ֤ߵ{I bgL{AFקKvȯɡAӹ稹 Unix ֤߭lXI åBjեL Minix P Unix ۮe~Iӹ稹b 1984 ~}lg֤ߵ{A F 1986 ~ש󧹦Aé󦸦~X Minix yAPɻPsDsլ۵X

o Minix 쪺aOALäOKOALkbWѤUI nzLϤ/ϱaʶR~IMuܫKy㤣LA]SbWyǡA ҥH Minix ǻtרèSܧֳtI~AʶRɡAHϤٷ|W Minix lXI oNۨϥΪ̥iHDz Minix ֤ߵ{]pI (oӯS Linux ҩl}oqAiOܤjYI) ~A}o̶Ȧӹ稹б¡A]Ǫ̫ܦڡI[Wӹ稹l׻{ Minix DnΦbШ|γ~WA ҥH Minix OI쬰IҥHA Minix ܨwSA LAϥΪ̪nD/ݨDniNSkWɨaFI o˻AzէaHHH ^_^

1984 ~GG GNU P FSF pe

Richard Mathew Stallman (v) b 1984 ~o_ GNU peA{ۥѳn鱿A uiiaIثeڭ̩ҨϥαoܦhۥѳnAXGζUq GNU oӭpeOI vҬO\H]HL|o_o GNU peOH

Richard Mathew Stallman (ͩ 1953 ~A Wۺ٪ ID RMS) qpNoILb 1971 ~ɭԡAiJbȰ餤۷XWHuz(AI Lab.)A oӮɭԪbȱMq\OܱjHAӫD}aqǫ (cracker) I ɪbȰn骺۲IXGObyɡzAҥHèSMQ譱xZI oӯSvҪvTܤjILAӥѩ޲zhDAɭPǪuqb}ӹǡA åBiJLӷ~q~oiuqnCvҨäAAMbӪǶ}os{PnC ӡALo{Aۤv@ӤHõLkҦu@AOQnߤ@Ӷ}񪺹Ӧ@PVOI

1983 ~HA]ǵw骺󴫡AϱovҵLk~H즳wP@~t~ۥѵ{g ӥBLi@Bo{ALhLҨϥΪ Lisp @~tΡAO¬ٲzuǰ|MQnA OLk@ɪAoQnߤ@Ӷ}骺vҬOӪêCOLKF Lisp oӨtΡC ӡALIJ Unix oӨtΡAåBo{A Unix bz׻PڤWAiHbPi沾ӡC OL}lӨϥ Unix tΡC] Lisp P Unix OPtΡA ҥHAL쥻wggnOLkb Unix WB檺IA LN}lNn鲾Ө Unix WCåBAFniHbPxWB@A ]AvұNLoin骂giHӪAI

1984 ~AvҶ}l GNU peAoӭpeتOQnG إߤ@ӦۥѪ} Unix @~tΡC Oإߤ@ӧ@~tνͦeڡIӥBbɪ GNU OȦۤv@ӤH楴Wvҡ obӳ·СASणoӭpeAOvҤϨDӦyJM@~tΤӽA ڴNgiHb Unix WB檺p{Ao`iHFaHIzboӷQkWA vҫK}lF{g@Cbg@AFۤvYWxqAL藍ݱMQn骺lXI FoӭpeAL}lϥέ쥻 Unix W]nA æۦ漶g\P Unix 즳MQnۥ骺nC

׬OnAonisĶGiɮ(binary file)~A ]LK}lg C ysĶANO{b۷W GNU C (gcc)I oI۷nIoO] C ysĶhAOMQnA pGLg C sĶΡAįΡAN|jj GNU peX{bHeI
ڭ̦beyLLAqȻ{ 0/1 ơAOH{ѰڡI H¤r(NOҿת ASCII ɮ׮榡)PıC OqS{ ASCII 榡rAYhAOܡH AN|ܦhҿתysĶzӻUڭ̼g{C ڭ̤@ϥΤrs边H ASCII ¤r榡Ӽg{A AzLҿתysĶ(compiler)zzN觹rɮ ysĶzq{ѪGi(binary file)ɮסA Hq{ѥBiH檺{ڡI }lɨäQAALӱN Emacs s边giHb Unix W]onA ä}lXA] Emacs uqFA]AܦhHKVLʶRC Internet |yA ҥHAvҫKǵ Emacs Hϱa(tape)XAȤF@I AiӶ}lOgLnCåB ۥѳn| (FSF, Free Software Foundation)AЧhu{vPӤugnC ש٬OF GCCAo Emacs ٧UI ~ALټgFhiHQIs C 祃w(GNU C library)A HΥiHQϥΨӾާ@@~tΪ򥻤 BASH shell I odzb 1990 ~kFI
pGºϥΤrs边ӽs{ܡA{ykpGgɡA uQνsĶɵoͪ~Tӭ׭qFAo˹bܨSIJvC Emacs hO@ӫܴΪs边I`NIOs(editor)ӫDsĶ(compiler)I LiHܧ֪ߨܥXzgJyki঳~aAo{]pvӻA bO@Ӧn줣AnuFIҥH~|o򪺨wڡI F 1985 ~AFקK GNU Ҷ}oۥѳnQLHҧQΦӦMQnA ҥHLP߮vFWqΤ@\i (General Public License, GPL)A åB٩IL copyleft (۹MQn骺 copyrightI)C GPL eڭ̦bU@Ӥp`~ͽסAbo̡AnOA ѩ GNU Ҷ}oXӭnnApG


• Emacs
• GNU C (GCC)
• GNU C Library (glibc)
• Bash shell

yӫܦhn}o̥iHǥѳoǰ¦uӶi{}oI i@BjFۥѳnIoOܭnILA GNU ̪cQ yإߤ@ӦۥѪ Unix @~tΡzӻAouq{OLkA ]AUèSyۥѪ Unix ֤ߡzsb.....ҥHodzn餴ubǦMQ Unix xWu@@ Linux X{......

