wA@As峹аѦo

AAObWӴѪAȪAҥHApGSΪ̬OqAAAMO^LΪZaաI ~AAWAȳOΨӹFYںqTwAHѬ۹AȦӤwCҥHoA AMonDoӳ̰¦A_hAAAȥX{DɡAAӦpѨMڡHzaI o̭nO TCP/IP P OSI ChwFAoܡܡ bo@AHfy觋Ӥгoǰ¦[cAƱaBֳ̧ͭtAѺOԣC MAQnAѺ\઺ܡA好ѦҸƥiHѦҬݬݳI ^_^

2.1 OӤ򪱷N
@@2.1.1 O
@@2.1.2 qզ
@@2.1.3 qϰd
@@2.1.4 qqTwG OSI Chw
@@2.1.5 qqTwG TCP/IP
 2.2 TCP/IP 쵲hw
@@2.2.1 sϥΪ]
@@2.2.2 ϰϥΪ]-AӺ, t׻Pз, RJ45Y (u/u)
@@2.2.3 AӺǿwGCSMA/CD
@@2.2.4 MAC ʸˮ榡
@@2.2.5 MTU ̤jǿ
@@2.2.6 uB洫P
 2.3 TCP/IP hʥ]P
@@2.3.1 IP ʥ]ʸ
@@2.3.2 IP }զPG, IP PPs, (Class A, B, C)
@@2.3.3 IP Po觋G loopback, IP o觋
@@2.3.4 Netmask, lP CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing)
@@2.3.5 ѷ
@@2.3.6 [DG route
@@2.3.7 IP P MACG쵲h ARP P RARP wGarp
@@2.3.8 ICMP w
 2.4 TCP/IP ǿhʥ]P
@@2.4.1 iasu TCP wGqTf, Svf (Privileged Ports), Socket Pair
@@2.4.2 TCP TV洤
@@2.4.3 DsɦV UDP w
@@2.4.4 P OSI Chw
 2.5 sW Internet edzƨƶ
@@2.5.1 IP WHDW٤WHDNS tΡH
@@2.5.2 @եiHsW Internet nѼ
 2.6 I^U
2.7 D
2.8 ѦҸƻP\Ū
2.9 w糧媺ijGhttp://phorum.vbird.org/viewtopic.php?t=25884
2.1 OӤ򪱷N

@ɪHئܦhAHϥΪy]hܡCpGAQn~HqɡAF⹺}~AAnpܡH juؤ觋oA@جOjLǤA@ثhOڭ̾ǥLyAoˤ~෾qڡCbثe@ɤWjջy٬Oݩ^ytaA ҥHoAެOԣHءAunǦn^Aja^ANqFCƱ椣[ӡA̪jջyڡI

o[W]O檺qA@ɪ@~tΦhܡAOu Windows/Linux ӤwA٦īGqۤv@~tΡA Unix like @~tΤ]D`hIh@~t (H) npiq (y) OHNonq@PuзǤ~FCoӼзǬOѰڲ´WdAAtθ̭unѥiH[JӼзǪ{XA ANzLoӼзǻPLtζi淾qIҥHoAO󥭥xAäOu Linux ~o򰵡I]AoƧAǧAOiHΦbҥH@~tΤWI[ۦPڡI

t~Ao@ӳ`b޾ɺsAHֳtiJ@ɡAҥHgL@ǨǡA򥻤WA ٦@wPqTwèSQ]tboguYCpGADwgL`A ЦۦѧMAXAۤvyӾ\ŪIMAA]iHbںWAһݭnơC b̫᪺ѦҸiH@@@oI

2.1.1 O

ڭ̳DANOXqDΪ̬OLP]ơA zLuΪ̬OLu޳NANoǥDP]Ƴs_ӡA ϱoƥiHzLC(uHΨLdw)Ӷǿ骺@ؤ觋C ЧAQ@UApGAa̭uqBLBǯuAoSsoǵwA ϥΤW||ܳ·СHpGNoӳݭnu@줽ǮɡA qƵLkϥκsLӦCLAO_ܶ˸OH aIηQNıoܳ·ЧaIOAodz·ШƦb 1970 ~NHeATOsbڡI

2.1.2 qզ

UӡAڭ̨ӽͽͨզq󦳭ǩOHoǤ󪺩wqڡHڭ̱onDǵwI UӤ~nzѰڡCbo̡Aڭ̥HUoisuܷNϨӸnFG

qsuܷN
2.1-1BqsuܷN

bWϤAڭ̥Dnݭn`N쪺w驰ǩOHjPUoǰաG

]ƨD`h]D`ALpGHp~רӬݡAڭ̯AѤWzϥܤU]ƪAӤ]oI UӡAڭ~ӰQפ@Ud򪺤jpaI

2.1.3 qϰd

ѩUӸ`IZPAsuuP觋]ҮtAѩut]ɭPtתPAΤV]@ˡC ھڳoǮtAڭ̲ߺDNjpdwqpUG(6)

FoӤ~A٦ҿת| (Metropolitan Area Network, MAN)ALӤִΡA]AunD LAN WAN YiCoӦWbܦhaAiHݪIѧA^aݬݧAa ADSL ƾھ IP ɾ᭱լݬݡAANݨ즳 WAN P LAN աA{bANDԣoӿOPդFaC

@ӻALAN OϰdpҡAҦp@ɤjөΤ@ǮաAҥHbڭ̥ͬPD۳\\hh LAN sbC o LAN 걵b@_A LAN b@NO@Ӥj WAN oI²檺ANOoˤC

LA{bҸHe@ˤFA|ҨӻAeXѭť (2011/07)A֪tפwgiHF 100Mbps/10Mbps U/WWeFIA|ҨӻAxWdzNqqOb@AbxnXssu찪qujǤU CentOS MɮɡAAqUtצh֡HCiF 100Mbps kIowgO@ӤϺtפFIҥHAΥHe[IӬݡA ثeҦIŲ{HFC]AثeAiHϥΡytסz@@Ӻϰd򪺵qC γ\{bڭ̥iHAӥxWdzN (TANET, 7) iHO@ӰϰOI

2.1.4 qqTwG OSI Chw

ͧFݭnqзǡBsuHκd򤧫AUӴNOnAUӸ`IOp󷾳qTOH NOzLзǪqTwաIOAӺsL{۷A]AwBnƫʥ]Pε{۳sA pGQng@Np\ೣsb@{AYӤp`X{DɡA㰦{ݭngڡIu·СI

