Quota oӪNNrWNӬݡANOh֡yBzNաIpGOΦbsοWA
NOyhֹsο@ӤzN䤧CpGObqDϺШϥζqWOHH
Linux ӻANOh֮eqNoCڭ̥iHϥ quota ϺЪeqϥθA
Uڭ̷|ФO quota AMH@ӧ㪺dҨӤ quota @I
O Quota
b Linux tΤAѩOhHhuҡAҥH|hH@PϥΤ@ӵwЪŶpo͡A
pG𫟺ּƴXӨϥΪ̤jqFwЪŶܡAեYLϥΪ̪ϥvOI
]zӾAwЪeqϥΪ̡AHttθ귽IקKHijrI
|ҨӻAڭ̨ϥΪ̪w]aؿOb /home UApG /home OӿWߪ partition A
]oӤμѦ 10G nFA /home U@ 30 ӱbA]NOACӨϥΪ̥ӷ| 333MB Ŷ~C
ӨϥΪ̦bLaؿUFnhvAF 8GB ŶAQQݡAO_yL`ϥΪ̪KOH
pGQnϺЪeqtAoӮɭԴNona quota oI
quota `ϥΪXӱpOG
- w WWW server AҦpGCӤHŶeqI
- w mail serverAҦpGCӤHlŶC
- w file serverAҦpGCӤH̤jiκwЪŶ (оҤ̱`I)
WYOwAȪ]pApGOw Linux tΥDW]wϥΪVUo@ǡG
- Y@sթүϥΪ̤jϺаtB (ϥθsխ)G
AiHNADWϥΪ̤OAIOثeܬy檺IOPKIO|pA
Aߦn@sϥΰtBNiH@ǡII ^_^...
- Y@ϥΪ̪̤jϺаtB (ϥΨϥΪ̭)G
bFsդAA]iHA~wӤHӶi歭AϱoP@sդU٥iHtI
- H Link 觋AӨ϶liH@tB ( /var/spool/mail
oӸ|)G
pGOIOPKIO|ylDtΡzAO_ݭnsAW@ӵwЩOH
]ݭnաIϥ Link 觋V /home (Ϊ̨Lwgn quota Ϻ) NiHաI
oq`OΦb쥻ϺФΪWnAOoSQnʭ즳D[cpڡI
joǹڪγ~աI
M quota ܦnΡAOϥΤW٬OǭnAѪG
- ȯw filesystemG
quota ڦbB@ɭԡAOwy filesystemzi歭A
ҦpGpGA /dev/sda5 Ob /home UAb /home UҦؿ|쭭I
- ֤ߥ䴩 quota G
Linux ֤ߥ䴩 quota oӥ\~GpGAOϥ CentOS 5.x w]֤ߡA
KKIߧAFAAtΤwgw]䴩 quota oӥ\oIpGAOۦsĶ֤ߪA
ЯSOdNAO_wgyuz}ҤF quota oӥ\H_hU\ұNyդuzC
- Quota OɡG
ثes Linux distributions ϥΪO Kernel 2.6.xx ֤ߪAoӮ֤ߪ䴩s quota
ҲաAϥΪw]ɮ (aquota.user, aquota.group )NPª quota.user, quota.group I
(hF@ a I) ӥª quota iHǥ convertquota oӵ{ഫOI
- u@먭ϥΪ̦ġG
oNFIäOҦb Linux WbiH]w quota OAҦp root N]w quota A
]ӨtΩҦƴXGOLڡI ^_^
ҥHoAAwyYӥؿzӶi Quota ]pAAiHwyYɮרt (filesystem) zӳ]wC
pGեؿPI٦ɮרtΪYAЦ^ĤKh@@A^ӡI
quota oNw filesystem إDnUXӳG
- eqɮƶq (block inode)G
ڭ̦bĤKͨɮרtΤAɮרtΥDnWsݩʪ
inode Pɮƪ block ϶AQuota JMOzɮרtΡAҥHM]iHz inode block oI
oӺz\ରG
- inode ζqGiHzϥΪ̥iHإߪyɮƶqzF
- block ζqGzϥΪ̺ϺЮeqA`oؤ觋C
- XUɻPwʳWw (soft/hard)G
JMOWdAMNȡCެO inode/block AȳӡAOO soft P hardC
q` hard ȭn soft ٭nC|ҨӻAYج block AiH hard 500MBytes soft
400MBytesCoӭȪNqG
- hardGܨϥΪ̪ζq藍|WLoӭȡAHW]wҡA
ϥΪ̩үϥΪϺЮeq藍|WL 500Mbytes AYWLoӭȫhtη|ӥΤ᪺ϺШϥvF
- softGܨϥΪ̦bC soft Ȯ (Ҥ 400Mbytes)AiH`ϥκϺСAYWL soft
BC hard ( 400~500Mbytes )ACϥΪ̵nJtήɡAtη|DʵoXϺЧYNzĵiTA
B|@Ӽeɶ (grace time)CLAYϥΪ̦beɶ˼ƴNNeqAC soft ȤUA
heɶ|C
- |˼ƭpɪeɶ (grace time)G
WNͨeɶFIoӼeɶubϥΪ̪ϺХζq soft hard ɡA~|X{B|˼ƪ@өNNI
ѩF hard ȮɡAϥΪ̪ϺШϥvi|QCFߨϥΪ̨S`NoӺϺаtBDA
]]pF soft CAϺХζqYNF hard BWL soft ɡAtη|ĵiA]|@qɶϥΪ̦ۦzϺСC
@w]eɶCѡApGCѤAiϺкzA soft
ȷ|YN hard Ȩӧ@ quota C
HW]wҤlӻA]AeqF 450MBytes FACѪeɶN|}l˼ơA
YCѤAiRɮתʧ@ӴAϺХζqGA
CѫAϺг̤jζqNܦ 400MBytes ( soft
)AɧAϺШϥvN|QӵLksWɮפFC
soft, hard, grace time ʧڭ̥iHΩUϥܨӻG
1.1.1Bsoft, hard, grace time
ϤϬϥΪ̪ϺЮeqAsoft/hard OOȡCunp 400M N@ OK A
Y soft NX{ grace time í˼ƥBݨϥΪ̦ۦBzAYF hard ȡA
ڭ̴NhipO۬ݦnաIKKI^_^Io˹ϥܦM@IFܡH
@ Quota @d
Өp_ӦڡAҥHo̧ڭ̨ϥΤ@ӽdҨӳ]p@UpBz Quota ]wy{C
- تPbG{bڷQnڪMDͤӬ@աAoӤHbOO myquota1, myquota2,
myquota3, myquota4, myquota5AoӥΤ᪺KXO password ABoӥΤݪlsճO myquotagrp C
Lbݩʫhϥιw]ȡC
- bϺЮeqȡGڷQoӥΤ᳣o 300MBytes ϺШϥζq(hard)AɮƶqhC
~AuneqϥβvWL 250MBytes ANHĵi (soft)C
- sժBGѩڪtθ̭٦LΤsbA]ڶȩӻ{ myquotagrp oӸsճ̦hȯϥ 1GBytes eqC
o]NOApG myquota1, myquota2, myquota3 ΤF 280MBytes eqFALH̦huϥ
(1000MB - 280x3 = 160MB) ϺЮeqoIoNOϥΪ̻PsզPɳ]wɷ|ͪGC
- eɶG̫AڧƱCӨϥΪ̦bWL soft ȤAٯ 14 ѪeɶC
nFAAWdbHά Quota ]wOHAboӤp`ڭ̥ӱNbݩʻPѼƷdwAaI
# s@bҮɡAѩӱbA]ϥ script ӫإҡI
[root@www ~]# vi addaccount.sh
#!/bin/bash
# ϥ script ӫإ߹ quota һݪ
groupadd myquotagrp
for username in myquota1 myquota2 myquota3 myquota4 myquota5
do
useradd -g myquotagrp $username
echo "password" | passwd --stdin $username
done
[root@www ~]# sh addaccount.sh
|
UӡANڭ̨ӹ@ Quota mߧaI
@ Quota y{-1GɮרtΤ䴩
eڭ̴NͨAnϥ Quota n֤PɮרtΤ䴩~I]AwgϥΤFw]䴩 Quota ֤ߡA
UӴNOnҰɮרtΪ䴩աILAѩ Quota ȰwɮרtΨӶiWAҥHڭ̱od@UA
/home O_OӿWߪ filesystem OH
[root@www ~]# df -h /home
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/hda3 4.8G 740M 3.8G 17% /home <==D /home TOWߪI
[root@www ~]# mount | grep home
/dev/hda3 on /home type ext3 (rw)
|
qWƨӬݡAoD /home TOWߪ filesystemA]iH /dev/hda3 C
pGAtΪ /home ëDWߪɮרtΡAiNonwڥؿ (/) ӳWdFILAӫijbڥؿ]w QuotaC
~Aѩ VFAT ɮרtΨä䴩 Linux Quota \AҥHڭ̱onϥ mount dߤ@U /home ɮרtάH
ݰ_ӬO Linux DzΪ ext2/ext3 AoɮרtΪ֩w䴩 Quota աISDI
pGuOQnbo} Quota AiHϥΦpU觋Ӥʥ[J quota 䴩G
[root@www ~]# mount -o remount,usrquota,grpquota /home
[root@www ~]# mount | grep home
/dev/hda3 on /home type ext3 (rw,usrquota,grpquota)
# INb usrquota, grpquota I`NgkI
|
ƹWAAsɡAtη|PBs /etc/mtab oɮסA
ҥHAnTw /etc/mtab wg[J usrquota, grpquota 䴩AҷQn]wɮרtΤC
t~]nSOjաAϥΪ̻Psժ quota ɮרtΤ䴩ѼƤOOGusrquota, grpquota
IdUngFIo@ID`h챵IJ Quota Bͱ``dC
LʱƦbUsN|A]̦ngJ]wɤڡIboDרҤA
ڥiHק /etc/fstab UoӼˤlG
[root@www ~]# vi /etc/fstab
LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1 2
# LسèSCXӡIIbĥ|I default ᭱[WӰѼơI
[root@www ~]# umount /home
[root@www ~]# mount -a
[root@www ~]# mount | grep home
/dev/hda3 on /home type ext3 (rw,usrquota,grpquota)
|
٬OnAjաAק粒 /etc/fstab Aȥnդ@UIYoͿ~onBzI
]oɮצpGק~AO|yLk}pڡIOOI̦nϥ vim ӭקաI
]|ykAN|AgrFIҰɮרtΪ䴩AUڭ̫إ߰_ quota OɧaI
@ Quota y{-2Gإ quota O
Quota OzLRɮרtΤACӨϥΪ(s)֦ɮ`ƻP`eqA
ANoǸưObɮרtΪ̳hؿAMbӰOɤAϥΨCӱb(θs)ȥhWdϺШϥζqC
ҥHաAظmo Quota OɴN㪺D`nC˦䴩 Quota Ѽ (usrquota, grpquota) ɮרtΡA
Nϥ quotacheck oӫOIoӫOykpUG
- quotacheck GɮרtΨëإ Quota O
[root@www ~]# quotacheck [-avugfM] [/mount_point]
ﶵPѼơG
-a G˩Ҧb /etc/mtab At quota 䴩 filesystemA[WѼƫA
/mount_point igA]˩Ҧ filesystem FI
-u GwϥΪ̱ɮPؿϥαpA|إ aquota.user
-g GwsձɮPؿϥαpA|إ aquota.group
-v Gܱ˹L{TF
-f GjɮרtΡAügJs quota ]w (MI)
-M GjHŪg觋ɮרtΡAubSpU~|ϥΡC
|
quotacheck ﶵAunOoy -avug z@_UFYiI -f P -M ObɮרtΥiwgҰ quota FA
OAٷQnsɮרtήɡAtη|nDA[Jӿﶵ (ߦLHwgϥ quota
)IɨSnn[WӶءCnFANڭ̨ӳBzڭ̪ȧaI
# wӨtΧt usrquota, grpquota Ѽƪɮרtζi quotacheck
[root@www ~]# quotacheck -avug
quotacheck: Scanning /dev/hda3 [/home] quotacheck: Cannot stat old user quota
file: No such file or directory <==ɮרtΡA|s@OɡI
quotacheck: Cannot stat old group quota file: No such file or directory
quotacheck: Cannot stat old user quota file: No such file or directory
quotacheck: Cannot stat old group quota file: No such file or directory
done <==WTӿ~uOOɩ|إߦӤwAiHzI
quotacheck: Checked 130 directories and 107 files <==ڷjMG
quotacheck: Old file not found.
quotacheck: Old file not found.