1988 ~G ϧΤ XFree86 pe

ŲϧΨϥΪ̤ ( Graphical User Interface, GUI ) ݨDq[Ab 1984 ~ MIT PLOtӭoF X Window System AåBb 1988 ~ߤFDQʽ𫍧 XFree86 oӲ´Cҿת XFree86 O X Window System + Free + x86 XW٩OI ӳo XFree86 GUI b Linux ֤ 1.0 1994 ~XɡAX Linux @~tηI
ٹϧΨϥΪ̤ X OH]ѭ^rӬݡA Window W NO X աIN Window U@NOFI ݪ`NOA X Window äO X Windows I

1991 ~G jǥ Linus Torvalds @h²T

F 1991 ~AjǪ Linus Torvalds b BBS WKF@hA ź٥LH bash, gcc ugF@Ӥpp֤ߵ{AoӮ֤ߵ{iHb Intel 386 WB@AܦhHܷPIq}lF Linux Z{I

1984 ~Х GNU peP FSF | Stallman ͻ{A g{̤jִּNOۤvoi}nnjaӨϥΤFI ӬJM{OQnɵjaϥΪALACӤHҨϥΪqnwäۦPA JMpܡAӵ{lX (Source code) NӭnPXA oˤ~KjaקӾAΩCӤHqOIoӱNlXX|ʡA N٬ Open Source I~AvҦPɻ{ApGzNz{ Source code ɥXӮɡAYӵ{OuqAN|ܦhHϥΡA ӨCӤHӵ{iHd\ source code ALΤAN|@HzoI zo{N|VӶVjIVӶVuqOI

ӬFקKۤv}oXӪ Open source ۥѳnQhMQnA O Stallman PɱN GNU P FSF oiXӪnAW GPL vŧi o FSF ֤[Oyv׬OPi|iBqA vO۵MvOCz FSF Ϊ̹ GNU Qn`JAѮɡAаѦwjǪx¶Qб http://saturn.stu.edu.tw/~ckhung/a/c_83.phpAΪ GNU hG http://www.gnu.org ̭󬰲`JѻI
n٬ GNU OH GNU O GNU's Not Unix YgA NOA GNU äO Unix ڡI GNU SOOH NO GNU's Not Unix I.....pGzgL{A N|DAo GNU = GNU's Not Unix iOLajڡIL

t~AO Open Source OHҿת source O{oi̼gXl{XA Open Source NOAnboGɡAPɱN@̪lX@_NI o GPL ( GNU General Public License, GPL ) O򪱷NH nNۥѳn鱾W GPL yvŧizOHoӪvŧi@̦nBH A Stallman GPL @Oj Free Ao Free NOo˪G

"Free software" is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of "free speech", not "free beer". "Free software" refers to the users freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change, and improve the software

jNOA Free Software (ۥѳn) O@ئۥѪvOAëDOyIz |ҨӻAAiH֦ۥѩIlvOBA֦ۥѵoתvOA OAoäNziHBܡyKOsI(free beer)zA]NOA ۥѳn骺IäOyKOzAӬO㦳yۥѫ, freedomznA vҶi@BFۥѫתNqOG ϥΪ̥iHۥѪBƻsBAoBDzߡBקPjƦۥѳnC oLìOӦnI]p@ӡAAҮ쪺niub Unix W]A OgLlXק蠟AANiHLb Linux Ϊ̬O Windows WӶ]I`A@ӳn鱾WF GPL vŧiAL۵MNFۥѳnI oӳnN㦳USG

• onPlXGziHھڦۤvݨDӰoӦۥѳnF
• ƻsGziHۥѪƻsӳnF
• קGziHNolXi{קu@AϤAXzu@F
• AoGziHNzקL{AAתۥѵoAӤ|Pg̽ĬF
• ^XGzӱNzקL{X^XsI

ЯSOdNAzҭק諸@Ӧۥѳn鳣Ӥ]oˡG

• קvGzN@ GPL vۥѳnAbzקӱNL GPL v
• ³cGzªcۥѳnC

]NOAJM GPL ObUQפWh}oAz۵MӱNjaGvA Ө GPL vIaI]zMiHN@ GPL n骺vA YϱzwgӳnijTתקIۥѳn]cܡHMOIٰOoW@Ӥp`̭A ڭ̴vǥѳc Emacs o@ǸgOAۤvͬܩ󹼥FaHHOI ۥѳnOiHc⪺ALAiȳcӳnAPɷftAȻPU oǥiNݭnuOFOI