HSYAڭ̥iHNӺsL{ƭӶh (layer)ACӶhSOWߪ\A ӥBCӶh{XiHW߼gA]CӶh\ä|ۤzZC p@ӡAYӤp`X{DɡAunNӼhŪ{XsgYiCҥH{g]eAӺ]NMI NOثeA`ť쪺 OSI Chw (Open System Interconnection) oI

pGHϥܨӻAoCӶhʦIUoˡG

OSI ChwUh
2.1-2BOSI ChwUh

̾کwqӻAVw骺hh (layer 1)AVε{hOh (layer 7)C ׬O٬OoeݡACӤ@hu{ѹ𫍧P@hC ӾӶǰeL{NnH̦bHC@Aڭ̳zLε{NƩJĤCh]qAANĤCh]qĤh]qA ̧Ǥ@Ĥ@h̤j]qAMǰeXhݡCݪDNoѲĤ@ӥ]q}lA̧DZNCӥ]q}A M@Ӥ@ӥ浃tdhӵIoNOHC...IO OSI Chwbhwq譱ݭn`NSC

JMO]qAڭ̳DA]q|ӭnTAoǸT]AӦ̡ۭBnh̡B̬OֵA ӥ]q̭~OuơCP˪AbChwACh|ۤvWSY (header)Aio̭TOA ӯuƴNbYoIڭ̥iHϥΦpUϥܨӪܳoChC@hWrAHθƬOpmC@h]qG

OSI Chwƪǻ觋
2.1-3BOSI Chwƪǻ觋

WϤJӬݨCӸƥ]AWh]qOJUhƤAӸƫehOoӸƪYC𫟺SOĤGhA ]ĤGh (쵲h) DnOnʥ] (packet) HεwT (frame) @ӶhA LnNn]˪]qJwBz]qA]oӶhSӤlhbBz۹ơC ]SAҥHz@@AĤGhƮ榡@˳A٥X{@ˬdX

C@ӶhҭtdȬOOH²檺AC@htdȦpUG(6, 8, 9)

htde
Layer 1
h
Physical Layer		 ѩCuǰe 0 P 1 oئ줸A]hwqҨϥΪC]ƤqPTA P٥AѸưTন줸ꪺsX觋A̫sCöǰe/줸C
Layer 2
쵲h
Data-Link Layer		 o@hOS@ӶhA]UO骺wqAӤWhhOnʸ˪wqC]ĤGhSӤlhbiƪഫʧ@C bwC鳡ADntdO MAC (Madia Access Control) Aڭ̺ٳoӸƥ]q MAC T (frame)A MAC OCүBzDnƥ]qAo]O̲׳QhsX줸ꪺơCMAC ngѳqTwӨoC骺ϥvA ثe̱`ϥΪhO IEEE 802.3 AӺwCԲӪ MAC PAӺаѦҤU`C

ܩ󰾦Vn骺hO޿sh (logical link control, LLC) ұADnbhuBzӦۤWhʥ] (packet) ন MAC 榡A tdu@]AT洫ByqB~DBzC
Layer 3
h
Network Layer		 o@hOڭ̷̳P쪺oA]ڭ̴Ϊ IP (Internet Protocol) NObo@hwqC Pɤ]wqXqsuإߡBפPAƫʥ]ǿ|ܵA]oӼhŷ̭nF IP ~ANOʥ]_Fتa (route) FI
Layer 4
ǰeh
Transport Layer		 o@ӤhwqFoeݻPݪsu޳N(p TCP, UDP ޳N)A Pɥ]Aӧ޳Nʥ]榡Aƫʥ]ǰeBy{BǿL{ˬdP_쭫sǰeA HTOUӸƫʥ]iHTL~FتݡC
Layer 5
|ͼh
Session Layer		 boӼhŷDnwqFӦ}suqDsP_A~Aiإε{͡B ѨL[jAȦp޲zBññhBͤCpGǰehObP_ƫʥ]O_iHTFؼСA |ͼhhObTwAȫإ߳suT{C
Layer 6
{h
Presentation Layer		 ڭ̦bε{Wһs@XӪƮ榡@wŦXǿ骺зǽsX榡I ҥHAboӼhŷADnʧ@NOGNӦۥaε{Ʈ榡ഫ(Ϊ̬OssX)зǮ榡A MA浃UǰehwӶiBzCҥHAboӼhŤWDnwqOA(ε{)Ʈ榡ഫA ]Aƪ[ѱK]OboӤhWBzC
Layer 7
μh
Application Layer		 μhäݩε{ҦAӬObwqε{piJhqAHNƱζǰeε{A̲׮iܵϥΪ̡C

ƹWA OSI ChwuO@ӰѦҪҫ (model)Aثe|èSܪW@~tΦbϥ OSI Chwp{XC...ohFHoO] OSI ҩwqXӪChwbǿ骺pӻA iHD`ΡA]ja OSI ChwӰоǻPzѡCܩڪp{XAN浃 TCP/IP oӪNaI

2.1.5 qqTwG TCP/IP

M OSI Chw[cD`YԡAODzߺnơCO]NO]ӹLYԤFA]{g۷eA ҥHyboiWdz\xZCӥ ARPANET oiӨӪ TCP/IP SpOH TCP/IP ]Oϥ OSI Chw[A ҥHP˨㦳h[cAuON²Ƭ|hAbcWSoYԡA{g|eǡCӦb 1990 ~Nѩ email, WWW yAy TCP/IP oӼзǬjaұAo]yNثeڭ̪|oI

JM TCP/IP O OSI Chw²ƦӨӡAo̤SʩOH̪ʥiHϥܦpUA Pɳo̤]CXثebo[cU`qTwBʥ]榡PзǡG

OSI P TCP/IP w
2.1-4BOSI P TCP/IP w

qWϤAڭ̥iHo{ TCP/IP NΡB{B|ͤThX@μhAbμhWiH@{w HTTP, SMTP, DNS C ǰehhSܡAL̾ڶǰeiaʤSNʥ]榡sɦV TCP ΫDsɦV UDP ʥ]榡Ch]SܡADneOѤF IP ʥ]AåįܳθѨӨFؼ IP }C쵲hPhhX@쵲hA]AwqwTB T줸ꪺsXA]DnPw (׬OϺ٬Os) C