# YoӫOoX{pU~TAܧASɮרtΦҰ quota 䴩I
# quotacheck: Can't find filesystem to check or filesystem not mounted with
# quota option.
[root@www ~]# ll -d /home/a*
-rw------- 1 root root 8192 Mar 6 11:58 /home/aquota.group
-rw------- 1 root root 9216 Mar 6 11:58 /home/aquota.user
# bרҤA/home WߪɮרtΡA]jMG|NӰOɩb
# /home UCoɮ״NO Quota ̭nTFI
|
oӫOunio̴NFAnЪiI]@Uڭ̷|Ұ quota \AYҰʫA٭ni quotacheck A
tη|߯}a즳OɡAҥH|ͤ@ǿ~TĵiACpGATwSHbϥ quota ɡA
iHjsi quotacheck ʧ@Cj檺piHϥΦpUﶵ\G
# pG]SݨDݭnjˤwɮרtή
[root@www ~]# quotacheck -avug -mf
quotacheck: Scanning /dev/hda3 [/home] done
quotacheck: Checked 130 directories and 109 files
# ƭn²ܦhI]OɦsbIҥHĵiT|X{I
|
o˰OɴNإ߰_ӤFIAΤʥhs诊ɮס]ɮO quota ۤvɡAäO¤rɰաI
Bɮ|@ܰʡAoO]A /home oɮרtζiާ@ɡAAާ@G|vTϺЧaI
ҥHM|PBO쨺ɮפաIҥHnإ aquota.user, aquota.groupAOoϥΪO quotacheck OI
Oʽs𫍧I
@ Quota y{-3GQuota ҰʡB
Pȳ]w
s@n Quota ]wɤAUӴNOnҰ quota FIҰʪ觋²Iϥ quotaon AܩN quotaoff
Yi
[root@www ~]# quotaon [-avug]
[root@www ~]# quotaon [-vug] [/mount_point]
ﶵPѼơG
-u GwϥΪ̱Ұ quota (aquota.user)
-g GwsձҰ quota (aquota.group)
-v GܱҰʹL{TF
-a Gھ /etc/mtab filesystem ]wҰʦ quota AY[ -a ܡA
h᭱Nݭn[WSw filesystem I
# ѩڭ̭nҰ user/group quota AҥHϥΩUykYi
[root@www ~]# quotaon -auvg
/dev/hda3 [/home]: group quotas turned on
/dev/hda3 [/home]: user quotas turned on
# SΪkApAҰ /var quota 䴩AȱҰ user quota
[root@www ~]# quotaon -uv /var
|
oӡy quotaon -auvg zOXGubĤ@Ұ quota ɤ~ݭniI]UAsҰʨtήɡA
tΪ /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit oӪlƸ}N|۰ʪUFoӫOFI]AunboҤi@YiA
ӳݭnۦҰ quota A] CentOS 5.x tη|۰AdwLI
[root@www ~]# quotaoff [-a]
[root@www ~]# quotaoff [-ug] [/mount_point]
ﶵPѼơG
-a G filesystem quota (ھ /etc/mtab)
-u GȰw᭱ /mount_point user quota
-g GȰw᭱ /mount_point group quota
|
oӫONOF quota 䴩Iڭ̳o̻ݭnm quota @AҥHo̽ФnLI
Uڭ̶}lӳ]wϥΪ̻Psժ quota BaI
edquota O edit quota YgAҥHNOΨӽsϥΪ̩Ϊ̬OsխBOoCڭ̥Ӭݬ edquota ykaA
ݧAӹھާ@@UC
[root@www ~]# edquota [-u username] [-g groupname]
[root@www ~]# edquota -t <==קeɶ
[root@www ~]# edquota -p db -u sb
ﶵPѼơG
-u G᭱bW١CiHiJ quota se (vi) h]w username ȡF
-g G᭱sզW١CiHiJ quota se (vi) h]w groupname ȡF
-t GiHקeɶC
-p GƻsdC db wgsbåBw]wn quota ϥΪ̡A
NqyN db oӤH quota Ƚƻs sb zI
|
nFAڭ̨ӬݬݷiJ myquota1 B]wɡA|X{eG
dҤ@G]w dmtsai oӨϥΪ̪ quota
[root@www ~]# edquota -u myquota1
Disk quotas for user myquota1 (uid 710):
Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard
/dev/hda3 80 0 0 10 0 0
|
WYĤ@bwӱb (myquota1) i quota B]wAĤGhOYA̭@CA
CONqG
- ɮרt (filesystem)GӭȬOwɮרt ( partition)F
- ϺЮeq (blocks)GoӼƭȬO quota ۤvXӪA쬰 KbytesAФnʥLF
- softGϺЮeq (block) soft ȡA笰 KB
- hardGblock hard ȡA KBF
- ɮƶq (inodes)GoO quota ۤvXӪA쬰ӼơAФnʥLF
- softGinode soft ȡF
- hardGinode hard ȡF
soft/hard 0 ɡAܨSNCnA̾ڧڭ̪dһAڭ̻ݭn]wO blocks
soft/hard Aܩ inode hnhʥLI]Wzeڭ̱NL令pUҼˡG
b edquota eAC@unOCNiHFAäݭnƦCI
Disk quotas for user myquota1 (uid 710):
Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard
/dev/hda3 80 250000 300000 10 0 0
# ϥ 1000 h 1024 ơInաIMNiHxs}oI
|
]wAڭ٦L 5 ӥΤn]wAѩ]wȳ@ˡAɥiHϥ quota ƻsI
# N myquota1 ȽƻsL|ӱb
[root@www ~]# edquota -p myquota1 -u myquota2
[root@www ~]# edquota -p myquota1 -u myquota3
[root@www ~]# edquota -p myquota1 -u myquota4
[root@www ~]# edquota -p myquota1 -u myquota5
|
o˴NKhFIMA@Usժ quota BaI
[root@www ~]# edquota -g myquotagrp
Disk quotas for group myquotagrp (gid 713):
Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard
/dev/hda3 400 900000 1000000 50 0 0
# OoA쬰 KB I
|
̫ANeɶL令 14 ѧaI
# eɶ쥻 7 ѡANL令 14 ѧaI
[root@www ~]# edquota -t
Grace period before enforcing soft limits for users:
Time units may be: days, hours, minutes, or seconds
Filesystem Block grace period Inode grace period
/dev/hda3 14days 7days
# 쥻O 7days Aڭ̱NLאּ 14days I
|
zLo²檺pBJAڭ̤wgNϥΪ/s/eɶ]wIUӴNO[쩳]wSͮİաI
@ Quota y{-4GQuota
Ȫ
quota DnؼҦA@جOwCӭӤHθsժ quota OA@ӬOwɮרtΪ repquota OC
ڭ̥q²檺 quota ӤСIA]iHDݬݧA]wȹ藍ڡI
[root@www ~]# quota [-uvs] [username]
[root@www ~]# quota [-gvs] [groupname]
ﶵPѼơG
-u G᭱iH username AܥXӨϥΪ̪ quota ȡCY username
AܥX̪ quota ȡC
-g G᭱i groupname AܥXӸsժ quota ȡC
-v GܨCӥΤb filesystem quota ȡF
-s Gϥ 1024 ƨӫwA|ܦp M I
# ϥ quota hܥX myquota1 P myquota2 B
[root@www ~]# quota -uvs myquota1 myquota2
Disk quotas for user myquota1 (uid 710):
Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace
/dev/hda3 80 245M 293M 10 0 0
Disk quotas for user myquota2 (uid 711):
Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace
/dev/hda3 80 245M 293M 10 0 0
# oӫOܥXӪƸ edquota XGO@Ҥ@˪IuOhF grace ءC
# A|o{ grace USơAoO]ڭ̪ϥζq (80) |WL soft
# ܥX myquotagrp sխB
[root@www ~]# quota -gvs myquotagrp
Disk quotas for group myquotagrp (gid 713):
Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace
/dev/hda3 400 879M 977M 50 0 0
|
ѩϥα` K, M, G nA]WYڭ̨ϥΤFy -s zﶵANH M ܤFC
Lѩڭ̨ϥ edquota ]wBɡAϥΪO (1000) ӤOڪ 1024 ơA
ҥHݰ_ӷ|IӤ@˳Iѩ quota ȯwYǥΤܳApGnw filesystem CXɡA
ӥiR repquota NWγաI
[root@www ~]# repquota -a [-vugs]
ﶵPѼơG
-a G /etc/mtab jM㦳 quota лx filesystem Aói quota GF
-v GXƱNt filesystem ӳTF
-u GܥXϥΪ̪ quota (oOw])F
-g GܥXӧOsժ quota ȡC
-s Gϥ M, G ܵG
# dߥרҤҦϥΪ̪ quota pG
[root@www ~]# repquota -auvs
*** Report for user quotas on device /dev/hda3 <==w /dev/hda3
Block grace time: 14days; Inode grace time: 7days <==block eɶ 14
Block limits File limits
User used soft hard grace used soft hard grace
----------------------------------------------------------------------
root -- 651M 0 0 5 0 0
myquota1 -- 80 245M 293M 10 0 0
myquota2 -- 80 245M 293M 10 0 0
myquota3 -- 80 245M 293M 10 0 0
myquota4 -- 80 245M 293M 10 0 0
myquota5 -- 80 245M 293M 10 0 0
Statistics: <==oOҿתtάTA -v ~|
Total blocks: 9
Data blocks: 2
Entries: 22
Used average: 11.000000
|
ھڳoǸTAzNiHDثepoI ^_^IˡA Quota
²aIAiHwAtγ]w@UϺШϥΪWhAAΤᤣ|ϺЫѬOQӥI
@ Quota y{-5GջPz
Quota 쩳SĪGHլݬݤNDFHڭ̨ϥ myquota1 hլݬݡApGإߤ@ӤjɮɡA
Өtη|K˩OH
# դ@GQ myquota1 Aظm@ 270MB jɮסA[ quota GI
[myquota1@www ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=bigfile bs=1M count=270
hda3: warning, user block quota exceeded.
270+0 records in
270+0 records out
283115520 bytes (283 MB) copied, 3.20282 seconds, 88.4 MB/s
# `NݡAڬOϥ myquota1 bhi dd OIncdڡI
# MAiHo{X{@ warning TIUӬݬݳC
[root@www ~]# repquota -auv
*** Report for user quotas on device /dev/hda3
Block grace time: 14days; Inode grace time: 7days
Block limits File limits
User used soft hard grace used soft hard grace
----------------------------------------------------------------------
myquota1 +- 276840 250000 300000 13days 11 0 0
# oӫOhOQ root hd\I
# AiHo{ myquota1 grace X{IåB}l˼ƤFI
# դGGAإߥt~@ӤjɮסA`eqWL 300M I
[myquota1@www ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=bigfile2 bs=1M count=300
hda3: write failed, user block limit reached.
dd: writing `bigfile2': Disk quota exceeded <==ݡI~T@ˤFI
23+0 records in <==SkgJFIҥHuO 23
22+0 records out
23683072 bytes (24 MB) copied, 0.260081 seconds, 91.1 MB/s
[myquota1@www ~]$ du -sk
300000 . <==GMO췥FI
|
myquota1 iH}lBzLɮרtΤFIpGBzܡA̫eɶ|ksAMX{pUeG
[root@www ~]# repquota -au
*** Report for user quotas on device /dev/hda3
Block grace time: 00:01; Inode grace time: 7days
Block limits File limits
User used soft hard grace used soft hard grace
----------------------------------------------------------------------
myquota1 +- 300000 250000 300000 none 11 0 0
# ˼ƾksAҥH grace N|ܦ none աI~˼
|
˼ks]|SN~աIOߡIuOpGAϺШϥζq soft/hard ɡA
˼ks soft ȷ|ܦY歭AɧANShleqiHϥΤFCpѨMH
NnJtΥhRɮקYiաISQiȰաIDOAϥΪ̳q`̶̤M쩳tΥXFDA
ҥHڭ̥iݭnHe@ĵiH (email) ΤCpBzOHzL warnquota ӳBmYiC
warnquotarWNqNO quota ĵi (warn) IoF観ΩOHLiH̾ /etc/warnquota.conf ]wAMXثetΤW quota ζqWL soft
(NO grace time X{dzå) bAzL email \NĵiHoeϥΪ̪qllHcC
warnquota ä|۰ʰAҥHڭ̻ݭnʥhLC°y warnquota zAL|oeʫHXhA
@ʵ myquota1 @ʵ root I
[root@www ~]# warnquota
# |X{TISTNOynTzI ^_^
[root@www ~]# mail
N329 root@www.vbird.tsai Fri Mar 6 16:10 27/1007 "NOTE: ....