ܦhH٬OðݡAثeOܦh Linux }oӶܡHL̥iHc Linux o GPL vnH ]²A]L̤jhOcyAȡIzҥHAL̩ҨϥΪۥѳnA iHbL̪WUI(MACӼtӥL̦ۤv}ounNO GPL vnFI) OAziHʶRL̪ Linux СApGzʶRFСAL̷|ѬUA Pɤ]|ѱzƦ~ԸߡBAȡBnɯŻPLOu@[ȡI ҥHAثeۥѳnu@̡AL̩ҿHͪAXGObyAȡzoӻOI ۥѳnäOCӤH|gAHݭnzۥѳnɡALN|ШDzUA ɡAzNiHzLAȨӦOFIo˨ӻA ۥѳnT٬O㦳ӷ~ŶI

ܦhH GPL v@ܺôbA GPL ӷ~欰OLkI o@IAbo٬OnAөA GPL OiHqưӷ~欰I ӫܦh@̤]Oǥѳoǰӷ~欰ӱoHoͬһݡAi@BhoiuqۥѳnI dUnťyӷ~zNƥIooiu}n骺BͨӻAO§I W쪺jhOPϥΪ̦ءA GPL ۥѳn骺@̦uIOH jPuIoǡG

• nwʸΡF
• nįΡF
• n鲥ɶuF
• ^mlXósbC

oO]JMO Open Source ۥѳnAz{XN|ܦhHzd\A p@ӡA{|}P{uƱN|iiܧ֡IҥHAbwʻPįWA ۥѳn@I鵹ӷ~nI~A] GPL vAק̨äקvA ]AzpGg^mL{XAKKIzNWdCvOIaI ^_^

LAN[IӬݡA GPL {}o̪uIO۷hALA 󤣼x{@HӻA GPL uIꤣӮeݥXӡ AMLOHioۥѳnALAz]n|ϥΰ򥻪sĶ~aI (Io]OznRo/ݳ]aI ^_^) o@HӻäeIMաApGCӤH Stallman @˯Aӷ~qNΦsbաI KKI{HӻAӷ~qO@ӫܧֳtѨMDڡI ӹڭ̼sjŪ̸sӻA{ѤF/DzߤF Linux Pۥѳn骺ޥA 󥼨ӯuOܤUI

Linus Torvalds (˯, 1969 ~X)~OjǪέpǮaA L~Fۤvp]lIFA ҥHqpNN˯a쨭Ӻ޲z@ǷLqCboӮɴA˯IJFզXy (Assembly Language)AO@تPͪ{yA]NOҿתCyC nAѵw骺[cA_hHզXyg{C

b 1988 ~A˯QiJFjǡAÿŪFqǨtC bNǴA]Ƿ~ݭnPۤvA˯IJFUnix oӧ@~tΡC ɾӻu@̷s Unix tΡAPɶȴ 16 Ӳ׺ݾ (terminal)C ٰOoڭ̤W@`责LAqȦD㦳B\A terminal ȭtd Input/Output ӤwCboرpUA b˯ݨDA].....Oݨϥ Unix ɶANܯӮɡ ALTQGyڦ󤣦ۤvd@ Unix ӪHzLA NpP Stallman 쪺 GNU pe@ˡAng֤ߵ{Aͦe

LABåI˯A][ALND@ Unix tΡA åBP Unix ۮeA٥iHb Intel 386 W]@~tΡA NOڭ̤W@`LAӹ稹б¬FШ|ݭnӼg Minix tΡI LbʶRF̷s Intel 386 ӤHqANߧYwˤF Minix oӧ@~tΡC t~Aѩ Minix oӧ@~tάOWlXҥHA˯]gѳoӭlX DzߨFܦh֤ߵ{]p]pI

ƹWA˯ӤHq CPU äNA]LeIqOu@qA oq CPU SNOiHiyhuBzzOCOhuOH zפWA@ CPU b@Ӯɶȯi@u@A pGӤu@PɥX{tΤOH|ҨӻA ziHb{qPɶ}ҨӥHW줽nAҦpqlպPѳBznC oӦPɶ}Ҫʧ@N۳oӤu@Pɭn浃 CPU ӳBz ڡI CPU @ӮɶIȯBz@Ӥu@AHSYA oӮɭԦpG㦳hu CPU N|۰ʦbPu@ Yڥ] 10% qlպAAѳBz] 10% AA^hqlպ.... @NӤu@(@wPɵIpGYӤu@FA CPU N|th]ѤUӤu@FI) 򦳪ɭԧڦPɶ}ɮ(] A, B ɮ)Ҫ᪺ɶA n} A Ah} B ɮתɶ٭nhH{bO_yLiHzѡH ]pGPɶ}ҪܡA CPU NnbӤu@ Ӥʧ@٬O|ӥh@ CPU ɶIҥHoAPɱҥΨӥHWu@b@ CPU WA n@Ӥ@Ӫ٭nӮɤ@ICo]O{b CPU }oӭnX CPU @ӴI ]ObB@pAWAݭnh CPU td]I Intel x86 [cqOܨ]ANO] x86 huBzΡA CPU bPu@OܶZCOoӱpb 386 qXA ܤjﵽC˯bos 386 TAL{A Hʯ[IӬݡA Intel 386 KyӥBʯW]NyLiHNNNN ^_^C ҥHLNUڥhRF@ Intel 386 ӪC