TCP/IP OpB@OHڭ̴Np``sW Yahoo JfӰӻnFAӳsuAiHoˬݡG

  1. ε{qGp}sAbsWJ}CAU [Enter]Cɺ}CPƷ|Qs]@ӸơA æVUǵ TCP/IP μhF
  2. μhGμhѪ HTTP qTwANӦsƥ]_ӡAõ@μhYAAVǰehhF
  3. ǰehGѩ HTTP iasuA]NӸƥJ TCP ʥ]Aõ@ TCP ʥ]YAVhhF
  4. hGN TCP ]q]i IP ʥ]AA@ IP Y (DnNOӷPؼЪ IP o)AV쵲hhF
  5. 쵲hGpGϥΤAӺɡA IP |̾ CSMA/CD зǡA]q MAC TؤAõ MAC YAAন줸A QζǿCǰe컷ݥDWC

Yahoo A]qAb̾ڬۤϤVѶ}ӡAM浃hŶiRA̫N Yahoo WWW AnoAҷQnơAӦAnAھڧAnDAoTƫAS̴`Wzy{A@h@h]˰_ӡA ̫ǰeAWINOooI

ھڳo˪y{Aڭ̴NonDCӤhһݭnAѪ¦ѡAoˤ~Dzߺ¦IҥHUڭ̷|̾ TCP/IP 쵲hBhBǰehӶi满Aμhwhb򳹸`wAӽoIPɧڭ̤]DA C@ǿ骺ƶqOA]pGnQǿ骺ƤӤjɡAڭ̦bh]ˤANonNƥ}줣P]qA A]q@ӧǸAnتݪDǥѳoǧǸAsNƾX^ӡIܦaIUӴNڭ̤@h@hӤoI

@ӻA]ε{P{]pvYAӺhHUƫhDnO@~tδѪA]A ڭ̤SN TCP/IP μhϥΪ̼hAөUTh~Oڭ̥DnͤΪ¦IҥHoӳ`DnNOгoThաI
2.2 TCP/IP 쵲hw

TCP/IP ̩h쵲hDnPwYA]Uڭ̥DnФ@ WAN P LAN wC Pɷ|}lШn CSMA/CD AӺwAHάwP MAC Tخ榡CN}lӲoI

2.2.1 sϥΪ]

b 2.1.3 `ڭ̦LAsϥΪ]ƻCGCLsϥΨ쪺]ƫD`hA @Τq`|IJ쪺DnO ADSL ƾھΪ̬O֨jHAHβĥ|x Cable eWCbo̧ڭ̥Ф@Ǥ`]ơApGHA|IJL]ơAAЧA̾ڻݨDۦd\yaI

2.2.2 ϰϥΪ]-AӺ

bϰҤAڭ̳̱`ϥΪNOAӺCMաAbYǶWtΪҤA ٥i|Ψ۷QֳqDCuOpPe쪺AAӺ]wgзǤƤFA]Ƴ]mOά۹CGA ҥH@A|ť줰uΪ̬OCAXGOϥΤAӺӬ[]ҰաI uOo٬OnzAӺ@ɨëDȦAӺoӵw馉I ƹWAQAѾӤAӺoiAijAiHѦҭHlPiH½Ķ ySwitched & Fast AӺz@ѡAӮѤe۷AAX\ŪoC Uڭ̶Ȱ²檺ЦӤwC

2.2.3 AӺǿwGCSMA/CD

ӤAӺߴNOAӺdաIҥHAAӺǿDnNOddƶǻӤwC CiAӺdXtɡAN|ᤩ@ӿW@LGdANOҿת MAC (Media Access Control) աI zפWAddOק諸ALYǵOqddOק諸I AӺdƬOpǿ骺OHNonͤ@U IEEE 802.3 з CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) FIڭ̥HUϨӧ@²AUϤIuA UӥDOsu춰uAMzLu\VҦDo_suC

CSMA/CDsuܷN
2.2-2BCSMA/CDsuܷN

uO@غ@ɴCAO@ɴCڡHQ@UWzҴN@ӤQrfAӶuNOӸfI oӸf@u\@qLApGPɨϥγoӸfAN|o͸IרƥڡINOҿת@ɴCC ]NOA@ɴCb@ɶIA ȯQ@DҨϥC

zѤF@ɴC骺NqAAӡAڭ̴NonQסAAӺdOpǿ骺OHڭ̥HWϤ A no D dҦnFA²檺A CSMA/CD ftWzҡAǿ鱡pݭnHUy{G

  1. ťCϥαp (Carrier Sense)GA Dnoeʥ]eAݭnCiťAT{SHbϥΫA ~oeXTءF

  2. hIǿ (Multiple Access)GA DҰeXƷ|Quƻs@AMǰeҦs즹uDI ]NOA A ҰeXơA B, C, D TqIѩؼЬO D DA] B P C |NTظƥA D h|UӳBzF

  3. I (Collision Detection)GӰTظƪ˴OAYLDҦp B q]nbPɶoeTظƮɡA A P B eXƸIb@ (X) AɳoǰTشNOlA A P B N|UHݤ@ӮɶA M᭫szLĤ@BAǰe@ӰTظơC

Aѳoӵ{ǫܭnܡHڭ̴Nӽͽ͡G

2.2.4 MAC ʸˮ榡

W쪺 CSMA/CD ǰeXhTظơANO MAC աIMAC NOڭ̤W@쪺T (frame) oI uOoӰTؤWӫܭnơANOؼлPӷddA]ڭ̤S²ٺdd MAC ӤwC ²檺AAiH MAC QO@ӦbuWǻ]qAӳoӥ]qOӺwWǰeƪ̤pFC ]NOAuiQO@y@ȥiqL@ӤHzWA MAC NOboӿWWʪHաIUӡAӬݤ@ MAC oӰTتeaI

AӺ MAC T
2.2-3BAӺ MAC T

WϤت}Pӷ}NOdd (hardware address, w})Aڭ̫eAC@id@ӿW@LGdA ӥdتNboӰTتYƨϥΨաIw}̤p 00:00:00:00:00:00 FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF (16 ik)A o 6 bytes Ae 3bytes tӪNXA 3bytes hOӼtӦۦ]w˸mXFC

b Linux AAiHϥ ifconfig oӫOӬd\AddISO`NAbo MAC ǰeALȦbϰͮġApGLP (oӫ᭱ IP ɷ|)AӷPتw}N|ۧܤFC oO]ܦPdyFIҥHdMPFIpUҥܡG

P@TئbP쪺DǰeɡATتYܤ
2.2-4BP@TئbP쪺DǰeɡATتYܤ

ҦpWϥܡAڪƭnѹq A qL B ~eF C A B qdA𫟺 MAC-2 P A q MAC-1 qAܩ MAC-3 hP C q MAC-4 qCO MAC-1 P MAC-3 P MAC-4 qAԣH] MAC-1 odèSP MAC-3 MAC-4 ϥΦP˪ switch/hub ۱IҥHAƪyq|ܦG