& 329 <==]sHb 329 ʤG
From root@www.vbird.tsai Fri Mar 6 16:10:18 2009
Date: Fri, 6 Mar 2009 16:10:17 +0800
From: root <root@www.vbird.tsai>
Reply-To: root@myhost.com
Subject: NOTE: You are exceeding your allocated disk space limits
To: myquota1@www.vbird.tsai
Cc: root@www.vbird.tsai <==`NoTAOODB̻Pƥ (CC)C
Your disk usage has exceeded the agreed limits on this server <==D
Please delete any unnecessary files on following filesystems:
/dev/hda3 <==UoX欰oͺϺСyzzTաI
Block limits File limits
Filesystem used soft hard grace used soft hard grace
/dev/hda3 +- 300000 250000 300000 13days 12 0 0
root@localhost <==oӬOĵiToe̪yñWơzաI
& exit <==} mail {I
|
warnquota i]|ͥTHΫHA]uϥΪ̪ quota WL soft ɡA
warnquota ~|oeĵiHաIWeA]ADBTeBñWɵƩb̩OH
褣OLܡH /etc/warnquota աI]WzƬO^AnzѶܡHSYAAiHۤvনI
ҥHAiHo˳BzG
[root@www ~]# vi /etc/warnquota.conf
# 쩳UoX檺]wȡG
SUBJECT = NOTE: You are exceeding your allocated disk space limits <==10
CC_TO = "root@localhost" <==11
MESSAGE = Your disk usage has exceeded the agreed limits\ <==21
on this server|Please delete any unnecessary files on following filesystems:|
SIGNATURE = root@localhost <==25
# iHNL令pUҼ˰ڡI
SUBJECT = `NGAbtΤW֦ɮeqwgWL̤je\B
CC_TO = "root@localhost" <==DAnHLHA_hoӶإiH
MESSAGE = AϺЮeqwgWLe\BA|\
ЦbpUɮרtΤARnɮסG|
SIGNATURE = Atκz (root@localhost)
# b MESSAGE | N_檺NAϱuhNsU@F
|
pGAư warnquota A myquota1 N|pUHeG
Subject: `NGAbtΤW֦ɮeqwgWL̤je\B
To: myquota1@www.vbird.tsai
Cc: root@www.vbird.tsai
AϺЮeqwgWLe\BA
ЦbpUɮרtΤARnɮסG
/dev/hda3
Filesystem used soft hard grace used soft hard grace
/dev/hda3 +- 300000 250000 300000 none 11 0 0
Atκz (root@localhost)
|
LoӤkäAΦb /var/spool/mail ]z quota ޤA]pGϥΪ̦bo filesystem
eqwgzAsHMNUӰաIɴNuݨϥΪ̦ۤvo{ö]ӳo̧RơA
Ϊ̬OШD root BzoIDFoNonΡAڭ̫tΦ۰ʪ warnquota OH
AiHo˰G
[root@www ~]# vi /etc/cron.daily/warnquota
/usr/sbin/warnquota
# ASݿIuno@ABNɥH|觋gJYiI
[root@www ~]# chmod 755 /etc/cron.daily/warnquota
|
ӨCѦW 4:02am ɡAoɮ״N|DʳQAtδNDʪqϺаtBzΤoI
z@@IoNO_ܦnΰڡIܩngJWzɮשOHdݤU@u@Ƶ{ɧڭ̦Aӥ[joI
pGAQnϥ script kӫإߤjqbAåBҦbbإ߮ɴN quota AӦpOnH
꦳ӤkiHҼ{G
- إߤ@ӭl quota bAAHy edquota -p old -u new zgJ script F
- H setquota إߥΤ᪺ quota ]wȡC
P edquota OIs vi Ӷi]wAsetquota ѫOJҥnUȡC
LykIoˡG
[root@www ~]# setquota [-u|-g] W block(soft) block(hard) \
> inode(soft) inode(hard) ɮרt
# [l myquota5 ȡAõ soft/hard O 100000/200000
[root@www ~]# quota -uv myquota5
Disk quotas for user myquota5 (uid 714):
Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace
/dev/hda3 80 250000 300000 10 0 0
[root@www ~]# setquota -u myquota5 100000 200000 0 0 /home
[root@www ~]# quota -uv myquota5
Disk quotas for user myquota5 (uid 714):
Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace
/dev/hda3 80 100000 200000 10 0 0
# ݧaIuܹLӡIoNO quota ²}]wykI
|
ʬJtΪ quota
Q@QApGADSQn]wlDAҥHèSWNlHcҦb /var/spool/mail/
ؿWߦ@ partition AMثeADwgSksWΤΥXsμѤFCڭ̪D quota
Ow filesystem i]pA]AAO_NLkw mail ϥζq quota OH
~ApGAQnϥΪ̪lHcPaؿ`ϺШϥζqTwASӦpOnH
ѩ /home /var/spool/mail ڥiOP@ filesystem (DOΡAϥήڥؿA~iXb@_)A
ҥHAӦpio˪ quota OH
SաIJM quota Ow filesystem Ӷi歭A]ASwg /home oӿWߪμѤFA
AunG
- N /var/spool/mail oӥؿ㪺ʨ /home UF
- Q ln -s /home/mail /var/spool/mail ӫإ߳sơF
- N /home i quota B]w
uno˪@ӤpBJAKKIzaDlN@wBoIMoIz]iH̾ڤPϥΪ̻Psըӳ]w
quota MP˪HW觋Ӷi link ʧ@IKKKINPBw藍PϥΪ̴XoIܤKaI
^_^
B̻ͭݭn`NOAѩثes distributions jhϥ SELinux A
]AnipPWؿhɡAb\hpUi|ϥΤWIγ\AonȮ SELinux ~աA
]γ\Aonۦק SELinux Wh~I
bLh٦~ɥNAڭ̯ϥΪwЮeqjAXQ GB eqNOjwФFIOYDZpUAڭ̻ݭnܤjeqxsŶA
Ҧpb]Ů~ҦҿXɮפ@Ӯרҳq`ݭnnX GB As]ӴXӮרҡAϺЮeqNΤFC
ɧڸӦpOnHiHzL@xsA٬Ϻа}C
(RAID) NOFCoؾ\OHLǵšHOwBnϺа}CHLinux 䴩˪nϺа}CH
UNڭ̨ӽͽ͡I
O RAID
Ϻа}CWOy Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks, RAID zA^½NOGeGϺа}CC
RAID iHzL@ӧN(nεw)ANhӸpϺоX@ӸjϺи˸mF
ӳoӸjϺХ\iOxsӤwAL٨㦳ƫO@\OC RAID ѩܪ (level)
PAӨϱoX᪺ϺШ㦳P\A ` level oX(1)G
oؼҦpGϥάۦPPeqϺШӲզɡAĪGΡCoؼҦ RAID |NϺХXq϶ (|ҨӻA 4KB)A
M@ɮngJ RAID ɡAɮ|̾ڰ϶jpΦnAA̧ǩUӺϺи̭hCѩCӺϺз|sơA
]AƭngJ RAID ɡAƷ|QqmbUӺϺФWC|ҨӻAAϺвզ RAID-0 A
A 100MB ƭngJɡACӺϺз|UQt 50MB xsqCRAID-0 ܷNϦpUҥܡG
2.1.1B RAID-0 ϺмgJܷN
WϪNOAbզ RAID-0 ɡACϺ (Disk A P Disk B) |QϹjp϶ (chunk)C
ƭngJ RAID ɡAƷ|QΦŦXp϶jpAMA̧Ǥ@Ӥ@Ӫm줣PϺХhC
ѩƤwgQΨåB̧ǩm줣PϺФWA]CϺЩҭtdƶqCFIӳo˪pӬݡA
VhϺвզ RAID-0 į|VnA]CtdƶqNCFI
oܧڪƥiHhϺШxsAMį|ܪnڡI~AϺ`eq]ܤjFI
]CϺЪeq̲|[` RAID-0 `eqI
uOϥΦŧAnۦtƷlIAѤWϧڭ̪DɮOQΦAXCϺФΰ϶jpA
MA̧ǩmUӺϺФCQ@QApGY@ϺзlFAɮƱNʤ@Aɳoɮ״NlFC
ѩCɮ׳Oo˦sA] RAID-0 un@ϺзlAb RAID
WҦƳ|ӵLkŪC
t~ApGϥΤPeqϺШӲզ RAID-0 ɡAѩƬO@q̧ǩm줣PϺФApeqϺЪ϶QΧFA
ҦƳNQgJ̤jϺХhC|ҨӻAڥ 200G P 500G զ RAID-0 A
̪쪺 400GB ƥiPɼgJϺ (U 200G eq)AӦA[JƴNugJ 500G ϺФFC
ɪįNܮtFA]uѤU@iHsƹI
oؼҦ]OݭnۦPϺЮeqA̦nO@Ҥ@˪ϺаաIpGOPeqϺвզ RAID-1
ɡA`eqNH̤p@ϺЬDIoؼҦDnOyP@ơA㪺OsbϺФWYzC|ҨӻApGڦ@ 100MB
ɮסABڶȦϺвզ RAID-1 ɡA oϺбN|PBgJ 100MB L̪xsŶhC
]A RAID eqXG֤F 50%CѩwФe@Ҥ@ˡAnlMӥXӤ@ˡA
ҥHڭ̤]٥L mirror Ҧo
2.1.2B RAID-1 ϺмgJܷN
pWϩҥܡA@ƶǰe RAID-1 |QѡAäOgJUӺϺиYhC
ѩP@Ʒ|QOgJLPϺСA]pGngJ 100MB ɡAƶǰe I/O yƫ|QƻshUӺϺСA
GNOƶqPıܤjFI]bjqgJ RAID-1 pUAgJįi|ܪD`t (]ڭ̥u@ӫnڡI)C
nbpGAϥΪOw RAID (Ϻа}Cd) ɡAϺа}Cd|Dʪƻs@ӤϥΨtΪ I/O yơAį譱h٥iHC
pGϥγnϺа}CAiįNnFC
ѩϺФƤ@Ҥ@ˡAҥH@wзlɡAA٬OiH㪺OdUӪI
ҥHڭ̥iHA RAID-1 ̤juIjNbƪƥaILѩϺЮeq@bΦbƥA
]`eq|OϺЮeq@bӤwCM RAID-1
gJįणΡALŪįh٥iHաIoO]ƦbPϺФWApGh processes
bŪP@ƮɡA RAID |ۦǫΪŪšC
RAID-0 įΦOƤwARAID-1 ƦwOįणΡAणNo̾X_ӳ]w RAID OH
iHڡINO RAID 0+1 RAID 1+0Cҿת RAID 0+1 NOG (1)Ϻвզ RAID 0AåBo˪]w@աF
(2)No RAID 0 Aզ@ RAID 1CoNO RAID 0+1 oIϹLӻARAID 1+0 NOզ RAID-1 Aզ RAID-0 NC
2.1.3B RAID-0+1 ϺмgJܷN
pWϩҥܡADisk A + Disk B զĤ@ RAID 0ADisk C + Disk D զĤG RAID 0A
MoզAX@ RAID 1CpGڦ 100MB ƭngJAhѩ RAID 1 YA
RAID 0 |gJ 100MBAѩ RAID 0 YA]CϺжȷ|gJ 50MB ӤwC
p@Ӥ@ RAID 0 ϺзlAunt~@ RAID 0 ٦sbANzL RAID 1 Ӧ^_ơC
ѩ㦳 RAID 0 uIAҥHįoHɡAѩ㦳 RAID 1 uIAҥHƱoHƥC
O]ѩ RAID 1 IAҥH`eq|֤@bΨӰƥI
RAID-5 ܤֻݭnTHWϺФ~զoϺа}CCoغϺа}CƼgJI RAID-0 A
LCӴ`gJL{AbCϺ٥[J@ӦPˬd (Parity) AoӸƷ|OLϺЪƥơA
ΩϺзlɪϴCRAID-5 ŪgpIUoˡG
2.1.4B RAID-5 ϺмgJܷN
pWϩҥܡACӴ`gJɡA|PˬdX (parity) QO_ӡAåBOPˬdXCObPϺСA
]A@ӺϺзlɳǥѨLϺЪˬdXӭح쥻ϺФƳILݭn`NOA
ѩPˬdXA] RAID 5 `eq|OϺмƶq@CHWϬҡA
쥻 3 ϺХu|ѤU (3-1)=2 ϺЪeqCӥBlϺмƶqjɡAo RAID 5 ƴNlFC
] RAID 5 w]ȯ䴩@ϺЪlpC
bŪgįWAŪį٤IP RAID-0 ILgįNoW[ܦhI
oO]ngJ RAID 5 ٱongLpPˬdX (parity) YCѩ[Woӭp⪺ʧ@A
ҥHgJįPtΪwYjIרϥγnϺа}CɡAPˬdXOzL CPU hpӫDM¾Ϻа}CdA
]į譱ٻݭnC
t~Aѩ RAID 5 ȯ䴩@ϺЪlA]٦oiXt~@صšANO RAID 6 Ao RAID 6
hϥΨϺЪeq@ parity xsA]骺ϺЮeqN|֨AO\XϺмƶqNiHFFI
]NOb RAID 6 pUAPɨϺзlɡA٬OiHϦ^ӡI
Ϻа}CϺзlɡANonNaϺЩްAMᴫ@sϺСCsϺШåBQҰʺϺа}CA
Ϻа}CN|}lDʪ (rebuild) 쥻aϺиƨsϺФWIMAϺа}CWƴN_FI
oNOϺа}CuICLAڭ٬OonʤwСAɳq`on~oC
FtΥiHYɪbawЮɥDʪءA]NݭnwƺϺ (spare disk) UC
ҿת spare disk NO@ΦhS]tb쥻Ϻа}CŤϺСAoϺХɨä|QϺа}CҨϥΡA
Ϻа}CϺзlɡAho spare disk |QDʪԶiϺа}CAñNawвXϺа}CI
MߧYظƨtΡCpAtΫhiHëOwdڡIYAϺа}C䴩NFI
NaϺЩް@sAANs]w spare disk ANFI
|ҨӻAeҫݪsǦ@ӺϺа}Ci\ 16 ϺЪƶqALڭ̥uwˤF 10 ϺЧ@ RAID 5C
CϺЪeq 250GBAڭ̥ΤF@ϺЧ@ spare disk AñNL 9 ]w@ RAID 5A
]oӺϺа}C`eqG (9-1)*250G=2000GCB@F@~u@ϺaFAڭ̫ӬݿO~o{I
LtΨSvTOI] spare disk Dʪ[J䴩AaޱsAís]w spare A
tΤ٬OLʪIKKIuI
fjAIb̩OHAtΦpGݭnϺа}CܡA꭫IbG
- ƦwPiaʡGëDTwAӬOw (Ϻ) lɡAƬO_ٯwϴΨϥΤNF
- ŪgįGҦp RAID 0 iH[jŪgįAAt I/O oHﵽF
- eqGiHhϺвզX_ӡAG@ɮרtΥiH۷jeqC
רƪiaʻPʧOϥ RAID ҶqIIwaNnFAnƷliOx۪I
ҥH~ɬݭnjq RAID ӰɮרtΪwǡA{bzIAѤFaH
software, hardware RAID
Ϻа}CSwPnOHҿתwϺа}C (hardware RAID) OzLϺа}CdӹF}CتC
Ϻа}CdW@MbBz RAID ȡA]bį譱|nCbܦh (Ҧp RAID 5 PˬdXp)
Ϻа}Cä|Ʈӭ쥻tΪ I/O yơAzפWį|ΡC~ثe@몺Ϻа}Cd䴩A
YbpUlaϺСAtΪ_Pƪiaʤ譱D`nΡC
L@nϺа}CdʤʴNWUxAKybDOWyءzϺа}C\iS䴩Yǰ\A
ҦpCDOYϺа}CAq`Ȥ䴩 RAID0 P RAID1 Aw RAID 5 èS䴩C
~A@~tΤ]n֦Ϻа}CdXʵ{A~TϺа}CҲͪϺоI
ѩϺа}Cܦhuq\AMӵwϺа}CdSQܡ]NoiXQγnӼϺа}C\A
oNOҿתnϺа}C (software RAID)CnϺа}CDnOzLnӼ}CȡA
]|lӸhtθ귽Ap CPU BP I/O yƪ귽CLثeڭ̪ӤHqbwgD`ֳtFA