eA˯OզXyAզXyw驰ܱKYA Fo 386 įAO˯F֮ɶb 386 WI LnմNOb 386 h\įWCALgFӤp{A @ӵ{|X A At@ӷ|X BALNӵ{PɰA GALݨùWܶQ@X{ ABABABAB...... LDAL\FI ^_^
nFhu(multitasking)ҡAFw(DnO CPU)ݭn㦳huSʥ~A @~tΤ]ݭn䴩oӥ\I@Ǥ㦳huSʪ@~tΡA QnPɰӵ{Oi઺CDQ檺{槹A_hA ᭱{iQDʰCܩhu@~tΤACӵ{QɡA |@ӳ̤j CPU ϥήɶAYӤu@B@ɶWLo CPU ϥήɶɡA Ӥu@N|QX CPU B@AӦAתiJ֤ߤu@Ƶ{AݤU@ CPU B@C oIb}O̷|աADH(CPU)|ݡy֭noݡzH@sO(u@{) N||(ݽ֪u@nI)A|⪺۵MNQ\oݡAݧA DHS|ݤ@֭noݡAMAҦH(]A诊ӰO)iH|I p@@Nu@LڡI ^_^ huҹu@pAUܤjI

F 386 wTAåB]wˤF Unix Minix @~tΡA P٨o Minix lXAUӡA˯FhFHH ] Minix oibӹ稹б¤WALƱ Minix HШ|߳hoiA ҥH Minix }oäOQAO@H Minix \ݨDSܱjPA Ҧp@ǤPP䪺Xʵ{PswCbLkֳtoѨMA ˯NQAڰܦۤvg@ӧAXڦۤvΪ Minix nFI OLN}li֤ߵ{gFC

󦫥˯ӻA GNU uO@Ӥihonå ]LΨӼgݩۤvp֤ߪuANO GNU bash ާ@P gcc sĶۥѳnC LH GNU nw 386 ðѦ Minix ]pz(`NAȬO{]pzA èSϥ Minix lX)ӼgoӤp֤ߡCܡISQ쳺MiHgXoӤpNA ӳoӤpNMiHb 386 WQ]_ӡ٥iHŪ Minix ɮרtΡC uOӦnFIL٤ALƱoӵ{iHoja@ǭקijA OLKNoӮ֤ߩmbWѤjaUAPɦb BBS WKF@hG

Hello everybody out there using minix- I'm doing a (free) operation system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones.

LALF@Ӧnp֤ߧ@~tΡAoӮ֤߬OΦb 386 WA PɡALuȬOnAäOQn@Ӹ GNU @ˤjpeIohsDް_ܦhH`NA L̤]h˯ѪWUFoӮ֤ߨӦwˡC 쪺OA]˯m֤ߪ FTP ؿG Linux A qAjaKٳoӮ֤߬ Linux FC(Ъ`NAɪ Linux NO kernel I t~A˯ҥӥؿUĤ@Ӯ֤ߪ 0.02 OI)

PɡAFۤv Linux ۮe Unix tΡAO˯}lN@ǯb Unix WB@n鲓Ӧb Linux W]CLALo{AOܦhnLkb Linux oӮ֤ߤWB@C oӮɭԥLا@kA@جOקnAӳniHb Linux W]A t@ثhOק Linux A Linux ŦXnB@WdI ѩ Linux Ʊۮe Unix AO˯ܤFĤGӧ@kyק Linux zI FҦn鳣iHb Linux WAO˯}lѦҼзǪ POSIX WdC

oӥTMw Linux b_BɭNOHu} ] POSIX зǥDnOw Unix P@dznBɭԪзdzWdA un̾ڳoǼзdzWdӳ]p֤߻PnAzפWANiHftb@_FC Linux oiNO̾ڳo POSIX зdzWdA Unix Wn]O`oӳWdӳ]pA p@ӡA Linux ܮeNP Unix ۮe@ɤnFI PɡA] Linux mbUAѤjaUA ҥHbyqtפW۷֡IɭP Linux ϥβvjWI odzOy Linux jw諸Xӭn]OI

Linux MO˯oAӥBeٵ|AαMQn骺vDC LApGa˯ۤv@ӤHܡA Linux n_bܧx ]@ӤHOqOܦCnb˯ Linux }o觋۷ȹI ALNX Linux ֤ߩmb FTP WAýЧijasTA ϥΪ̤UFoӮ֤ߨåBwˤApGoͰDA Ϊ̬OѩSݨDEݬYǵw骺Xʵ{AoǨϥΪ̴N|Dʦ^˯C b˯ѨMDd򤺡ALܧֳti Linux ֤ߪsPC

LA˯`OǵwLkoڡALMLkUiXʵ{gPn骺}C oӮɭԡAN|ǧӤuXӻGyoӵwڦAڨgXʵ{Cz ] Linux ֤߬O Open Source AbȧӤu̫ܮeNH Linux 쥻]p[cA åBgXۮeXʵ{Ϊ̳nCӤu̼gXʵ{Pn馫˯OpݫݪOH ALNXʵ{/naJ֤ߤAåB[HաC unեiHBAåBSDnjDALN|ַܼNNӤu̼g{X[J֤ߤI `A˯OӫܰȹꪺHA Linux ֤ߩҤʪءAL`OyDB]A ADi@B}zߺAIo Linux ϥΪ̻PӤuo۷jyI ] Linux iBӧ֤FIϥΪ̭nDOAG@ӬPXs Linux NFI ooHتAڡI

t~A]oص{X[JAO Linux Kvoi㦳Ҳժ\I YONYǥ\WߥX֤ߥ~AbݭnɭԤ~J֤ߤCp@ӡA pGswXʵ{Ϊ̨Lw{XiӮɡANiHҲդơA jjW[F Linux ֤ߪi@OI