  1. MAC-1 ǰe MAC-2 AɨӷO MAC-1 ӥتaO MAC-2F
  2. B qAݸӰTءAo{ؼШO C qAӬFP C qqA ҥHL|NTؤӷ MAC אּ MAC-3 Aӥتאּ MAC-4 ApNiHǰe C qFC

]NOAunzL B (NOѾ) ~Nʥ]et@Ӻ (IP |) hɭԡA Tؤw}N|QܡAM~bP@Ӻ̭iTتyqڡI

ѩddOۺdAä|]@~tΦӧܡA ҥHnjh]wdӶiתu@I L׺dȯbϰiӤwA] MAC router II
2.2.5 MTU ̤jǿ

qLW MAC ʸ˪wqA{bڭ̪DзǤAӺTةүǰeƶq̤jiHF 1500 bytes A oӼƭȴNQڭ̺٬ MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit, ̤jǿ)C Aon`NOACغ MTU ۦPA]ɭԦbYǺ峹WA|ݨ 1492 bytes MTU CLAbAӺWAзǪwqNO 1500 bytesC

bݷ||Ш쪺 IP ʥ]Ao IP ʥ]̤jiH 65535 bytesA MTU ٭njOIJM§ (IP) 񲰤l (MAC) jAi񪺶ihڡHҥHoA IP ʥ]OiHiѪAM~ MAC ڡIƳǨتaA AѥتaDNLո˦^ӴNOFCҥHoApG MTU j@ǪܡA IP ʥ]ѱpN|CA ʥ]Pʥ]ǰeݮɶ (e@p`쪺 96 bit time) ]|֡ANW[WeϥoI

FoӥتAҥH Gigabit AӺC~䴩 Jumbo frame Io Jumbo frame @볣wq 9000bytesC A|AJMpAڭ̪ MTU ण令 9000bytes OHoˤ@ӤNָƫʥ]ѡAHW[ϥβvܡH Oo˨SAӥBAA]TiHb Linux tΤW MTU IOApGҶqӺAڭ̤ijAקoӼƭȡC OH

ڭ̪ʥ]`Oݭnb Internet W]aHALkT{ҦC鳣O䴩j MTU aI pGA 9000 bytes ʥ]qL@Ӥ䴩 Jumbo frame CɡAn@IOӺC (Ҧp switch/router ) |DʪAզӶiǰeAt@IiN^oӫʥ]LĦӥFoӮɭԥiNɤjo ҥHA MTU ]w 9000 oبƱAjȯbҤ@|ҨӻAܦhOt (cluster) NNL̪ MTU ]w 9000AO~di٬O쥻з 1500 I ^_^

]NOAקAC䴩 MTU hjAAnҶqAʥ]ݭnǨتaɡA һݭngLҦCAMAӨMwA MTU ]w~CN]oˡAڭ̤~ijAקзǤAӺ MTU I

YǺC (Ҧp IP ɾ) 䴩O 802.2, 802.3 зǩҲզX MAC ʸˡA MTU NO 1492 A ӥBodz]ƥiण|iʥ]աA]W``BͰݻAL̳sWYǺɡA`O|suOɦ_uC zLקΤݪ MTU 1492 AWNSDFC]OOHŪWYơAzӯzѤFaH^_^
2.2.6 uB洫P
2.3 TCP/IP hʥ]P

ڭ̲{bDnܡAnwAӥثe̱`w馉AӺA]AuBdBHub/Switch CӤAӺWǿϥκddǪ MAC TءAtX CSMA/CD зǨӶǰeTءAoNOw鳡Cbn鳡Aڭ̪D Internet NO TCP/IP oӳqTwq١AInternet O InterNIC(12) ҲΤ@޲zA LȬOtdt Internet W IP HδѬ TCP/IP ޳NӤwCL Internet ̭nNO IP ڡIҥHA oӤp`Nڭ̨h IP PѧaI

2.3.1 IP ʥ]ʸ

ثeں| IP تA@جOثeϥγ̼sx IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4, ںwĥ|)A @ثhOwӷ| IPv6 CIPv4 O}ѩȦ 32 줸Awpb 2020 ~eN|oAp@ӡA saΪ̬OsqANSiHϥΡCFקKoӰDo͡A]N IPv6 ͡C IPv6 }iHF 128 줸AiHhX 2 96 譿}ƶqAo˪ IP ƶqXGΤաIM IPv6 㦳e¤ʡAثeDyCjh٬Oϥ IPv4 A]Dnͨ쪺 IP IPv4 ӨI(13)

ڭ̦be@p`ͨ MAC ʸˡA IP ʥ]ʸˤ]onAѤ@UA~ાD IP 쩳Op󲣥ͪڡI IP ʥ]iHF 65535 bytes ojAb MAC jpUAڭ̪@~tη| IP iѪʧ@Cܩ IP ʸ˪YøspUG(UϲĤ@欰C쪺 bit )

4 bits 4 bits 8 bits 3 bits 13 bits
Version IHL Type of Service Total Length
Identification Flags Fragmentation Offset
Time To Live Protocol Header Checksum
Source Address
Destination Address
Options Padding
Data
2.3-1BIP ʥ]Y

bWϥܤӦan`NANOyC@ҦΪ줸Ƭ 32 bitszA UӪYeOЦpUG

AunD IP Y̭tG TTL, Protocol, ӷ}PؼЦ}]NFIӳo IP YӷPؼ IP AHΨӧP_qLhָѾ TTL ANAѨo IP NQpǰeتݧoCUp`ڭ̱N IP զPdA٦ IP ʥ]pǰe () C

2.3.2 IP }զP

{bڭ̪D IP (Internet Protocol) O@غʥ]Aӳoӫʥ]Y̭nNO 32 줸ӷPؼЦ}I FKOСAҥHڭ̤]ٳo 32 bits ƭȬ IP }NOFC]OHoAҥHܦhPlȨtI o IP NҿתyPXzաIo IP ǭnaݭnAѪOHUڭ̴Nӽͤ@ͧaI

JM IP զO 32 bits ƭȡA]NO 32 0 P 1 զ@sƦrIڭ̫ҩҦ IP ѼƮɡAANӭnNӰѼƷQO 32 줸ƳI LA]HGibOxAҥHFH̹Qi쪺̿ʡA]ANN 32 bits IP |pqACqt 8 bits AN 8 bits p⦨QiAåBC@qHpIj}ANFثejaҼx IP ѼgҼˤFCpUҥܡG