]Het{bwgsbIҥHڭ̥iHӪ@nϺа}CI
ڭ̪ CentOS ѪnϺа}C mdadm oMnAoMn|H partition
disk ϺЪA]NOAAݭnHWϺСAunӥHWμ (partition)
N]pAϺа}CFC~A mdadm 䴩ڭ̫e쪺 RAID0/RAID1/RAID5/spare disk I
ӥBѪz٥iHF\AiHuW (ɮרtΥ`ϥ) iμѪI
ϥΤW]D`KOI
t~AnDOAwϺа}Cb Linux Uݰ_ӴNO@ڪjϺСA]wϺа}C˸mɦW
/dev/sd[a-p] A]ϥΨ SCSI ҲդGCܩnϺа}ChOtμA]ϥΪ˸mɦWOtΪ˸mɡA
ɦW /dev/md0, /dev/md1...A̪˸mɦWäۦPIndVFI]ܦhBͱ``ıo_ǡA
L RAID ɦWڭ̳o̴ժn RAID ɦWPAҥHo̯SOjջI
nϺа}C]w
nϺа}C]w²OI²AܷQI]AunϥΤ@ӫOYiINO mdadm oӫOC
oӫObإ RAID ykIoˡG
[root@www ~]# mdadm --detail /dev/md0
[root@www ~]# mdadm --create --auto=yes /dev/md[0-9] --raid-devices=N \
> --level=[015] --spare-devices=N /dev/sdx /dev/hdx...
ﶵPѼơG
--create Gإ RAID ﶵF
--auto=yes GMwإ߫᭱nϺа}C˸mAY /dev/md0, /dev/md1...
--raid-devices=N GϥδXӺϺ (partition) @Ϻа}C˸m
--spare-devices=N GϥδXӺϺЧ@ƥ (spare) ˸m
--level=[015] G]woպϺа}CšC䴩ܦhALijun 0, 1, 5 Yi
--detail G᭱ұӺϺа}C˸mԲӸT
|
WykA̫᭱|\h˸mɦWAoǸ˸mɦWiHOϺСAҦp /dev/sdb A
]iHOμѡAҦp /dev/sdb1 CLAoǸ˸mɦW`ƥn --raid-devices
P --spare-devices Ӽ`M~IQΧڪվӫظm@ RAID 5 nϺа}Cz@@I
ANtθ̭Lhm߹LӥثeΤ쪺μѳqqRG
[root@www ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/hda: 41.1 GB, 41174138880 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5005 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/hda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux
/dev/hda2 14 1288 10241437+ 83 Linux
/dev/hda3 1289 1925 5116702+ 83 Linux
/dev/hda4 1926 5005 24740100 5 Extended
/dev/hda5 1926 2052 1020096 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/hda6 2053 2302 2008093+ 83 Linux
/dev/hda7 2303 2334 257008+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/hda8 2335 2353 152586 83 Linux
/dev/hda9 2354 2366 104391 83 Linux
[root@www ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/hda2 9920624 3858800 5549756 42% /
/dev/hda1 101086 21408 74459 23% /boot
tmpfs 371332 0 371332 0% /dev/shm
/dev/hda3 4956316 1056996 3643488 23% /home
# qWiHo{Aڪ /dev/hda6~/dev/hda9 SΨINLRݬݡI
[root@www ~]# fdisk /dev/hda
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-9): 9
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-8): 8
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-7): 7
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-6): 6
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/hda: 41.1 GB, 41174138880 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5005 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/hda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux
/dev/hda2 14 1288 10241437+ 83 Linux
/dev/hda3 1289 1925 5116702+ 83 Linux
/dev/hda4 1926 5005 24740100 5 Extended
/dev/hda5 1926 2052 1020096 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Command (m for help): w
[root@www ~]# partprobe
# oӰʧ@ܭnIٰOoaIN֤ߪ partition table sI
|
UOƱ氵 RAID 5 ҡG
- Q 4 partition զ RAID 5F
- C partition 1GB jpAݽTwC partition @ˤjΡF
- Q 1 partition ]w spare disk
- o spare disk jpPL RAID һ partition @ˤjI
- N RAID 5 ˸m /mnt/raid ؿU
̲קڻݭn 5 1GB partition CѩtζȦ@ϺСAoϺгѾleq 20GB OΪA
μѥNȨϥΨ 5 AҥHns@ RAID 5 ӬODIUӴNOsظmy{oI
peҭzAڻݭn 5 1GB μѡAЧQ fdisk ӫظmaI
[root@www ~]# fdisk /dev/hda
Command (m for help): n
First cylinder (2053-5005, default 2053): <==U [enter]
Using default value 2053
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (2053-5005, default 5005): +1000M
# Wzʧ@Ч@I
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/hda: 41.1 GB, 41174138880 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5005 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/hda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux
/dev/hda2 14 1288 10241437+ 83 Linux
/dev/hda3 1289 1925 5116702+ 83 Linux
/dev/hda4 1926 5005 24740100 5 Extended
/dev/hda5 1926 2052 1020096 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/hda6 2053 2175 987966 83 Linux
/dev/hda7 2176 2298 987966 83 Linux
/dev/hda8 2299 2421 987966 83 Linux
/dev/hda9 2422 2544 987966 83 Linux
/dev/hda10 2545 2667 987966 83 Linux
# W 6~10 ANOڭ̻ݭn partition oI
Command (m for help): w
[root@www ~]# partprobe
|
UӴN²աIzL mdadm ӫإߺϺа}CI
[root@www ~]# mdadm --create --auto=yes /dev/md0 --level=5 \
> --raid-devices=4 --spare-devices=1 /dev/hda{6,7,8,9,10}
# ԲӪѼƻЦ^heݬoIo̧ڳzL {} Nƪ²ơI
[root@www ~]# mdadm --detail /dev/md0
/dev/md0: <==RAID ˸mɦW
Version : 00.90.03
Creation Time : Tue Mar 10 17:47:51 2009 <==RAID Qإߪɶ
Raid Level : raid5 <==RAID Ŭ RAID 5
Array Size : 2963520 (2.83 GiB 3.03 GB) <== RAID iκϺЮeq
Used Dev Size : 987840 (964.85 MiB 1011.55 MB) <==CӸ˸miήeq
Raid Devices : 4 <==Χ@ RAID ˸mƶq
Total Devices : 5 <==˸mƶq
Preferred Minor : 0
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Tue Mar 10 17:52:23 2009
State : clean
Active Devices : 4 <==Ұʪ(active)˸mƶq
Working Devices : 5 <==iʧ@˸mƶq
Failed Devices : 0 <==X{~˸mƶq
Spare Devices : 1 <==wƺϺЪƶq
Layout : left-symmetric
Chunk Size : 64K <==NO2.1.4p϶
UUID : 7c60c049:57d60814:bd9a77f1:57e49c5b <==˸m(RAID)ѧOX
Events : 0.2
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 3 6 0 active sync /dev/hda6
1 3 7 1 active sync /dev/hda7
2 3 8 2 active sync /dev/hda8
3 3 9 3 active sync /dev/hda9
4 3 10 - spare /dev/hda10
# ̫NOoӸ˸mثepA]A| active sync @ spare I
# ܩ RaidDevice hO RAID Ϻж
|
ѩϺа}Cظmݭn@ǮɶAҥHA̦nݼƤAϥΡy mdadm --detail /dev/md0 zhd\AϺа}CԲӸTI
_hiݨYǺϺХbyspare rebuildingzظmrˡIzLWOA
ANإߤ@ RAID5 Bt@ spare disk Ϻа}CoID`²aI
FO~AA]iHd\pUɮרӬݬݨtγnϺа}CpG
[root@www ~]# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]
md0 : active raid5 hda9[3] hda10[4](S) hda8[2] hda7[1] hda6[0] <==Ĥ@
2963520 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/4] [UUUU] <==ĤG
unused devices: <none>
|
WzƤnbSOXĤ@PĤG泡(2)G
- Ĥ@泡GX md0 raid5 ABϥΤF hda9, hda8, hda7, hda6 |Ϻи˸mCCӸ˸m᭱A []
ƦrϺЦb RAID (RaidDevice)Fܩ hda10 ᭱ [S] hN hda10
spare NC
- ĤGGϺа}C֦ 2963520 block(C block 쬰 1K)AҥH`eq 3GBA
ϥ RAID 5 šAgJϺЪp϶ (chunk) jp 64KAϥ algorithm 2 Ϻа}CtkC [m/n]
N}Cݭn m Ӹ˸mAB n Ӹ˸m`B@C] md0 ݭn 4 Ӹ˸mBo 4 Ӹ˸m`B@C
᭱ [UUUU] NO|өһݪ˸m (NO [m/n] ̭ m) ҰʱpAU N`B@AY _ hN`C
oؤkiHDثeϺа}CAաI
UӴNO}lϥή榡ƤuաIoN²zIhFAiaI
[root@www ~]# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/md0
# aIO /dev/md0 ˸mQ榡ƩOI
[root@www ~]# mkdir /mnt/raid
[root@www ~]# mount /dev/md0 /mnt/raid
[root@www ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/hda2 9920624 3858820 5549736 42% /
/dev/hda1 101086 21408 74459 23% /boot
tmpfs 371332 0 371332 0% /dev/shm
/dev/hda3 4956316 1056996 3643488 23% /home
/dev/md0 2916920 69952 2698792 3% /mnt/raid
# ݧaIhF@ /dev/md0 ˸mAӥBuiHAϥΩOI٤I
|
RAID ~ϴҦ
UܻyѦBHi֡zA֤]DAϺа}C˸mԣɷ|XtA]A
AѤ@UnϺа}Cϴ٬OIUڭ̴NӪ@ϴaIAѤ@U mdadm
o譱ykG
[root@www ~]# mdadm --manage /dev/md[0-9] [--add ˸m] [--remove ˸m] \
> [--fail ˸m]
ﶵPѼơG
--add G|N᭱˸m[Jo md I
--remove G|N᭱˸mѳo md
--fail G|N᭱˸m]wXA
|
Aڭ̨ӳBz@UAӦp@ӺϺܦ~AM spare disk ۰ʪ}lبtΩOH
# 0. ƻs@ǪF /mnt/raid hA]o RAID wgbϥΤF
[root@www ~]# cp -a /etc /var/log /mnt/raid
[root@www ~]# df /mnt/raid ; du -sm /mnt/raid/*
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/md0 2916920 188464 2580280 7% /mnt/raid
118 /mnt/raid/etc <==ݧaIT꦳Ʀb̭I
8 /mnt/raid/log
1 /mnt/raid/lost+found
# 1. ] /dev/hda8 oӸ˸mXFIڼ觋G
[root@www ~]# mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --fail /dev/hda8
mdadm: set /dev/hda8 faulty in /dev/md0
[root@www ~]# mdadm --detail /dev/md0
....(eٲ)....