ӡA] Linux ֤ߥ[JFӦh\A a˯@ӤHi֤ߪڴըå[J֤߭l{bӶOO GANܦhB͸Xoӫem@~I ҦpҧJ(Alan Cox)BPZ}(Stephen Tweedie)A oǭnƤ|NӦۧӤu̪׸ɵ{Ϊ̷s\઺{XiաA åBGWǵ˯ݡA˯@̫֤ߥ[JlXܻP֡I oӤhtdGA Linux oi[eI

SOȱo`NOAoǦ˯ Linux oiƤAHΦ@ǰe׸ɵ{bȧӤuA 곣SLAӥBbayUӨAjassO@PoiX{ Linux A ڭ̺ٳosHζIӬFζƪǿAO Linux Kߪ֤ߺG http://www.kernel.org I ӳosѭζ̡Ab 1994 ~ש󧹦 Linux ֤ߥI version 1.0 C o@P٥[JF X Window System 䴩OI 1996 ~F 2.0 A Pɦ]ӷ~ݨDA O}lN֤ߪHժíwPɶ}oA ƬíwA_Ƭ}oժC Ҧp 2.6 P 2.5 ۦPALA 2.6 íwA 2.5 hժC ժth\ALAíwʥi åB˯FZ Linux NC
_ǪOA˯O]pɭԥhʪQZrF@fѡA ӥ 2.0 XɡAjanLQ@ӦNCLbQ]Q줰ʪpUA NNoөѪZF Linux NF......
Linux ѩ󦫥˯Ow 386 gA 386 w骺ʫܱjAҥHA Linux TO㦳өʪCLAjaD Open source nBNOA iHק{XhAX@~ҡC]Ab 1994 ~HA Linux KQ}oܦhwWhFI ثeF x86 ~A IBMBHPBSun qXw]Q Linux Ҥ䴩OI

nFAgLWAڭ̪DF Linux NO@ӧ@~tγ̩h֤ߤΨ䴣Ѫ֤ߤuC LO GNU vҦAҥHAHiolXPioӮ֤ߵ{AåBiHקC ~A] Linux Ѧ POSIX ]pWdAOۮe Unix @~tΡA Gi٤ Unix Like @ءC

Linux X{ GNU peUF߸̪@jYA] GNU @HӴNOʥFF֤ߵ{A ɭPL̪ GNU ۥѳnubL Unix W]CJMثe Linux X{FAB Linux ]ΤFܦh GNU nAҥH Stallman { Linux WӺ٤ GNU/Linux OI ޫ򻡡ALinux bܤA GNU njhH Linux Dn@~tΨӶi}oA ~AܦhLۥѳnζAҦp sendmail, wu-ftp, apache ]H Linux }oեxpeX{Ip@ӡA Linux FDn֤ߵ{~AiHb Linux WB檺n]VӶVhApGߡANN@ӧ㪺 Linux @~tηdwFI

M Torvalds td}o Linux Ȩ㦳 Kernel P Kernel ѪuA LApWҭzAܦhnwgiHb Linux WB@FA]A Linux + UanNiH@Ӭ۷㪺@~tΤFC LAno˪@~t......ٯu ] Linux ObȤu{vҶ}o@AL̨èSҼ{@ϥΪ̪O...... FϥΪ̯IJ Linux AOܦhӷ~qΫDQA NN Linux Kernel (t tools ) PiB檺nX_ӡA[Wۤv㦳зNu{A oӤu{iHϥΪ̥HЩΪ̳zLw/޲z Linux tΡC o Kernel + Softwares + Tools iw˪NNAڭ̺٤ Linux distribution A @뤤½Ķ iwˮMAΪ̦wˮM󵥵C
ѩ Linux ֤߬ObȤu{vgAnѭlXw˨ x86 qWiH檺 binary ɮסA oӹL{iOHH|ҥHTuu{v Linux C @@ǪsPӷ~qN Linux ֤߰tXۥѳnAôѧ㪺w˵{ǡA BsЫA@ϥΪ̨ӻA Linux ~VӶV㦳lޤOI ]un@yU@BzNiHN Linux w˧ڡI ^_^ ڭ̫eLA GNU GPL vëDqưӷ~欰AOܦhӷ~qKߨӳc Linux distributionCӥѩ Linux GPL vŧiA]Aӷ~qҳc⪺ Linux distributions q`]iHq Internet WӤUI~ApGzQnLӷ~qAȡA 򪽱VӤqʶRШӦwˡA]O@ӫܤ觋I

LAѩoi Linux distributions qbӦhFAҦpW Red Hat, Mandriva, Debian, SuSE AҥHܦhHܾߡAp@C distribution O_ۦPOHoNݭnߤFA]C Linux distributions ϥΪ kernel O http://www.kernel.org XAӥL̩ҿܪnAXGOثeܪWnAƩʬ۷A Ҧp WWW A Apache A Mail A Postfix/sendmail AFile A Samba C