IP ܦG
00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000   ==> 0.0.0.0
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111   ==> 255.255.255.255

ҥH IP ̤piH 0.0.0.0 @ 255.255.255.255 Ibo@ƦrA٥iHӳI Dn Net_ID (츹X)P Host_ID (DX) ⳡCڭ̥H 192.168.0.0 ~ 192.168.0.255 o Class C @ҤlӻnFG

192.168.0.0~192.168.0.255 o Class C G
11000000.10101000.00000000.00000000
11000000.10101000.00000000.11111111
|----------Net_ID---------|-host--|

bWdҷAeTռƦr (192.168.0) NO츹XA̫᭱@ռƦrh٬DXC ܩP@Ӻ쪺wqOybP@ӪzqAD IP 㦳ۦP Net_ID AåB㦳WS Host_IDzAo IP sNOP@Ӻ줺 IP qաI

OzqOHҦDOϥΦP@ӺCb@_A oӮɭԳoǥDb˸mWOsub@_ANiH٬oǥDbP@ӪzqFI PɨýЪ`NAP@ӪzqAiH̾ڤP IP ]wAӳ]whӡyIP qzI

WҤl 192.168.0.0, 192.168.0.1, 192.168.0.2, ...., 192.168.0.255 (@ 256 ) o IP NOP@Ӻ줺 IP s(P@Ӻ]٬P@ӺqI)AЪ`NAP@ Net_ID A㦳ۦP Host_ID A_hN|o IP ĬAi|yⳡDSkϥκDI

2.3.3 IP Po觋

Uӭnjaͤ@ͤ]OܮeyjaxZ@ӳANO IP IܦhBͱ``ť줰yuIP, IP, IP, IP....zгЦFꤣnӺiաIڤWAb IPv4 ̭Nu IP OAOOG

b IPv4 WɭԴN IP |pAӥBFIYǥ~]wAONFp IP (Private IP) ͤFCp IP ]Ob A, B, C T Class UOd@q@p IP qANOG

ѩoT Class IP OwdϥΪAҥHäઽ@ Internet WsAMܡABNۦP IP oIIZVáHҥHoAoT IP qNup쪺 IP qΡC²檺ALUXӭG

oӨp IP nBOHѩLpѤ~ѸTAҥHAAN|Q Internet W Cracker ҧIOAA]NLkHp IP ӡyWzoI]۷AX@ǩ|㦳 Public IP ~ΨӳW]wI_hAHKw@ǥiO Public IP qӳWA~]wɡAU@@ѯusW Internet FAZOi|y Internet W Public IP ۦPFܡH

~AbSiΪ}pUApGAQnPǪsuCH]NOAbϺۤvۤvsuCA ɧAunWdnҦPǦbP@qp IP qANQAաINo²OI

U@ASnNoǨp IP eW Internet OHo²A]w@²檺[W NAT (Network Address Transfer) AȡAANiHzL IP (nAoӦb᭱]|) ӨϧAp IP q]iHsW Internet oI

2.3.4 Netmask, lP CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing)

ڭ̫eͨ IP OŪAӳ]wb@qtΤWhO Class A, B, CC{bڭ̨ӷQ@QApGڭ̳]w@ӰϺA ϥΪO Class A Aڭ̫ܮeN|QAohqiH]wbP@ Class A Ϭq (256x256x256-2=16777214) H ӥBA]uohqnFA^Q@U CSMA/CD aAAȷ|@D`yA]pon@dhUxqAs... OQ@dhUxsAAٯϥζܡHuSIJvI

~A Class IP šAOF޲z譱ҶqAƹWAڭ̤iN@ Class A ȹw@ӰϺC|ҨӻA ڭ̱Xso Public IP O 120.xxx }YAOڭ̥u 120.114.xxx.xxx ӤwAèSo Class A I ]ڭ̾Ǯդ]ΤFohIoӮɭԡAڭ̴NonzѤ@UoANOAN Class A qܤpHyܻA ڭ̦pNөOHoˤNiHXhqϺja]wFH

eڭ̴ IP o 32 줸ƭȤ츹XPDXA𫟺 Class C 츹XF 24 줸AӨڭ٥iHNo˪ӡANOĤ@ Host_ID Qӧ@ Net_ID AҥHA Net_ID N 25 bits Aܩ Host_ID h֬ 7 bits Cbo˪pUAӪ@ Class C NiHQӤlAӨCӤlNy 256/2 - 2 = 126 zӥiΪ IP FIoˤ@ӡANN쥻@ӺӸӤpAKO]pC

2.3.5 ѷ

ڭ̪DbP@ӰϺ̭AiHzL IP s觋ӹFƶǻتCpGODϺƩOH oɴNonzLөҿתl (Ѿ) FIo]OhD`nIӬݬݤOϺaI

DG
а 192.168.10.100/25 P 192.168.10.200/25 O_bP@Ӻ줺H
G
pGgLpA|o{ 192.168.10.100 Network 192.168.10.0 AO 192.168.10.200 Network oO 192.168.10.128Aѩ Net_ID ۦPAҥHMbP@ӺqI Network P Netmask khаѦҤW@p`C

pWDҭzAoӺqƵLkzLsӹFƪǻڡAH ɴNongL IP | (routing) \աIڭ̥HUϥܪҤlӰC UCϥܷ@ӤPqAOO Network A P Network BAoӺqOgѤ@Ѿ (Server A) Ӷi໼AnFA PC01 oDQnǰeƨ PC11 ɡA L IP ʥ]ӦpǿOH

²ѥܷN
2.3-2B²ѥܷN

ڭ̪D Network A(192.168.0.0/24) P Network B(192.168.1.0/24) OPqAҥH PC01 P PC11 OઽqƪCLA PC01 P PC11 Op󪾹DL̨ӤbP@ӺqHoMOzL Net_ID ӵo{IDQnǰeƮɡALDnѦҬOԣH ²IOyѪ (route table)zACDۤvѪzA ڭ̨Ӭݤ@ݹw]pUA PC01 npNƶǰe PC02 OH

  1. d IP ʥ]ؼ IP }G
    PC01 IP ʥ]ݭnǰeɡAD|d\ IP ʥ]Yؼ IP }F

  2. d߬O_󥻾Ҧb줧ѳ]wG
    PC01 D|RۤvѪAo{ؼ IP P IP Net_ID ۦP(P@)Ah PC01 |zLϺ\ANƪǰeتaDC

  3. d߹w] (default gateway)G
    bרҤA PC01 P PC11 ëDP@A] PC01 |RѪO_L۲ŦXѳ]wA pGSܡANN IP ʥ]ew]Ѿ (default gateway) WYhAbרҷ default gateway hO Server A o@C