State : clean, degraded, recovering
Active Devices : 3
Working Devices : 4
Failed Devices : 1 <==XϺЦ@ӡI
Spare Devices : 1
....(ٲ)....
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 3 6 0 active sync /dev/hda6
1 3 7 1 active sync /dev/hda7
4 3 10 2 spare rebuilding /dev/hda10
3 3 9 3 active sync /dev/hda9
5 3 8 - faulty spare /dev/hda8
# ݨSIoʧ@nְ~|ݨI /dev/hda10 ҰʤF /dev/hda8 F
[root@www ~]# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]
md0 : active raid5 hda9[3] hda10[4] hda8[5](F) hda7[1] hda6[0]
2963520 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/3] [UU_U]
[>.......] recovery = 0.8% (9088/987840) finish=14.3min speed=1136K/sec
|
WeAonֳtsJ mdadm O~ݪI]A RAID 5 bبtΡI
YAݤ@qɶAJ᭱[OAh|ݨpUeFG
# 2. wgǥ spare disk ا RAID 5 p
[root@www ~]# mdadm --detail /dev/md0
....(eٲ)....
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 3 6 0 active sync /dev/hda6
1 3 7 1 active sync /dev/hda7
2 3 10 2 active sync /dev/hda10
3 3 9 3 active sync /dev/hda9
4 3 8 - faulty spare /dev/hda8
[root@www ~]# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]
md0 : active raid5 hda9[3] hda10[2] hda8[4](F) hda7[1] hda6[0]
2963520 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/4] [UUUU]
|
ݧaIS_`FIunIڭ̪ /mnt/raid ɮרtάO㪺IäݭnIܴΧaI
Aڭ̦Aإߤ@ӷsμѡAoӤμѭnPLμѤ@ˤj~nIMAQ mdadm
~å[JsI
# 3. إ߷sμ
[root@www ~]# fdisk /dev/hda
Command (m for help): n
First cylinder (2668-5005, default 2668): <==o̫ [enter]
Using default value 2668
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (2668-5005, default 5005): +1000M
Command (m for help): w
[root@www ~]# partprobe
# ɨtη|h@ /dev/hda11 μѳI
# 4. [JsްDϺ
[root@www ~]# mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --add /dev/hda11 --remove /dev/hda8
mdadm: added /dev/hda11
mdadm: hot removed /dev/hda8
[root@www ~]# mdadm --detail /dev/md0
....(eٲ)....
0 3 6 0 active sync /dev/hda6
1 3 7 1 active sync /dev/hda7
2 3 10 2 active sync /dev/hda10
3 3 9 3 active sync /dev/hda9
4 3 11 - spare /dev/hda11
|
KKIAϺа}CƤ@sbAӥBAiH@QB@ /mnt/raid ơAY /dev/hda8
lFIMzLz\N[JsϺХBްaϺСI`NAo@ObWu (on-line) pUiI
ҥHAzo˪NNnnΰڡI ^_^
}۰ʱҰ RAID æ۰ʱ
s distribution jh|ۤvjM /dev/md[0-9] Mb}ɭԵ]wnһݭn\CL٬OijAA
ק@U]wɧaI ^_^Csoftware RAID ]O]wɪAoӳ]wɦb /etc/mdadm.conf Ioӳ]wɤe²A
AunD /dev/md0 UUID N]woɮװաIo̳ȤХL²檺ykG
[root@www ~]# mdadm --detail /dev/md0 | grep -i uuid
UUID : 7c60c049:57d60814:bd9a77f1:57e49c5b
# ᭱@ơANOoӸ˸mVtεU UUID ѧOXI
# }l]w mdadm.conf
[root@www ~]# vi /etc/mdadm.conf
ARRAY /dev/md0 UUID=7c60c049:57d60814:bd9a77f1:57e49c5b
# RAID˸m ѧOXe
# }l]w}۰ʱô
[root@www ~]# vi /etc/fstab
/dev/md0 /mnt/raid ext3 defaults 1 2
[root@www ~]# umount /dev/md0; mount -a
[root@www ~]# df /mnt/raid
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/md0 2916920 188464 2580280 7% /mnt/raid
# AoTwiHQAåBSoͥ~I
|
pGo̳SX{DIUӴN reboot AtΨõݬݬݯ_QҰʧaI ^_^
n RAID(nI)
DAӴNOnϥγo software RAID (/dev/md0)A_hAեn@ˡANo /dev/md0 I
]LOڭ̦boӴվWm߸˸mڡInLOH]o /dev/md0 ٬OϥΨڭ̨tΪϺФμѡA
bҤḽNO /dev/hda{6,7,8,9,10,11}ApGAuON /dev/md0 AMѰON RAID A
GNO....ӧAbs /dev/hdaX ɥi|X{@DzW~pաIҥH~ݭn software RAID BJI
pOH]O²zI(Ъ`NAT{A /dev/md0 TꤣnΥBnF~i橳UN)
# 1. BR]wɤPo /dev/md0 ]wG
[root@www ~]# umount /dev/md0
[root@www ~]# vi /etc/fstab
/dev/md0 /mnt/raid ext3 defaults 1 2
# No@RIΪ̬Oѱ]iHI
# 2. /dev/md0 kI
[root@www ~]# mdadm --stop /dev/md0
mdadm: stopped /dev/md0 <==oIo˴NFI
[root@www ~]# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]
unused devices: <none> <==ݧaITꤣsb}C˸mI
[root@www ~]# vi /etc/mdadm.conf
ARRAY /dev/md0 UUID=7c60c049:57d60814:bd9a77f1:57e49c5b
# @˰աIRLάOѥLI
|
boӽmߤAϥΦP@Ϻжin RAID CLB̭ͭn`NOApGun@nϺа}CA
̦nOѦhPϺШӲզΡI]oˤ~ϥΨ줣PϺЪŪgAį~|nI
ӸƤtbPϺСAYϺзlɸƤ~ǥѨLϺЮϦ^ӡIoIoSOdNOI
Q@ӱpAAbWDɭԱN /home uL 50G AϥΪ̲hɭPo filesystem jA
ɧA@HhƪBͳOoˡGA[@swСAM᭫sΡB榡ơAN /home Ƨ㪺ƻsLӡA
MN쥻 partition ss partition CڡInLڡIYOĤGΫoeqӦhIɭPܦhϺЮeqQOFI
AQnNo partition YpɡASӦp@HNWzy{Ad@MIЦFAרƻsܪɶ㦳S²檺kOH
INOڭ̳oӤp`nЪ LVM oNI
LVM IbyiHuʪվ filesystem eqIzӨëDbįPƫOWC
ݭnɮתŪgįΪ̬OƪiaʡAаѦҫe RAID p`C
LVM iHXhӹ partition b@_A
o partitions ݰ_ӴNO@ӺϺФ@ˡIӥBA٥iHbӷsWβL partition
o LVM zϺзC p@ӡAӺϺЪŶϥΤWAbO۷㦳uʰڡI
JM LVM onΡANڭ̨@@oNaI
O LVMG PV, PE, VG, LV Nq
LVM WO Logical Volume ManagerAiH½Ķ@豲bzCҥH٬ybziO]iHN
filesystem b@˦YuGaILVM @kONXӹ骺 partitions ( disk)
zLnզX@ݰ_ӬOWߪjϺ (VG) AMNojϺЦAgLΦiϥΤμ (LV)A
̲״NϥΤFCOo˪tΥiHi filesystem XRYpOHP@Ӻ٬ PE ئI
Uڭ̴NonwoXӶبӦnnI
ڭ̹ڪ partition ݭnվtѧOX (system ID) 8e (LVM ѧOX)AMAgL
pvcreate ONLন LVM ̩h𫚭b (PV) A~No PV [HQΡI
վ system ID ONOzL fdisk աI
ҿת LVM jϺдNON\h PV Xo VG FNOաIҥH VG NO LVM զX_ӪjϺСIoQNnFC
oӤjϺг̤jiHh֮eqOHoPUn PE H LVM 榡bw]pUA
lvm2 i|ϥ lvm1 xs榡AӮ榡 LV ̤jȯ䴩 65534 PE ӤwC
ҥHApGϥ LVM w]Ѽ (CentOS 5.x 32 줸ϥ lvm2 nBlvm1 榡)Ah@ VG
̤jiF 256GB eqڡI(ѦҩU PE )
LVM w]ϥ 4MB PE ϶A LVM LV ̦hȯt 65534 PE (lvm1 榡)A]w] LVM LV |
4M*65534/(1024M/G)=256GCo PE ܦILO LVM ̤pxs϶A]NOAڭ̪ɮƳOǥѼgJ
PE ӳBzC²檺Ao PE NIɮרtθ̭ block jpC
o˻ӴNnzѤFaHҥHվ PE |vT LVM ̤jeqILAb CentOS 6.x HAѩϥ lvm2
U榡\A]oӭwgsbFC
̲ת VG ٷ|Q LVAo LV NO̫iHQ榡ƨϥΪμѪNNFI LV O_iHHNwjpOH
MiHIJM PE O LVM ̤pxsA LV jpNPb LV PE `ƦC
FKϥΪ̧Q LVM ӺztΡA] LV ˸mɦWq`wy
/dev/vgname/lvname z˦I
~Aڭ̭観ͨ LVM iuʪܧ filesystem eqAOp쪺HLNOzLy洫 PE zӶiഫA
N쥻 LV PE L˸mHC LV eqAαNL˸m PE [즹 LV H[jeqI
VGBLV P PE YIUϡG
3.1.1BPE P VG ʹϥ
pWϩҥܡAVG PE |u LVApGӳo VG nXRܡA[WL PV YiC
ӳ̭n LV pGnXRܡA]OzL[J VG SϥΨ쪺 PE XRI
zL PV, VG, LV WAAQ mkfs
NiHNA LV 榡ƦiHQΪɮרtΤFIӥBoɮרtΪeqbٯiXRδ֡A
ӥB̭٤|QvTIbOܡy֮աIz@譱npiOH²OI
Ӭy{Ѱ¦̲תGiHoˬݡG
3.1.2B LVM U{y{ϥ
p@ӡAڭ̴NiHQ LV oӪNӶitΪFCLAAӭnıo_ǪOA
ڪƼgJo LV ɡA쩳LOgJwзH
InDA̾ڼgJPAӦؤ觋G
- uʼҦ (linear)GpڱN /dev/hda1, /dev/hdb1 o partition [J VG AåB VG
u@ LV ɡAҿתuʼҦNOG /dev/hda1 eqΧA/dev/hdb1 wФ~|QϥΨA
o]Oڭ̩ҫijҦC
- Ҧ (triped)GOҦH²ڡANOڱN@ƩⳡAOgJ /dev/hda1 P /dev/hdb1
NAPıWI RAID 0 աIp@ӡA@ƥΨwШӼgJAzפWAŪgį|nC
WALVM ̥DnγBOb{@ӥiHuʽվeqɮרtΤWA
ӤObإߤ@ӮįରDϺФWAҥHAڭӧQΪO LVM iHuʺz partition
jpγ~WAӤO۲bįWC]A LVM w]ŪgҦOuʼҦաI
pGAϥ triped ҦAn`NA@ partition ykѡzɡAҦƳ|ylzI
ҥHաAOܾAXϥγoؼҦաIpGnjծįPƥANϥ RAID YiA
ݭnΨ LVM ڡI
LVM @y{
LVM ݭn֤ߦ䴩Bݭnw lvm2 oӳnAnΦbOA CentOS PLs distributions
wgw]N lvm 䴩Pn鳣w˧FIҥHAݭn߳o譱DIδNFI
ϥΪվSnXʤFIڭ̤~m߹L RAIDAnN@ثeSΨ쪺μѥA
MAطsμѡCåBѩȦ@ 40GB ϺСAҥHUm߳ȰwP@ϺШӧ@C
ڪnDIoˡG
- ΥX 4 partition AC partition eq 1.5GB kAB system ID ݭn 8eF
- partition X@ VGAVG Wٳ]w vbirdvgFB PE jp 16MBF
- VG eqᵹ LV ALV Wٳ]w vbirdlvF
- ̲׳o LV 榡Ƭ ext3 ɮרtΡABb /mnt/lvm
NJӪйΤFAбzۦѦĤK fdisk
ӹFUdҡG(`NGקtѧOXШϥ t o fdisk OӳBzYi)
[root@www ~]# fdisk /dev/hda <==Ly{ЦۦѦҲĤKBz
[root@www ~]# partprobe <==OѰOoӰʧ@FInI
[root@www ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/hda: 41.1 GB, 41174138880 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5005 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/hda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux
/dev/hda2 14 1288 10241437+ 83 Linux