~AFҦ Linux distributions }oPtӤjA٦ Linux Standard Base (LSB) ӳWd}o̡AHΥؿ[c File system Hierarchy Standard (FHS) WdI ߤ@tOAiNOӶ}o̦ۮaҶ}oXӪ޲zuAHήM޲zҦaI ҥHA򥻤WAC Linux distributions F[cYԫ׻PܪM󤺮e~A täӤjաI ^_^ CjaiHܦۤvߦn distribution Ӧw˧YiI

UCXXӥDn Linux distributions o̺}G

• Red Hat: https://#
• Fedora: http://fedora.redhat.com
• Mandriva: http://www.mandriva.com
• Novell SuSE: http://www.novell.com/linux/suse/
• Debian: http://www.debian.org/
• Slackware: http://www.slackware.com/
• Linpus: http://www.linpus.com.tw/
• Gentoo: http://www.gentoo.org/
• Ubuntu: http://www.ubuntulinux.org/
• CentOS: http://www.centos.org/

MoM̤ȩ󦹡AziHd\L Linux sDӵo{I OȱojѯSѪAO Linux peG CLE oӮMI Linux ]Ou{voiAӳoǤu{vjhH^ytaDA ҥHA Linux HDz߬OxZ@ICӥѰHo_ CLE peG http://cle.linux.org.tw/ }oܦhM½ĶFܦh^Aϱoڭ̥ثeoHϥΤ媺 Linux OI t~Aثeb}o٦xnspTѮv̵o_hۥѳnpeA uOy֫ܦhBͰڡI

• ۥѳn޳NyG http://freesf.tnc.edu.tw/index.php
• B2D: http://b2d.tnc.edu.tw/

~ApGuQݬ Linux ܡA٥iHܩҿתiж}iJ Linux Live CD A YO KNOPPIX o Linux distributions OIxW]ڤڥS@ Live CD I

• http://www.knoppix.net/
• KNOPPIX: http://knoppix.tnc.edu.tw/

SB~wЩΪ̬OSB~DBͨӻA KNOPPIX oӥiHQΥж}ӶiJ Linux @~tΪ Live CD uO@ӤܡIzunUF KNOPPIX MHɡAMNLN CDA JzDоAó]wЬĤ@Ӷ}ﶵA NiHϥ Linux tΤFOI pGzٷQnDh Linux distributions UPϥθTAiHѦҡG

• http://www.linuxiso.org/
• http://distrowatch.com/

ڨ쩳ӭnܭ@ distributions HNpPڭ̤W쪺AC distributions tʨäjI LAѩM޲z觋Dn Debian pkg Red Hat tΪ RPM 觋A ثeijOADzߥH RPM M޲zD Fedora/SuSE/Mandriva xWϥΪ̸hA oˤ@ӡAoͰDɡAiHѸѨM޹DhCpGzwgIJL Linux FA ٷQnYԪ Linux AiHҼ{ϥ Debian ApGzOHįܤWӦҶqA γ\ Gentoo OijI `AܦhAOUtꤣjAijz@wnw@ӪA YAѥLAA~򪱨LɡANiHܧ֪iJpC /ȴѤ@ӪALOH¦觋ӤЪA ]ApGmo/ܡAI@ distributions zӻADաI

oӨtΦS\OH²檺G

• ۥѻP}Gѩ Linux O GPL ( General Public License ) [cUA]LOۥѳnA ]NOHiHۥѪϥΩΪ̬Oק𫟺lXNI oNOҿתy}ʬ[czA oǬɨӻO۷nI]ܦhu{vѩSݨDA``ݭnקtΪlXA ϸӨtΥiHŦXۤvݨDIӳoӶ}ʪ[cNiHUPݨDu{vI ]MNiVӶVyoIHӻAثeҤu{ɪŮ~Ҧ̷s Models-3/CMAQ NOH Linux ǥx]pOI
  
  
• tƻݨDCGG Linux iH䴩ӤHq x86 [cA tθ귽 Unix tΨAȾAX@q ( Ҧp Sun ) ]ơI No@IӬݡANiHyܤjyoILApGzQnb Linux U X Window tΡA w骺ŴNӧCFI
  
  
• \jjíwGӥBѩ Linux \ä|鵹@Ǥj Unix u@A]A~ӶVӶVhqΪ̬OB ӤHJo@ӧ@~tΪ}oPXu@I
  
  
• Wߧ@~Gt~A ѩܦhnMvQoM@~tήӨϥΡAӫܦhMn]b Linux oӧ@~tΤWioiPաA]A Linux ӤwgiHWOXGҦu@ΦAAȤFAҦp Web, Mail, Proxy, FTP.....C