  4. eXʥ] gateway Az|ʥ]yVG
    IP PC01 e Server A A PC01 Nz|UӪu@C Server A oӫʥ]A |̾ڤWzy{A]RۤvѸTAMV~ǿ쥿TتaDWYC
Gateway / Router G/Ѿ\NObtdP줧ʥ]໼ (IP Forwarding)AѩѾ㦳 IP Forwarding \AåB㦳޲zѪOA ҥHiHNӦۤP줧ʥ]i໼\C~AADPAD]w Gateway wObP@ӺqI

jPpNOoˡAҥHC@Ḓ|sbۤ@ӸѪ (Route table)AƪǻN̾ڳoӸѪiǰeIӤ@ʥ]wggѸѪWhǰeXhA DNwgAޫʥ]yVFA]ӫʥ]yVNOU@ӥD (]NO Router) ӶiǰeA Router bǰeɡA]O̾ Router ۤvѪӧP_ӫʥ]Ӹgѭ̶ǰeXhIӻAƶǰeIoˡG

Ѫ
2.3-3BѪ

PC 01 nNưe Server Bingo hAh̾ڦۤvѪANӫʥ]e Server A hAServer A A~e Server B AMb@Ӥ@ӪOLeUhA̫`OiHF Server Bingo C

WרҬO@ӫ²檺ѷAƹWA Internet WѨwPܤƬO۷A] Internet WѨäORAALiHHɦ]ҪܤƦӭ׭qCӫʥ]ǰeVC |ҨӻAƦ~ebs˦]gIuɭPxW赓Ӻlu_C Ln_M٬OqAOH]ѤwgP_X赓luפA ]L۰ʪɦVxWFὬuAMp@¶F@jAӥByj먮A Lʥ]٬OqNOFIoӨҤlȬOQiDjaAڭ̤WѶȬO@ӫ²檺RAѱpA pGQn`JA route AЦۦѦҬyI ^_^ C

~Abݩ Public Internet ҤAѩ̦ɪ IP twgtmA ҥHU쪺Ѥ@g]wAWhѫhL߰ڡIIP tiHѦҩUG

2.3.6 [DѡG route

JMѬOo򪺭nAӥByѤ@]w~A N|yYǫʥ]LkTeXhIz ҥHڭ̷Mݭnnn[@Uڭ̥DѪաI٬OЦA`N@UA C@DۤvѪI[ѪO²ANO route AoӫOAڭ̦b᭱`A~򪺤СAo̶Ȼ@Ǥ²檺ΪkG

[root@www ~]# route [-n]
ﶵPѼơG
-n G NDW٥H IP 觋

[root@www ~]# route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref  Use Iface
192.168.0.0     *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0      0 eth0
127.0.0.0       *               255.0.0.0       U     0      0      0 lo
default         192.168.0.254   0.0.0.0         UG    0      0      0 eth0

[root@www ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref  Use Iface
192.168.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0      0 eth0
127.0.0.0       0.0.0.0         255.0.0.0       U     0      0      0 lo
0.0.0.0         192.168.0.254   0.0.0.0         UG    0      0      0 eth0

# WXƦ@KAAݭn`NXӦaG
# Destination GNO Network NF
# Gateway     GNOӤ Gateway  IP աIY 0.0.0.0 ܤݭnB~ IPF
# Genmask     GNO Netmask աIP Destination զX@DκF
# Flags       G@hӺXХiHӪܸӺΥDNNqG
#               UGNӸѥiΡF
#               GGNӺݭng Gateway ໼F
#               HGNӦѬ@DAӫD@ӺF
# Iface       GNO Interface () NC

bWҤlAOH PC 01 oDѪAӶi满Cѩ PC 01 192.168.0.0/24 oӺAҥHDwgإߤFoӺ쪺ѤFANOy 192.168.0.0 * 255.255.255.0 ... z@ܪTIAUF route ɡA ùWFoW@TӸѳWhAĤ@欰yتazAҦp 192.168.0.0 NO@Ӻ쫣A̫@ܪO ynhoӥتanϥέ@ӺIzҦp eth0 NOd˸mNաCpGڭ̭nǰeʥ]bѳWh̭ 192.168.0.0/255.255.255.0 Ϊ 127.0.0.0/255.0.0.0 ̭ɡA]ĤG Gateway * AҥHN|H᭱ӶǰeXhAӤzL Gateway I

U@ڭ̭nǰeʥ]تa IP bѳWh̭AN|Nʥ]ǰeydefaultzҦbӸѳWhhA]NO 192.168.0.254 Gateway IҥHAXGC@D|@ default gateway ḼtdҦD줺ʥ]໼IoOܭnI^_^I hѥ\P]wkAڭ̦b᭱y² Router []z |AΩOI

2.3.7 IP P MACG쵲h ARP P RARP w

{bڭ̪D Internet W̭nNO IP FA]|pҿתϰPѡC OAƹWΦbǻƪNOAӺڡIAӺDnOκdd (MAC) IoNDաIo (IP P MAC) ե@sʦsbaHSINOڭ̭nͨ쪺 ARP (Address Resolution Protocol, }ѪR) wAH RARP (Revers ARP, ϦV}ѪR)

ڭ̷QnAѬY IP O]wYiAӺdWYɡAڭ̪D|ӰϺoeX ARP ʥ]A 觊 ARP ʥ]N|^ǥL MAC ڭ̡Aڭ̪DN|DҦbdAUӴN}lǻoC pGCnǰeonsӤ@Mo ARP wOܷСH]Aϥ ARP woؼ IP PLddA N|NӵOgJڭ̥D ARP table (O馎) O 20 (14)C

DG
poۤvdd (MAC)
G 
b Linux ҤU
[root@www ~]# ifconfig eth0
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:01:03:43:E5:34
          inet addr:192.168.1.100   Bcast:192.168.1.255   Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::201:3ff:fe43:e534/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
.....

b Windows ҤU
C:\Documents and Settings\admin..> ipconfig /all
....
        Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-01-03-43-E5-34
....