/dev/hda3 1289 1925 5116702+ 83 Linux
/dev/hda4 1926 5005 24740100 5 Extended
/dev/hda5 1926 2052 1020096 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/hda6 2053 2235 1469916 8e Linux LVM
/dev/hda7 2236 2418 1469916 8e Linux LVM
/dev/hda8 2419 2601 1469916 8e Linux LVM
/dev/hda9 2602 2784 1469916 8e Linux LVM
|
W /dev/hda{6,7,8,9} o|ӤμѴNOڭ̪μѡI]NOU|ڥΨ쪺TI
`NݡA 8e X{|ɭP system ܦy Linux LVM zIS]w 8e ]SYA
LY LVM Oi| partition NOFIUӡAN@Ӥ@ӪBzUy{aI
nإ PV ²Aunϥ pvcreate YiIڭ̨ӽͤ@ͻP PV OaI
- pvcreate GN partition إߦ PV F
- pvscan GjMثetθ̭㦳 PV ϺСF
- pvdisplay GܥXثetΤW PV AF
- pvremove GN PV ݩʲA partition 㦳 PV ݩʡC
N@@@aI
# 1. ˬdL PV btΤWAMN /dev/hda6~/dev/hda9 إߦ PV 榡
[root@www ~]# pvscan
No matching physical volumes found <==䤣 PV sbI
[root@www ~]# pvcreate /dev/hda{6,7,8,9}
Physical volume "/dev/hda6" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/hda7" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/hda8" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/hda9" successfully created
# oӫOiH@fإ߳o| partition PV աI`NjAγ~
[root@www ~]# pvscan
PV /dev/hda6 lvm2 [1.40 GB]
PV /dev/hda7 lvm2 [1.40 GB]
PV /dev/hda8 lvm2 [1.40 GB]
PV /dev/hda9 lvm2 [1.40 GB]
Total: 4 [5.61 GB] / in use: 0 [0 ] / in no VG: 4 [5.61 GB]
# oNOܨC PV TPtΩҦ PV TCר̫@AܪOG
# PV q / wgQϥΨ VG PV q / Ѿl PV q
# 2. ԲӪCܥXtΤWC PV ӧOTG
[root@www ~]# pvdisplay
"/dev/hda6" is a new physical volume of "1.40 GB"
--- NEW Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/hda6 <==ڪ partition ˸mW
VG Name <==]|tXhAҥHťաI
PV Size 1.40 GB <==NOeq
Allocatable NO <==O_wQtAGO NO
PE Size (KByte) 0 <==b PV PE jp
Total PE 0 <==@ΥXX PE
Free PE 0 <==SQ LV α PE
Allocated PE 0 <==|itXh PE ƶq
PV UUID Z13Jk5-RCls-UJ8B-HzDa-Gesn-atku-rf2biN
....(Uٲ)....
# ѩ PE Obإ VG ɤ~ѼơA]bo̬ݨ쪺 PV Y PE |O 0
# ӥB]Shl PE iѤt (allocatable)C
|
OA@O²Io˴NN PV إߤFoI²줣aI ^_^I~Ӫ VG hI
إ VG VG O]֡Aڭ̨ӬݬݡG
- vgcreate GNODnإ VG OաILѼƤhA@UСC
- vgscan GjMtΤWO_ VG sbH
- vgdisplay GܥثetΤW VG AF
- vgextend Gb VG W[B~ PV F
- vgreduce Gb VG PVF
- vgchange G]w VG O_Ұ (active)F
- vgremove GR@ VG ڡI
P PV POA VG W٬OۭqIڭ̪D PV W٨NO partition ˸mɦWA
Oo VG W٫hiHHKAۤvڡIbUҤlAڱN VG W٨W vbirdvg Cإ߳o
VG y{Oo˪G
[root@www ~]# vgcreate [-s N[mgt]] VGW PVW
ﶵPѼơG
-s G᭱ PE jp (size) AiHO m, g, t (jpgi)
# 1. N /dev/hda6-8 إߦ@ VGABw PE 16MB I
[root@www ~]# vgcreate -s 16M vbirdvg /dev/hda{6,7,8}
Volume group "vbirdvg" successfully created
[root@www ~]# vgscan
Reading all physical volumes. This may take a while...
Found volume group "vbirdvg" using metadata type lvm2
# Tsbo vbirdvg VG աI
[root@www ~]# pvscan
PV /dev/hda6 VG vbirdvg lvm2 [1.39 GB / 1.39 GB free]
PV /dev/hda7 VG vbirdvg lvm2 [1.39 GB / 1.39 GB free]
PV /dev/hda8 VG vbirdvg lvm2 [1.39 GB / 1.39 GB free]
PV /dev/hda9 lvm2 [1.40 GB]
Total: 4 [5.57 GB] / in use: 3 [4.17 GB] / in no VG: 1 [1.40 GB]
# KKIo{SIT PV QΥhAѤU@ /dev/hda9 PV SQαI
[root@www ~]# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name vbirdvg
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 3
Metadata Sequence No 1
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 0
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 3
Act PV 3
VG Size 4.17 GB <==骺 VG eqoj
PE Size 16.00 MB <==C PE jp
Total PE 267 <==`@ PE ƶq@ohI
Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0
Free PE / Size 267 / 4.17 GB
VG UUID 4VU5Jr-gwOq-jkga-sUPx-vWPu-PmYm-dZH9EO
# ̫ᨺTNO PE ϥΪpIѩ|X LVA]Ҧ PE
# iۥѨϥΡC
|
o˴Nإߤ@ VG FI]ڭ̭nW[o VG eqA]ڭ٦ /dev/hda9 IɧAiHo˰G
# 2. NѾl PV (/dev/hda9) ᵹ vbirdvg aI
[root@www ~]# vgextend vbirdvg /dev/hda9
Volume group "vbirdvg" successfully extended
[root@www ~]# vgdisplay
....(eٲ)....
VG Size 5.56 GB
PE Size 16.00 MB
Total PE 356
Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0
Free PE / Size 356 / 5.56 GB
VG UUID 4VU5Jr-gwOq-jkga-sUPx-vWPu-PmYm-dZH9EO
# WAaIo˴NiH VG jpڡI
|
ڭ̦hF@Ӹ˸mIUӬo vbirdvg iΧaIzL LV \ӳBzI
гyX VG oӤjϺФAAӴNOnإߤΰϰաIoӤΰϴNOҿת LV oI]ڭnN诊
vbirdvg ϺСAΦ vbirdlv A VG eqQt vbirdlv ̭hIӬݬݯϥΪOANu@FI
- lvcreate Gإ LV աI
- lvscan GdߨtΤW LV F
- lvdisplay GܨtΤW LV AڡI
- lvextend Gb LV ̭W[eqI
- lvreduce Gb LV ̭֮eqF
- lvremove GR@ LV I
- lvresize G LV ieqjpվI
[root@www ~]# lvcreate [-L N[mgt]] [-n LVW] VGW
[root@www ~]# lvcreate [-l N] [-n LVW] VGW
ﶵPѼơG
-L G᭱eqAeqiHO M,G,T An`NOA̤p쬰 PEA
]oӼƶqnO PE ơAY۲šAtη|ۦp̬۪eqC
-l G᭱iH PE yӼơzAӤOƶqCYnoAonۦp PE ơC
-n G᭱NO LV WٰաI
hӥiHۦd\aI man lvcreate
# 1. N vbirdvg qqt vbirdlv ڡAn`NA PE @ 356 ӡC
[root@www ~]# lvcreate -l 356 -n vbirdlv vbirdvg
Logical volume "vbirdlv" created
# ѩרҤC PE 16M A]WzO]iHϥΦpU觋ӫإߡG
# lvcreate -L 5.56G -n vbirdlv vbirdvg
[root@www ~]# ll /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 27 Mar 11 16:49 /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv ->
/dev/mapper/vbirdvg-vbirdlv
# ݨFSڡIoNOڭ̳̭n@ӪNFI
[root@www ~]# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Name /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv <==oӤ~O LV WI
VG Name vbirdvg
LV UUID 8vFOPG-Jrw0-Runh-ug24-t2j7-i3nA-rPEyq0
LV Write Access read/write
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 5.56 GB <==o LV eqojI
Current LE 356
Segments 4
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:0
|
p@ӡA partition ]dzƦnաIUӡANOwo LV ӳBzաInSO`NOA VG W٬ vbirdvg A
O LV WϥΥWIYO /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv ~I
BzOo˪IoI즸IJ LVM BͫܮedI
oӳڴNAh[FIӶiaI
# 1. 榡ơBP[ڭ̪ LV aI
[root@www ~]# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv <==`N LV WI
[root@www ~]# mkdir /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# mount /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/hda2 9920624 3858984 5549572 42% /
/dev/hda3 4956316 1056996 3643488 23% /home
/dev/hda1 101086 21408 74459 23% /boot
tmpfs 371332 0 371332 0% /dev/shm
/dev/mapper/vbirdvg-vbirdlv
5741020 142592 5306796 3% /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# cp -a /etc /var/log /mnt/lvm
|
LV W٫ظm /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv OFϥΪ̪ıڭ̩һݭnơA
ڤW LVM ϥΪ˸mOm /dev/mapper/ ؿUIҥHA~|ݨWSr鳡C
zLo˪\Aڭ̲{bwgظmn@ LV FIAiHۥѪ /mnt/lvm Ҧ귽I
j LV eq
ڭ̤O LVM ̤jSNOuʽվϺЮeqܡHnIڭ̴NӳBz@UApGnj LV eqɡA
Ӧpi槹㪺BJOH@IIAuno˰YiG
- fdisk ]ws㦳 8e system ID partition
- Q pvcreate ظm PV
- Q vgextend N PV [Jڭ̪ vbirdvg
- Q lvresize Ns[J PV PE [J vbirdlv
- zL resize2fs NɮרtΪeqTW[I
𫟺̫@ӨBJ̭nIڭ̦bĤKDA
ɮרtΦb̪榡ƪɭԴNإߤF inode/block/superblock TAnܳoǸTOI
L]ɮרtή榡ƪɭԫظmOh block group A]ڭ̥iHzLbɮרtηW[ block group
觋ӼWɮרtΪqIӼW block group NOQ resize2fs աIҥH̫@BOwɮרtΨӳBzA
eXBhOw LVM ڮeqjpI
# 1. BzX@ 3GB s partition AbtΤӬO /dev/hda10
[root@www ~]# fdisk /dev/hda <==Lʧ@ЦۦBz
[root@www ~]# partprobe
[root@www ~]# fdisk -l
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
....(ٲ)....