ҥHAثe Linux wgO۷@M@~toIӥBӸ귽SiHۥѨoIA iHyLn۷jOrI~AѩLtεwnDܧCA [WثeܦhHѩyIntel z] I}A] Tom w (http://www.big5.tomshardware.com/) ``o˨ Intel IIܦnI^ ӳy𨷿۷h^OwtơA Linux bodzQ^Ow餤NiH檺۷ZPíwI ]]y۷hBͪ`oI

o]Oy Linux ̪X~ӳ̨fت@~tΤ@ApeҭzA L|fت]DnO]LOyfreezANOiHۥѨo@~tΰաI MLO}ʪtΡA]NOAiHHɪo{lXAo{}ou{vOܭnI ӥBAMLO Free ۥѳnAL\oܱjjIt~A Linux w骺ݨDOܧCAo@Iyy檺D]A]w骺Ovӧ֤FA ҥHܦhH䳣@ǫܤ֦bΪsAoǹsդ@մNiHΨӶ] Linux FAϥ@Ӥu@SΨϥΨù ( unDNiHo ) A] Linux NVӶVyoI(ӼLA]NO] Linux 㦳 1.wݨDCB 2.[c}B 3.tíwʤΫOKʥ\jB 4.KOAҥHy@ǩҿסyϷLnpz{]p⤣_}osnIHP Microsoft iܿšI)

Fnϥ Linux ڭ̪DtΩOHoO] Linux UouIG

• íwtG
  Linux ӴNO Unix ӵoiXӪ@~tΡA]A Linux 㦳P Unix tάۦ{ާ@觋AM]~ӤF Unix íwåBIJvSIC`ťw Linux DsB@~HWӤBO}P`ơF
  
  
• KOΤֳ\OG
  ѩ Linux O GPL ¦UA]HҥiHۥѨo Linux A ܩ@ǡywˮMzo̡A L̵o檺w˥Ф]Ȼݭndz\OΧYioIP Unix ݭntejvOΡAM]PLnݭn@ӦAB AӤTsAtΡAåBúǤjqOoI
  
  
• wʡB|}ֳt׸G
  pGA`ܡAA̱`ť쪺ӬO ySwDzISIL Linux ѩ䴩̤鲳A۷h߹BӤHѻP𫟺}oA ]iHHo̷swTAõHɪsAYO㦳۹諸wI
  
  
• huBhϥΪG
  P Windows tΤPA Linux DWiHPɤ\hHWuӤu@A åB귽tA_ Windows HhutέníwhoI oӦhHhuiO Unix-Like W۷n@ӥ\A򻡩OHAiHb@ Linux DWWXPŪϥΪ̡AӥBCӨϥΪ̵nJtήɪu@ҳiHۦPA ~A٥iH\PϥΪ̦bP@ӮɶnJDAHPɨϥΥD귽C
  
  
• ϥΪ̻PsժWG
  b Linux AɮתݩʥiHyiŪBigBiz Ѽƨөwq@ɮתAΩʡA~Aoݩ٥iHTӺA OOyɮ׾̡֦BɮשݸsաBLD֦̻Psժ̡zC oM׭peΪ̨Lpe}ǫ㦳۷}ntΫOKʡC
  
  
• ۹Ӹ귽tG
  Linux un@ p-100 HWŪqNiHw˨åBϥδroI٤ݭn P-4 AMD K8 ŪqOILApGAn[]OݩjD]AȤWʤHHWDtΡ^A Nݭnn@IFCLAثeW@ڭӤHqiHFo@ӭnDoI
  
  
• AXݭnp֤ߵ{OJtG
  ѩ Linux unX K 쪺{XNiH@ӧ㪺@~tΡA ]۷AXثeaqΪ̬OpqlΫ~@~tΩOINOlyOJztΰաI Linux uOܾAXҦpBƦ۾BPDABaqΫ~Lq@~tΩOI ^_^

ϥ Linux nBաILM Linux 㦳o˦hnBA OLѤW@ӨHPRaAϥLβvܤjANO Linux ݭnϥΡyOCz ׺ݾҦitΪ޲zIM~ӦܦhϧΤ}oϥΦb Linux WAnx Linux ٬OHOCӨϥάOnA]n LinuxanxqUO欰AӤOηƹI@I icon NFILpGuOn[@²檺pOHOOjaiHHSIun Linux @Ǥpp]wNiH[FILinux ٥iHiaG

• SSw䴩tG]b Linux WҦMXGOۥѳnA ӨCӦۥѳn骺}o̥iäOqAӬODQʽ𫍧Cp@ӡA bz Linux DWnYoͰDAӦpOnH nbѩثe Linux ӷ~ɪX٤AثebxWW Red Hat P SuSE ]ߤFAICziHgѳoӪAIӪVLʶR/Ը߬nwDOI LApGzëDܦMӷ~q Linux distributions ɡHH SMH쩲AȩOoIˬO٤ݭnӾߡA ]椧AAnݪDXGbWiH쵪׳IݧASΤߥhNOFI
  
  ϧΤ@٤nGMb 1994 ~ Linux 1.0 XɡA Nwgt XFree86 X Window [cFCLA X Window O Linux W@ӳnA LäO Linux ̮֤ߪASL Linux A泣SvTI ҥHq`O X Window աI ꦳hH Linux ëDO۲bAAӬO@WqϥΡA o@I Linux ӻA٬OnIYϥثew KDE (http://www.kde.org/) GNOME (http://www.gnome.org/) uq޲z{A LAX٬Oݭn[jAƱ楼ӥiHݨX׶W Linux WqOI