po ARP 椺 IP/MAC ƩOHNzL arp oӫOaI

[root@www ~]# arp -[nd] hostname
[root@www ~]# arp -s hostname(IP) Hardware_address
ﶵPѼơG
-n GNDW٥H IP A
-d GN hostname  hardware_address  ARP table R
-s G]wY IP  hostname  MAC  ARP table  

dҤ@GCXثeDWO IP/MAC  ARP 
[root@www ~]# arp -n
Address            HWtype  HWaddress           Flags Mask    Iface
192.168.1.100      ether   00:01:03:01:02:03      C          eth0
192.168.1.240      ether   00:01:03:01:DE:0A      C          eth0
192.168.1.254      ether   00:01:03:55:74:AB      C          eth0

dҤGGN 192.168.1.100 DddgJ ARP 椤
[root@www ~]# arp -s 192.168.1.100  01:00:2D:23:A1:0E
# oӫOتbإRA ARP

pPW쪺AAoe ARP ʥ]o IP/MAC AoӰO ARP table OʺAT (@Od 20 )AL|HHۧA̭q IP ʦܤơAҥHAYϧA``ʧAq IPAnߡA] ARP table |۰ʪs IP P MAC 椺eIpGASݨDܡA ]iHQΡy arp -s zoӿﶵөwqRA ARP I

2.3.8 ICMP w

ICMP WOy Internet Control Message Protocol, ںTw zC 򥻤WAICMP O@ӿ~P^A̤j\NOiHTOڭ̺suAPsuTʡI ICMP ]Ohnʥ]@ALAoӫʥ]ëDWߦsbAӬOǤJ IP ʥ]I]NOA ICMP PˬOzL IP ʥ]ӶiƶǰeաI]b Internet WǿONO IP ʥ]ڡI ICMP ۷hOiHP^AUO`X ICMP O (Type)G

ONOWٻPNq
0Echo Reply (N@Ӧ^H)
3Destination Unreachable (ܥتaiF)
4Source Quench ( router tLɡAOXiΨoeݰoeT)
5Redirect (ΨӭsɦVѸ|T)
8Echo Request (ШD^T)
11Time Exceeded for a Datagram (ƫʥ]bYǸѶǰe{HyOɪAAOXiiӷӫʥ]wQT)
12Parameter Problem on a Datagram (@ ICMP ʥ]Ƥe~ɡA|^ШӷDѼƿ~T)
13Timestamp Request (nDeXɶTAΥHpѮɶtAHPBʨwnD)
14Timestamp Reply (TºO^ Timestamp Request Ϊ)
15Information Request (b RARP wΤeATOΨӦb}ɨoH)
16Information Reply (ΥH^ Infromation Request T)
17Address Mask Request (oTOΨӬdߤl mask ]wH)
18Address Mask Reply (^l mask d߰T)

ڭ̬OpQ ICMP AOH²檺ONO ping P traceroute FA oӫOiHzL ICMP ʥ]UӽT{P^DACb]w𪺮ɭԡA ڭ̳̮eNOo ICMP ʥ]FA]u|O TCP/UDP ӤwƹWA ICMP ʥ]iHUsuA^AFWz 8 iHҼ{~A򥻤WAICMP ʥ]]ӥױI

2.4 TCP/IP ǿhʥ]P

h IP ʥ]utdNưe쥿TؼХDhAoӫʥ]쩳||QAΪ̬OSQTA NO IP ȰաIOǰehȤ@Cq 2.1-4 ڭ̥iHݨǰehӭIA @ӬOsɦV TCP ʥ]A@ӬODsɦV UDP ʥ]Aoӫʥ]ܭnڡIƯणॿTQeFتA Poӫʥ]I

2.4.1 iasu TCP w

be OSI ChwAbh IP WhOǰehAӶǰehƥ]H ̱`NO TCP ʥ]FCo TCP ʥ]ƥn IP ƳU~I ҥHAڭ̱N 2.1-4 ²Ƥ@UAN MAC, IP P TCP ʥ]ƳoˬݡG

Uʥ]
2.4-1BUʥ]

QMATCP ]YƨӰOӫʥ]ToHSա TCP ʥ]YOoӼˤlG

4 bits 6 bits 6 bits 8 bits 8 bits
Source Port Destination Port
Sequence Number
Acknowledge Number
Data
Offset		 Reserved Code Window
Checksum Urgent Pointer
Options Padding
Data
2.4-2BTCP ʥ]Y

WϴNO@ TCP ʥ]YơAUӶإH Source Port, Destination Port Code OnءAUڭ̴NOӽͤ@ͦUӪYƪeaI

ͧF TCP YƫAAڭAѤ@UoӪY̭̭nfTaI

2.4.2 TCP TV洤

TCP Q٬iasuʥ]ADnOzL\hӹFA𫟺̭nNOTV洤\C MA TCP ǰeƪD`A쪺BͽЦۦѦҬyC OKApǥ TCP YӽT{oӫʥ]ڳQ𫎆Aöi@BPDFsuH ڭ̥HUϥܨӧ@C

TV洤ʥ]sҦ
2.4-3BTV洤ʥ]sҦ

bWʥ]sҦAbإ߳suenqLTӽT{ʧ@A ҥHoسsu觋]NQ٬TV洤(Three-way handshake)C ڭ̱NӬy{̾ڤW A, B, C, D |Ӷqӻ@UG

]NOAAnAѡyOVzoӨƹI ҥH׬OA٬OΤݡAnzL@ SYN P ACK ӫإ߳suAҥH`@|iT͡I b]wΪ̬OlܺsuDɡAoӡyVz̮eQA ӱ``ɭPLksu\DڡIOOI

Wҽͨ TCP ̱`ƴNOAs@ӦPǰ_ӡAڪtTV洤jaݡI
1. GAPǧAbbH
2. APǻGڦbIAbbH
3. Gڤ]b
ɨӤHNT{iHťbԣAoNOiasuաI ^_^
2.4.3 DsɦV UDP w

UDP WOGyUser Datagram Protocol, ΤƬywzAUDP P TCP @ˡA UDP ѥiaǿҦA]LOsuɦV@ӾAoO]b UDP ǰeL{Aݦbʥ]A|^Ц^ʥ] (ACK) oeݡAҥHʥ]èS TCP ʥ]YKˬdCܩ UDP YƦpUҥܡG

16 bits 16 bits
Source Port Destination Port
Message Length Checksum
Data
2.4-4BUDP ʥ]Y

TCP ʥ]TOiaA]qLTV洤ILA]ѩTV洤tGA TCP ʥ]ǿt׷|CC ܩ UDP ʥ]ѩ󤣻ݭnT{O_TơAGYƸ֡AҥH UDP NiHb Data BJhƤFCP UDP AXݭnYɤ@ǸƬyAҦpvYɶǰen鵥A NiHϥγoʥ]ǰeC]NOA UDP ǿwäҼ{sunDBsuפPyqSʡA ҥHϥΪɾOƪTʤܭnpAҦpvI

t~AܦhnOPɴ TCP P UDP ǿwA|ҨӻAdߥDW٪ DNS AȴNPɴѤF UDP/TCP wCѩ UDP ֳtAҥHڭ client ݥiHϥ UDP ӻPAsuC Oϥ UDP suo٬OLkoTƮɡAKഫia TCP ǿwӶiƪǿoC o˥iHPɭUֳtPiaǿ黡I