/dev/hda10 2785 3150 2939863+ 8e Linux LVM
# oӴNOڭ̭ns partition oI
# 2. إ߷s PVG
[root@www ~]# pvcreate /dev/hda10
Physical volume "/dev/hda10" successfully created
[root@www ~]# pvscan
PV /dev/hda6 VG vbirdvg lvm2 [1.39 GB / 0 free]
PV /dev/hda7 VG vbirdvg lvm2 [1.39 GB / 0 free]
PV /dev/hda8 VG vbirdvg lvm2 [1.39 GB / 0 free]
PV /dev/hda9 VG vbirdvg lvm2 [1.39 GB / 0 free]
PV /dev/hda10 lvm2 [2.80 GB]
Total: 5 [8.37 GB] / in use: 4 [5.56 GB] / in no VG: 1 [2.80 GB]
# iHݨ /dev/hda10 Os[JåB|QϥΪI
# 3. [j VG AQ vgextend \I
[root@www ~]# vgextend vbirdvg /dev/hda10
Volume group "vbirdvg" successfully extended
[root@www ~]# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name vbirdvg
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 5
Metadata Sequence No 4
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 1
Open LV 1
Max PV 0
Cur PV 5
Act PV 5
VG Size 8.36 GB
PE Size 16.00 MB
Total PE 535
Alloc PE / Size 356 / 5.56 GB
Free PE / Size 179 / 2.80 GB
VG UUID 4VU5Jr-gwOq-jkga-sUPx-vWPu-PmYm-dZH9EO
# VG ܤjFIӥBѾl PE @ 179 ӡAeqh 2.80G
# 4. j LV aIQ lvresize \ӼW[I
[root@www ~]# lvresize -l +179 /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
Extending logical volume vbirdlv to 8.36 GB
Logical volume vbirdlv successfully resized
# o˴NW[F LV FIlvresize yk²AWP˳zL -l -L ӼW[I
# YnW[hϥ + AYn֫hϥ - IԲӪﶵаѦ man lvresize oI
[root@www ~]# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Name /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
VG Name vbirdvg
LV UUID 8vFOPG-Jrw0-Runh-ug24-t2j7-i3nA-rPEyq0
LV Write Access read/write
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 8.36 GB
Current LE 535
Segments 5
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:0
[root@www ~]# df /mnt/lvm
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vbirdvg-vbirdlv
5741020 261212 5188176 5% /mnt/lvm
|
ݨFaH̲תG LV uj 8.36GB IOɮרtΫoS۹W[I
ӥBAڭ̪ LVM iHuWBzAäݭnSOL umount IuOHʤơI
O٬OonBz@UɮרtΪeqաI}l[@UɮרtΡAMϥ resize2fs ӳBz@UaI
# 5.1 ݤ@U쥻ɮרtΤ superblock OpaI
[root@www ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
dumpe2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
....(ٲ)....
Block count: 1458176 <==ofilesystem block `
....(ٲ)....
Blocks per group: 32768 <==h֭ block ]w@ block group
Group 0: (Blocks 0-32767) <==A block X
....(ٲ)....
Group 44: (Blocks 1441792-1458175) <==oOtΤ̫@ group
....(᭱ٲ)....
# 5.2 resize2fs yk
[root@www ~]# resize2fs [-f] [device] [size]
ﶵPѼơG
-f Gji resize ʧ@I
[device]G˸mɮצW١F
[size] GiH[]iH[CpG[W size ܡANn@ӳA
Ĵp M, G CpGS size ܡAw]ϥΡy partitionz
eqӳBzI
# 5.3 㪺N LV eqXR filesystem aI
[root@www ~]# resize2fs /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
resize2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem at /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv is mounted on /mnt/lvm; on-line resizing
Performing an on-line resize of /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv to 2191360 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv is now 2191360 blocks long.
# iȧaIo@ lvm M٥iHuWi resize \IunI
[root@www ~]# df /mnt/lvm
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vbirdvg-vbirdlv
8628956 262632 7931368 4% /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# ll /mnt/lvm
drwxr-xr-x 105 root root 12288 Mar 11 16:59 etc
drwxr-xr-x 17 root root 4096 Mar 11 14:17 log
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Mar 11 16:59 lost+found
# ƻsihƥi٬OsbIèSI
|
KKIujFaIӥBpGAwgƦb LVM ϰϷܡIoӸƬO|I٬O~sb쥻ϰϷաI
Ӱʧ@Mo²NFI쥻٬O@sbӤ|zA LVM nnΰڡI
~ApGAAH dumpe2fs ˬd /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv ɡAN|o{ Group W[FI
pG٬OdMO block group ɡAЦ^ĤKݤ@Uӳ1.3.1ЧaI
Yp LV eq
W@p`ڭ̽ͨ쪺OjeqA{bӽͨ쪺OYpeqI]ڭ̷QN /dev/hda6 XӡI
ӦpBzڡHNW@p`y{LӧYiڡIڭ̴NӪaI
# 1. X /dev/hda6 eqjpAùխpɮרtλYph
[root@www ~]# pvdisplay
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/hda6
VG Name vbirdvg
PV Size 1.40 GB / not usable 11.46 MB
Allocatable yes (but full)
PE Size (KByte) 16384
Total PE 89
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 89
PV UUID Z13Jk5-RCls-UJ8B-HzDa-Gesn-atku-rf2biN
# qo̥iHݥX /dev/hda6 hjAӥBt 89 PE qI
# pGnϥ resize2fs ɡAh`qh 1.40GB NFI
[root@www ~]# pvscan
PV /dev/hda6 VG vbirdvg lvm2 [1.39 GB / 0 free]
PV /dev/hda7 VG vbirdvg lvm2 [1.39 GB / 0 free]
PV /dev/hda8 VG vbirdvg lvm2 [1.39 GB / 0 free]
PV /dev/hda9 VG vbirdvg lvm2 [1.39 GB / 0 free]
PV /dev/hda10 VG vbirdvg lvm2 [2.80 GB / 0 free]
Total: 5 [8.36 GB] / in use: 5 [8.36 GB] / in no VG: 0 [0 ]
# qWiHo{pG /dev/hda6 hѾleqG1.39*3+2.8=6.97
# 2. NCɮרtΪeqaI
[root@www ~]# resize2fs /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv 6900M
resize2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem at /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv is mounted on /mnt/lvm; on-line resizing
On-line shrinking from 2191360 to 1766400 not supported.
# eqngpIơA] 6.9G O~ANϥ 6900M FC
# ~AjiHuWiAYpɮרtΦGLk䴩IҥHno˰G
[root@www ~]# umount /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# resize2fs /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv 6900M
resize2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Please run 'e2fsck -f /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv' first.
# Lnڭ̥iϺˬdIoINiaI
[root@www ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
e2fsck 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv: 2438/1087008 files (0.1% non-contiguous),
[root@www ~]# resize2fs /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv 6900M
resize2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Resizing the filesystem on /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv to 1766400 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv is now 1766400 blocks long.
# A resize2fs @N\FIpWҥܰڡI
[root@www ~]# mount /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# df /mnt/lvm
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vbirdvg-vbirdlv
6955584 262632 6410328 4% /mnt/lvm
|
MAӴNON LV eqCIn`NOAڭ̷QnO /dev/hda6Ao PV 89 PE (W pvdisplay
dߨ쪺G)CҥHno˶iG
# 3. C LV eqAPɧڭ̪D /dev/hda6 89 PE
[root@www ~]# lvresize -l -89 /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
WARNING: Reducing active and open logical volume to 6.97 GB
THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)
Do you really want to reduce vbirdlv? [y/n]: y
Reducing logical volume vbirdlv to 6.97 GB
Logical volume vbirdlv successfully resized
# |ĵiTIOڭ̪ڸƶq٬O 6.97G pAҥHN y UhaI
[root@www ~]# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Name /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
VG Name vbirdvg
LV UUID 8vFOPG-Jrw0-Runh-ug24-t2j7-i3nA-rPEyq0
LV Write Access read/write
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 6.97 GB
Current LE 446
Segments 5
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:0
|
²aIo˴NN LV YpFIUӴNnN /dev/hda6 X vbirdvg o VG ~oI
ڭ̱onTw /dev/hda6 ̭ PE QϥΫA~N /dev/hda6 I
ҥHono˶iG
# 4.1 T{ /dev/hda6 O_N PE FI
[root@www ~]# pvdisplay
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/hda6
VG Name vbirdvg
PV Size 1.40 GB / not usable 11.46 MB
Allocatable yes (but full)
PE Size (KByte) 16384
Total PE 89
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 89
PV UUID Z13Jk5-RCls-UJ8B-HzDa-Gesn-atku-rf2biN
....(ٲ)....
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/hda10
VG Name vbirdvg
PV Size 2.80 GB / not usable 6.96 MB
Allocatable yes
PE Size (KByte) 16384
Total PE 179
Free PE 89
Allocated PE 90
PV UUID 7MfcG7-y9or-0Jmb-H7RO-5Pa5-D3qB-G426Vq
# dFѥbѡASQϥΪ PE Mb /dev/hda10 Iɱonh PE oI
[root@www ~]# pvmove /dev/hda6 /dev/hda10
# pvmove ӷPV ؼPV AiHN /dev/hda6 PE qqʨ /dev/hda10
# |QϥΪ PE h (Free PE)C
# 4.2 N /dev/hda6 X vbirdvg I
[root@www ~]# vgreduce vbirdvg /dev/hda6
Removed "/dev/hda6" from volume group "vbirdvg"
[root@www ~]# pvscan
PV /dev/hda7 VG vbirdvg lvm2 [1.39 GB / 0 free]
PV /dev/hda8 VG vbirdvg lvm2 [1.39 GB / 0 free]
PV /dev/hda9 VG vbirdvg lvm2 [1.39 GB / 0 free]
PV /dev/hda10 VG vbirdvg lvm2 [2.80 GB / 0 free]
PV /dev/hda6 lvm2 [1.40 GB]
Total: 5 [8.37 GB] / in use: 4 [6.97 GB] / in no VG: 1 [1.40 GB]
[root@www ~]# pvremove /dev/hda6
Labels on physical volume "/dev/hda6" successfully wiped
|
ܦaIo˧AɮרtΥHιڪ LV P VG qqܤpFAӥB /dev/hda6 ٯuiHXӡI
iHiLγ~աID`²aI
LVM tΧַ
{bAD LVM nBAӦpGAQnW[Y LVM eqɡANiHzLoөjBYp\ӳBzC
LVM Foǥ\ध~A٦OOHL٦@ӭnOANOtΧַ (snapshot)C
OtΧַӰڡHַӴNONɪtθTOUӡANnӬ۰O@I
ӭYƧʤFAhlƷ|QhַӰϡASQʪϰhѧַӰϻPɮרtΦ@ɡC
nAڭ̥ιϸѻ@UnFG
3.5.1BLVM tΧַӰϰ쪺ƥܷN(uɮרtΡAuַӰ)
Ϭ̪ظmtΧַӰϪpALVM |wd@Ӱϰ (ϪT PE ϶) @ƦsBC
ɧַӰϤèSơAַӰϻPtΰϦ@ɩҦ PE ơA
]A|ݨַӰϪePɮרtάO@Ҥ@˪C
tιB@@}lA] A ϰ쪺ƳQʤF (Wkϩҥ)Ahʫetη|NӰϰ쪺ƲʨַӰA
ҥHbkϪַӰϳQΤF@ PE AAӨL B I ϶h٬OPɮרtΦ@ΡI
ӳo˪pӬݡALVM tΧַӬOD`ΪyƥuzA]LuƥQʨ쪺ơA
ɮרtΤSQܧƨ«Ob쥻϶AO LVM ַӥ\|DǸƩmb̡A
]yַӡzɪɮרtδNoHyƥzUӡABַөҦΪeqSD`pIҥHzAoOܴΪuSOH
ַӰϭnpإPϥΩOHAѩַӰϻP쥻 LV @Ϋܦh PE ϶A]ַӰϻPQַӪ LV nbP@ VG WYCOڭ̭N /dev/hda6 vbirdvg
FAثe vbirdvg ѤUeq 0 I]AboӤp`̭ڭ̱onA[J /dev/hda6 ڭ̪ VG A
~~إߧַӰoIUʧ@AӪݡI
Uʧ@DnbW[ݭn VG eqAMAzL lvcreate -s \إߧַӰ
# 1. [ VG ٳѤUhֳѾleq
[root@www ~]# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name vbirdvg
....(Lٲ)....
VG Size 6.97 GB
PE Size 16.00 MB
Total PE 446
Alloc PE / Size 446 / 6.97 GB
Free PE / Size 0 / 0 <==Shl PE iΡI
# 2. N貾 /dev/hda6 [Jo VG aI
[root@www ~]# pvcreate /dev/hda6
Physical volume "/dev/hda6" successfully created
[root@www ~]# vgextend vbirdvg /dev/hda6
Volume group "vbirdvg" successfully extended
[root@www ~]# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name vbirdvg
....(Lٲ)....