٦@ǸƻݭnjaOI

̴`зǡG

Linux u}DzΡANO䴩{ӥзǡA Ҧp}oɴNϥΪ POSIX WdC~A ѩ Linux O@ӨSyW~z˦sANA pGjaۤvۤvAiQӪOAӷQnb Linux oӧ@~tΤWoinPw骺tӤ@w|LҾAqI Fn}oӡBPwoi̦@Ө̴`VA]Ӧ Linux Standard Base (LSB) File system Hierarchy Standard (FHS) oǭӪN઺ϥ͡IҥHAU distribution ]n` LSB WWdAnwoi̤]|̴` LSB AҥHoAڭ̤~|``AUj distribution MbѪuPзNWҤPAO򥻤WAL̪ Linux [cOI]AAun@M Linux distribution ]NFIL distribution ӴN˧AoI

• FHS: http://www.pathname.com/fhs/
• LSB: http://www.linuxbase.org/

ABu@B׺ݾ...

ѩAڭ̩γ\``|ť@ǦWzҥHAUӤдX²檺WaI ^_^Aӻ{Ѥ@UO A ( Server )Bu@ ( Workstation ) P׺ݾ ( Ternianl )H²檺ӻAAiHo˻{G

• A ( Server )G Internet @إHWAȪDAҦp yahoo ѪO WWW AȡA yahoo NiH٤ A FIAAۤv[]@x mail server OHI]O@ӤpAoIҥHAAnMDA AOWҤjpIثe@ Linux WNiH[]hӦAnoIҦp WWW A Apache nB FTP A Wu-ftp n鵥F


• u@ ( Workstation ) G򥻤WA u@iHȴѤ@sSwHhA@ƭȤRBǥγ~CҦpsǦ@ Sun ALȴѧڭ̬sǤXqsuAڭ̦ݭnϥΨ Fortran oӵ{yɡANsuiJ Sun oAæbWiڭ̩һݭnpu@I oӴNOu@աCӤu@PAtOAjNb󦳨S internet WAȦӤwAҦpApGڱN Sun W mail server }ҤA oNiH٤AFIPɤ]Oڭ̪u@I MAsqwqOAunOS Internet WѺAȪANOu@FIoM]N]tҿת׺ݾI


• ׺ݾ ( Terminal ) G²檺ANO end-user ( NOA ) eqIAҦpOϥΧڪu@ ( Windows ) sWڭ̪DӤu@Ao@ Windows qANiH٬ terminal oILAUqӻAy׺ݾzӬOƥiH@~n骺A b׺ݾW@wnsW Server A~iU@~I ~O̯Uq׺ݾoIҦpڭ̫eL jDsuҦI

jPWOiHΤW[IӬݡI

Xӱ`vҦPwq

{bWnhnAOۥѳnAOMQnC MQnKOAۥѳnnڡInаڡIoǪFH AäO߮vAkߤ]QALA ٬OXӱvҦiHӽͤ@͡

• Open Source GOpen source ܳnXɡA @wHۭlXXIq`LXӦnBG
  
  
  1. {]pvq`|{~|X ( KoQ, ^_^ )A ҥHq`{bΪɭԡANwg㦳۷u}F
  2. Open Source 믫A۫H{]pHN{lXXA L{]pvolXAѩݭnN{令ۤvһݪ˦A ҥH|gѥҾǨӥ[H}Añq[H}PΡAҥH{ debug \|DzΪ close source Ӫ֡I
  3. ѩ{OHlXA]AtαN|sbAH차{Τ@Ǧw|}A ۹ӨA|[wI
  
  Open source Nv GNU GPL BSD G
  
  
  • GNU General Public License G oӥiHѭ𫍧AѡALDnwqbyۥѳnzWA󱾤W GPL vnAݭnlX ( Open Source )AGPL XӥDnjVG
    1. ӤHΤqiXۥѳn ( free software )F
    2. Xۥѳn骺ӤHΤqAiѦۤvAȨӦAOΡF
    3. ӳn骺lX ( Source Code ) ݭnHnWAåBOi}oF
    4. HizL󥿱`޹Do@ۥѳnABio@vҦC
    h GPL iѦ A ƱI
    
    
  • Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) Gϥ BSD source code ̱`IJ쪺NO BSD vҦFIoӱvҦP GPL AӨ믫]P Open Source ۩IOI
  
  ~AH٦ Apache vB Sun vAnhnh
  
  
• Close Source G {֤߬OʳAuIOMH@AzݭnhʥLFIhOFפj馩A ϥΪ̵Lkܧӵ{ۤvQn˦A~AY차{Ϊ̦w|}A N|W۷@qɶӰIo]OҿױMQn (copyright) `nX觋C NvҦG
  
  
  • Freeware GP Free software A Freeware yKOnzӫDyۥѳnIzMOKOnAOonlXA ݬX̪NoIoӪFP Open Source OӬۦPFI ~Aثeܦhк] KOn {ܦhpDIҦpɧKOn骺WqA IϥΪ̸ѨتIҥH yӸnФŦwIz
  
  
  • Shareware G@ɳnoӦWNFI PKOn驰IOA Shareware bϥΪA]OKOAOA FҿתyեδzAzNnܡyIO~ϥΡzΪ̡yNz JRq`AoǦ@ɳn鳣|ۦ漶gĵ{AAbեδNLkϥθӳnC