WҮɫ򤶲 UDP OH²IN|Gy{bѮvNObi UDP ǰeA]Ѯv@@A ͤ]S`NASťA]ݭnݧA^ʥ]INoˤ@IMAASť쳾ԣAڤ]|D...z
2.4.4 P OSI Chw

ѤWAڭ̪DƪǰeNOʥ]oXPʧ@աIåBPʥ]W@˪Y (header)A~Aʥ]Wq`|㦳|Ӱ򥻪TANO socket pair ̭쪺yӷPت IP HΨӷPتݪ port numberz CMաApGOiaʳsu TCP ʥ]A٥]t Control Flag ̭ SYN/ACK nTOInFA}lʤ@ʸASQyzrڡH

ʥ]LoiHױ@ǥi঳Dʥ]A Linux tΤWOױʥ]OH껡Ӥ]O²AJMʥ]YWwgohnTA ڴNQΤ@ǨPnӶiʥ]YRAåB]wRWhAo{YǯSw IP BSwfΪ̬OSwʥ]T(SYN/ACK)ANNӫʥ]LA NO̰򥻪zFI

|ҨӻAjaD Telnet oӦAOMIA Telnet ϥΪ port number 23 AҥHAڭ̨ϥγnhRneiڭ̥Dʥ]ɡA uno{ӫʥ]تaOڭ̥D port 23 ANNӫʥ]ᱼhINO̰򥻪רҰաI pGH OSI ChwӻAC@hiHתƦG

hTڭ̷|bYy²zP y{ѺwzihI

2.5 sW Internet edzƨƶ

FohAڭ̳̻ݭnȬOysW Internet zաIb Internet WϥΪO TCP/IP oӳqTwAҥHڭ̴Nݭn Public IP ӳsW Internet ڡIAa LAASo{@ơANOyԣڤD Yahoo D IP AOͪDoiHs Yahoo DWHz pGAo{oӰDܡAIAiHdzƶ}l]wo ^_^

2.5.1 IP WHDW٤WHDNS tΡH

FWY򥻸ơA{bADnsW Internet Non TCP/IP ~IרOn IP ڡI DOAqO̾ڤHݭnӫإߪALH IP o@Ʀrä㦳ӷPʡAY IP wgQ²ƬQiFAOHNOƦrSkڡIHSYAϥqDWٹI ڴNNDWٻPL IP _ӡAӭnsWӹqɡAunDӹqDWٴNnFA] IP wgDW٤FIҥHH]eOФrDW١Aq]iHǥѹӧLnD IP AڡIuOҤjw߰ڡI

oӥDW (Hostname) IP tΡANOW Domain Name System (DNS) I]NOA DNS oӪAȪ̤j\NObiyDWٻPӥD IP z@wC DNS bҷO۷`QϥΨ쪺@wI|ӨҤlӻAڱ``|s_ꪺ WWW hݳ̷ssDAڤ@wݭnN_ꪺ WWW IP IUӶܡHѧoA ѩʳonAiN IP IUӡHILApGOnN_DW٭IUӪܡA NehFINO http://tw.yahoo.com ܡHӬJMqDu{ IP ӤwA ]ڦbsWJFyhttp://tw.yahoo.comzɫAڪqN|ǥѦV DNS Dd tw.yahoo.com IP AANdߨ쪺 IP G^ڪsA ڪsNiHǥѸ IP ӳsWDաI

o{FܡHڪqnV DNS Ad Hostname IP T I򨺳 DNS D IP Nnbڪq̭]wn~AåBnOJ IP AMڪqs DNS AhnDƩOHIb Linux ̭ADNS D IP ]wNOb /etc/resolv.conf oɮ׸̭աI

ثeUj ISP ѥL̪ DNS A IP L̪ΤAn]wȤۤvq DNS dߥDA LApGAѰOFΪ̬OAϥΪҤèS DNS DOHISYA N]w Hinet ӳ̤j DNS AaI IP O 168.95.1.1 In]wn DNS AӤWsɡA~ϥΥDWٳIMNo@wݭnϥ IP ~WOIDNS OܭnALz]AԲӪzڭ̦b᭱ yDNS A[]z̭ihԲӪIo̶ȴӤjI

2.5.2 @եiHsW Internet nѼ

qWҦAڭ̪D@DnϥκAn IP A IP ]wANn IP, Network, Broadcast, Netmask ѼơA~AٻݭnҼ{Ѹ̭ Default Gateway ~TNDP쪺ʥ]LǰeXhC t~AҼ{DWٻP IP AҥHA٥ntΤ@ DNS A IP ~ ҥHA@զXz]wݭnǸƩOHINOG

𫟺Aѩ Network P Broadcast iHg IP/Netmask pӱoA]ݭn]wA PC ݪѼơA DnNO IP, Netmask, Default Gateway, DNS o|ӴNOFI

SINOoǸơIpGAOϥ ADSL ӤWܡAWoǸƳO ISP AAAunϥμ{i漷 ISP u@A oǸƴN۰ʪbADW]wFIOpGOTw (pdzN) ܡANoۦϥΤWѼƨӳ]wADoIʤ@iOIH 192.168.1.0/24 o Class C ҪܡAANnbADW]wnUѼơG

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2002/07/18GĤ@I
2002/09/26GקFiް_~Ѫ峹I
2003/08/03GssƪAåBs˵峹eA׭q峹I
2003/08/20GW[I^UPҫm
2003/09/06G[JѦҥθѵ
2004/03/16G׭q N-Way ~Aq Auto MDI/MDIX \I
2006/02/09GNª峹ʨ B
2006/07/12GѦҤF߱б»PHlSyAקFܦh¦ƳI٦IzALAmߩ|s
2006/07/16G[JDmoI
2007/10/21G14 UDP YƤA16 bits ~Ӭ 16 bytesAP°Qװ ricky.liu iI
2008/04/21GgѺ chyanlong SIAIHL jp~Ӭ byteAӬOr (word) ~C
2010/07/22GN CentOS4.x ҼgƩmB
2010/08/15GN`̾ TCP/IP hŤOСA諸TפpI