VG Size 8.36 GB
PE Size 16.00 MB
Total PE 535
Alloc PE / Size 446 / 6.97 GB
Free PE / Size 89 / 1.39 GB <==hXF 89 PE ioI
# 3. Q lvcreate إߨtΧַӰϡAڭ̨W vbirdssAB 60 PE
[root@www ~]# lvcreate -l 60 -s -n vbirdss /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
Logical volume "vbirdss" created
# WzO̭nO -s ﶵINO snapshot ַӥ\धNI
# -n ַ᭱ӰϪ˸mW١A /dev/.... hOnQַӪ LV ɦWC
# -l ᭱hOϥΦh֭ PE ӧ@oӧַӰϨϥΡC
[root@www ~]# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Name /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss
VG Name vbirdvg
LV UUID K2tJ5E-e9mI-89Gw-hKFd-4tRU-tRKF-oeB03a
LV Write Access read/write
LV snapshot status active destination for /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 6.97 GB <==QַӪ LV ϺЮeq
Current LE 446
COW-table size 960.00 MB <==ַӰϪڮeq
COW-table LE 60 <==ַӰϦΪ PE ƶq
Allocated to snapshot 0.00%
Snapshot chunk size 4.00 KB
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:1
|
zݬݡIo /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss ַӰϴNQإ߰_ӤFIӥBL VG qMP쥻 /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
ۦPI]NOApGAuoӸ˸mɡAݨ쪺Ʒ|쥻 vbirdlv ۦPIڭ̴NӴլݬݡG
[root@www ~]# mkdir /mnt/snapshot
[root@www ~]# mount /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss /mnt/snapshot
[root@www ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/hda2 9920624 3859032 5549524 42% /
/dev/hda3 4956316 1056996 3643488 23% /home
/dev/hda1 101086 21408 74459 23% /boot
tmpfs 371332 0 371332 0% /dev/shm
/dev/mapper/vbirdvg-vbirdlv
6955584 262632 6410328 4% /mnt/lvm
/dev/mapper/vbirdvg-vbirdss
6955584 262632 6410328 4% /mnt/snapshot
# SݨIoөNNMO@Ҥ@˳Iڭ̮ڥSʹL
# /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss aILo̭|DʰO vbirdlv eI
[root@www ~]# umount /mnt/snapshot
# ̫NLIڭ̷dzƨӪ쪺FI
|
Aڭ̨Ӫ@UApQΧַӰϴ_tΧaILAn`NOAAn_쪺ƶqַӰϩүtڮeqCѩlƷ|QhַӰϡA
pGAַӰϤjAYlƳQʪڸƶqַӰϤjAַӰϷMeǤFAoɭԧַӥ\|ijI
ҥHWרҤ~ 60 PE (@ 900MB) @ַӰϦsƥΡC
ڭ̪ /mnt/lvm wg /mnt/lvm/etc, /mnt/lvm/log ؿFAUӧڭ̱NoɮרtΪe@ܧA
MAHַӰϸ٭ݬݡG
# 1. N쥻 /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv e@ܧAWW@ǥؿaI
[root@www ~]# df /mnt/lvm
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vbirdvg-vbirdlv
6955584 262632 6410328 4% /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# ll /mnt/lvm
drwxr-xr-x 105 root root 12288 Mar 11 16:59 etc
drwxr-xr-x 17 root root 4096 Mar 11 14:17 log
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Mar 11 16:59 lost+found
[root@www ~]# rm -r /mnt/lvm/log
[root@www ~]# cp -a /boot /lib /sbin /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# ll /mnt/lvm
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Dec 15 16:28 boot
drwxr-xr-x 105 root root 12288 Mar 11 16:59 etc
drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 4096 Sep 5 2008 lib
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Mar 11 16:59 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Sep 5 2008 sbin
# ݰ_ӸƤwg@ˤFI
[root@www ~]# lvdisplay /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss
--- Logical volume ---
LV Name /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss
VG Name vbirdvg
....(ٲ)....
Allocated to snapshot 12.22%
....(Uٲ)....
# qo̤]ݱoXӡAַӰϤwgQϥΤF 12.22% I]lɮרtΦʹLI
# 2. QΧַӰϱN쥻 filesystem ƥ
[root@www ~]# mount /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss /mnt/snapshot
[root@www ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vbirdvg-vbirdlv
6955584 370472 6302488 6% /mnt/lvm
/dev/mapper/vbirdvg-vbirdss
6955584 262632 6410328 4% /mnt/snapshot
# ݧaI̽Tꤣ@ˤFI}lNַӰϤeƻsXӧaI
[root@www ~]# mkdir -p /backups <==T{uoӥؿI
[root@www ~]# cd /mnt/snapshot
[root@www snapshot]# tar -jcv -f /backups/lvm.tar.bz2 *
# ɧAN|@ӳƥơAYO /backups/lvm.tar.bz2 FI
|
nƥOHiH榡 /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv MN /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss ƻs vbirdlv OH
nD vbirdss O vbirdlv ַӡA]pGA榡ƾ vbirdlv ɡA쥻ɮרtΩҦƳ|Qh vbirdssC
pG vbirdss eqj (q`]uj)AƱNLkƻs vbirdss AƷMLk٭ڡI
ҥH~nbW椤s@X@ӳƥɮתIAѥGH
ӧַ٦t~@ӥ\ANOAiH /mnt/lvm P /mnt/snapshot eANo{̪A쩳FԣNNI
oˤ]OܤڡIzOaI ^_^IUڭ̷dz٭ vbirdlv eaI
# 3. N vbirdss ò (]̭ewgƥ_ӤF)
[root@www ~]# umount /mnt/snapshot
[root@www ~]# lvremove /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss
Do you really want to remove active logical volume "vbirdss"? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "vbirdss" successfully removed
[root@www ~]# umount /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
[root@www ~]# mount /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# tar -jxv -f /backups/lvm.tar.bz2 -C /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# ll /mnt/lvm
drwxr-xr-x 105 root root 12288 Mar 11 16:59 etc
drwxr-xr-x 17 root root 4096 Mar 11 14:17 log
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Mar 11 16:59 lost+found
# O_P̪쪺eۦPڡIoNOzLַӨ٭쪺@²檺koI
|
ӨרӷQQAڭ̱N쥻 vbirdlv @ƥơAMN vbirdss @ڦbB@ơA
ժʧ@b vbirdss oӧַӰϷաAէnNժƧRɡAunNַӰϧRhYiI
ӭnƻs@ vbirdlv tΡAA@t~@ӧַӰϧYiIoˬO_D`KڡH
oоҤC~nǥͻs@@ӽmҥDաAD`UOI
HeѬOıoϥ LVM ַӨӶiƥӦXzA]٭ns@@ӳƥɡIӥJӬsðѦҮ}øqѮvЧ(
3)A~o{ LVM ַӹbO@ӴΨ줣檺uIרObظmhPǨϥΪҡA
Aun@Ӱ¦ҫOALҨϥΧַӨӴѧYiCYɦPDZNtηdFAAunNַӰϧRA
Aؤ@ӧַӰϡIoҴN_FIѧoIbOӴΤFI ^_^
# 1. إߤ@Ӥj@ǪַӰϡAڭ̱N /dev/hda6 PE ַӰϡI
[root@www ~]# lvcreate -s -l 89 -n vbirdss /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
Logical volume "vbirdss" created
[root@www ~]# lvdisplay /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss
--- Logical volume ---
LV Name /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss
VG Name vbirdvg
LV UUID as0ocQ-KjRS-Bu7y-fYoD-1CHC-0V3Y-JYsjj1
LV Write Access read/write
LV snapshot status active destination for /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 6.97 GB
Current LE 446
COW-table size 1.39 GB
COW-table LE 89
Allocated to snapshot 0.00%
Snapshot chunk size 4.00 KB
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:1
# pIoӧַӰϤpaI
# 2. vbirdlv vbirdss
[root@www ~]# umount /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# mount /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss /mnt/snapshot
[root@www ~]# df /mnt/snapshot
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vbirdvg-vbirdss
7192504 265804 6561340 4% /mnt/snapshot
# 3. }lcdI
[root@www ~]# rm -r /mnt/snapshot/etc /mnt/snapshot/log
[root@www ~]# cp -a /boot /lib /sbin /mnt/snapshot/
[root@www ~]# ll /mnt/snapshot
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Dec 15 16:28 boot
drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 4096 Sep 5 2008 lib
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Mar 11 16:59 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Sep 5 2008 sbin <==P쥻ƦtF
[root@www ~]# mount /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# ll /mnt/lvm
drwxr-xr-x 105 root root 12288 Mar 11 16:59 etc
drwxr-xr-x 17 root root 4096 Mar 11 14:17 log
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Mar 11 16:59 lost+found
# קAbַӰϴcdԣNNA쥻 vbirdlv ̭ƦwnpڡI
# ]AN vbirdss dFI̭ƤAݭnIӦpOnH
# 4. ٭쥻ַӰϪơA^PɮרtάۦPT
[root@www ~]# umount /mnt/snapshot
[root@www ~]# lvremove /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss
Do you really want to remove active logical volume "vbirdss"? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "vbirdss" successfully removed
[root@www ~]# lvcreate -s -l 89 -n vbirdss /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv
[root@www ~]# mount /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss /mnt/snapshot
[root@www ~]# ll /mnt/snapshot
drwxr-xr-x 105 root root 12288 Mar 11 16:59 etc
drwxr-xr-x 17 root root 4096 Mar 11 14:17 log
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Mar 11 16:59 lost+found
# Ƴo˴N_FI
|
ѹ껡AWզILY]ַӰϷlFNRAؤ@ӴNnաI٭nթOH
LAFzAѨַӰϤ]o˨ϥΡAW٬OݭnsbաIӦpGAIJA
A^ǫӷŲߤ@U֩w|ìI
LVM OJP LVM
nFAڭ̱NWzιL@ǫOLJ@UAѵzѦҰѦҡG
| PV q | VG
q | LV q |
| jM(scan) | pvscan | vgscan | lvscan |
| إ(create) | pvcreate | vgcreate | lvcreate |
| CX(display) | pvdisplay | vgdisplay | lvdisplay |
| W[(extend) | @ | vgextend | lvextend (lvresize) |
| (reduce) | @ | vgreduce | lvreduce (lvresize) |
| R(remove) | pvremove | vgremove | lvremove |
| ܮeq(resize) | @ | @ | lvresize |
| ݩ(attribute) | pvchange | vgchange | lvchange |
ܩɮרtζq (filesystem 榡ƳBz) AٻݭnH resize2fs ӭqɮרtιڪjp~ڡI ^_^
CܩM LVM iHuʪzAϺЮeqAOn`NApGAQnϥ LVM
zzwЮɡAbw˪ɭԴNonn LVM WFA
_h٬OݭnHDzΪϺмW[觋ӼW[AʸƫA~i LVM ϥΰڡI
| LVM ٤IAn|tΤ LVM I]A partition wgQϥΨ LVM hA
pGA٨SN LVM NN partition RରLγ~ܡAtάO|oͫܤjDI
ҥHoAAnDpN LVM ˸mò~I||OHꤣ|աI
̾ڥHUy{ӳBzYiG
- tΤW LVM ɮרt (]AַӻPҦ LV)F
- ϥ lvremove LV F
- ϥ vgchange -a n VGname VGname o VG 㦳 Active лxF
- ϥ vgremove VGG
- ϥ pvremove PVF
- ̫Aϥ fdisk ק ID ^ӰڡI
naINڪNڭ̤eإߪҦ LVM ƵRaI
[root@www ~]# umount /mnt/lvm
[root@www ~]# umount /mnt/snapshot
[root@www ~]# lvremove /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdss <==Bzַ
Do you really want to remove active logical volume "vbirdss"? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "vbirdss" successfully removed
[root@www ~]# lvremove /dev/vbirdvg/vbirdlv <==ABzt
Do you really want to remove active logical volume "vbirdlv"? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "vbirdlv" successfully removed
[root@www ~]# vgchange -a n vbirdvg
0 logical volume(s) in volume group "vbirdvg" now active
[root@www ~]# vgremove vbirdvg
Volume group "vbirdvg" successfully removed
[root@www ~]# pvremove /dev/hda{6,7,8,9,10}
Labels on physical volume "/dev/hda6" successfully wiped
Labels on physical volume "/dev/hda7" successfully wiped
Labels on physical volume "/dev/hda8" successfully wiped
Labels on physical volume "/dev/hda9" successfully wiped
Labels on physical volume "/dev/hda10" successfully wiped
|
̫A fdisk NϺЪ ID L^ 83
NnաIӹL{No˪աI ^_^