| nnJ Linux tΤ@wnbPKX~A_hnJAzOaHILA PϥΪӭn֦Pv~aHڭ٥iHzL user/group Sv]wA ӳWdXPsն}oMשOb Linux ҤUAڭ̥iHzLܦh觋ӭϥΪ̯ϥΪtθ귽A ]A bash shell `쪺 ulimit B٦SvAp umask C zLo|ʡAڭ̥iHWdXPϥΪ̪ϥθ귽Ct~AٰOotκzbܡHI NO root Cаݤ@UAF root ~AO_iHLtκzbH janɶqקKϥμƦrAbHpקϥΪ̬TOHoǧڭ̳onAAѪI |
[root@linux ~]# vi /etc/passwd .....(eٲ)..... dmtsai:x:501:501::/home/dmtsai:/bin/bash <==N쥻 501:501 令 3000:501 [root@linux ~]# ls -ld /home/ drwxr-xr-x 3 501 dmtsai 4096 Aug 30 10:37 dmtsai # @Io̴NDAɮװOO UID ա |
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin |
| id d | ID ϥΪ̯S |
| 0 | UID O 0 ɡANoӱbOytκzzIҥHAn@t@ӨtκzbɡA AiHNӱb UID 令 0 YiFo]NOA@tΤWtκzou root I LAܫijhӱb UID O 0 ա |
| 1~499 | OdtΨϥΪ IDA 1~65534 bèSPA
]NOF 0 ~AL UID èS@Aw] 500
HUtΧ@OdbuO@ӲߺDCo˪nBOAHW DNS AҰʪAȡy named
zҡAoӵ{w]ҦH named b UID O 25 ALbPˬO 25
ɡAܥi|ytΪ@ǤpDIFo˪DAijOd 500 He UID tΧaI LA@ӻA 1~99 |Odtιw]bAt~ 100~499 hOd@ǪAȨӨϥΡC |
| 500~65535 | @ϥΪ̥ΪCƹWAثe linux ֤ (2.6.x )wgiH䴩 4294967295 (2^32-1) oj UID XI |
root:$1$i9Ejldjfjio389u9sjl$jljsoi45QE/:12959:0:99999:7::: bin:*:12959:0:99999:7::: daemon:*:12959:0:99999:7::: adm:*:12959:0:99999:7::: |
dmtsai:$1$8zdAKdfC$XDa8eSus2I7nQL7UjRsIy/:13025:5:60:7:2:13125: |
You must wait longer to change your password passwd: Authentication token manipulation error |
Warning: your password will expire in 5 days |
root:x:0:root bin:x:1:root,bin,daemon daemon:x:2:root,bin,daemon sys:x:3:root,bin,adm |
[root@linux ~]# grep dmtsai /etc/passwd /etc/group /etc/gshadow
/etc/passwd:dmtsai:x:501:501::/home/dmtsai:/bin/bash
/etc/group:users:x:100:dmtsai
/etc/group:dmtsai:x:501:
/etc/gshadow:users:::dmtsai
/etc/gshadow:dmtsai:!::
|
[dmtsai@linux ~]$ groups
dmtsai users
|
[dmtsai@linux ~]$ newgrp users [dmtsai@linux ~]$ groups users dmtsai |
root:::root bin:::root,bin,daemon daemon:::root,bin,daemon sys:::root,bin,adm |
[root@linux ~]# useradd [-u UID] [-g initial_group] [-G other_group] \ > -[Mm] [-c ] [-d home] [-s shell] username ѼơG -u G᭱O UID AO@ռƦrCw@ӯSw UID oӱbF -g G᭱ӸsզWٴNOڭ̤W쪺 initial group ա group ID (GID) |Qm /etc/passwd ĥ|줺C -G G᭱sզW٫hOoӱb٥iH䴩sաC oӰѼƷ|ק /etc/group ƳI -M GjInإߨϥΪ̮aؿ -m GjInإߨϥΪ̮aؿI -c GoӴNO /etc/passwd Ĥ檺eաiHHKڭ̳]wա -d GwYӥؿaؿAӤnϥιw]ȡF -r Gإߤ@ӨtΪbAoӱb UID | (/etc/login.defs) -s G᭱@ shell Aw]O /bin/bash ա dҡG dҤ@GѦҹw]ȫإߤ@ӨϥΪ̡AW٬ vbird1 [root@linux ~]# useradd vbird1 [root@linux ~]# ls -l /home drwxr-xr-x 3 vbird1 vbird1 4096 Aug 30 17:33 vbird1 [root@linux ~]# grep vbird1 /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /etc/group /etc/passwd:vbird1:x:502:502::/home/vbird1:/bin/bash /etc/shadow:vbird1:!!:13025:0:99999:7::: /etc/group:vbird1:x:502: # oӽdҥuOQnzAѡAtΤwgWdnF@ǷsWϥΪ̮ɪѼƤFI # ]Aڭ̨ϥ useradd ɡAtη|Dʪhק /etc/passwd P /etc/shadowA # ӳoɮפѦҭȡAh|H@dz]wɪeӳWdI # Pɤ]n`NAϥ useradd sWϥΪ̮ɡAoӨϥΪ̪ /etc/shadow # KX|OinJ (H !! }Y)A]ٻݭnϥ passwd # ӵ vbird1 KXA~sWI dҤGGڪDڪtηӸsզW٬ users AB UID 700 äsbA ХγoӰѼƵ vbird2 إߤ@ӱbI [root@linux ~]# useradd -u 700 -g users vbird2 [root@linux ~]# ls -l /home drwxr-xr-x 3 vbird2 users 4096 Aug 30 17:43 vbird2 [root@linux ~]# grep vbird2 /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /etc/group /etc/passwd:vbird2:x:700:100::/home/vbird2:/bin/bash /etc/shadow:vbird2:!!:13025:0:99999:7::: # ݤ@UAUID P initial group Tܦڭ̻ݭnFI dҤTGإߤ@ӨtαbAW٬ vbird3 [root@linux ~]# useradd -r vbird3 [root@linux ~]# grep vbird3 /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /etc/group /etc/passwd:vbird3:x:101:102::/home/vbird3:/bin/bash /etc/shadow:vbird3:!!:13025:::::: /etc/group:vbird3:x:102: # ܭnIz|o{A UID MO 101 A GID |O 102A # åBP /etc/group YIS[ -r tܦhI |
GROUP=100 <==w]s HOME=/home <==w]aؿҦbؿ INACTIVE=-1 <==b /etc/shadow 7 EXPIRE= <==b /etc/shadow 8 SHELL=/bin/bash <==w] shell SKEL=/etc/skel <==ϥΪ̮aؿeưѦҥؿ |
MAIL_DIR /var/spool/mail <==ϥΪ̹w]lHcmؿ PASS_MAX_DAYS 99999 <==/etc/shadow 5 PASS_MIN_DAYS 0 <==/etc/shadow 4 PASS_MIN_LEN 5 <==KX̵urסAijiH 6 HW PASS_WARN_AGE 7 <==/etc/shadow 6 UID_MIN 500 <==ϥΪ̳̤p UIDANYp 500 UID tΫOd UID_MAX 60000 <==ϥΪ̯Ϊ̤j UID GID_MIN 500 <==ϥΪ̦ۭqsժ̤p GIDAp 500 tΫOd GID_MAX 60000 <==ϥΪ̦ۭqsժ̤j GID CREATE_HOME yes <==b[ -M -m ɡAO_DʫإߨϥΪ̮aؿH |
[root@linux ~]# passwd [useraccount] dҤ@GpG root n dmtsai קKXɡH [root@linux ~]# passwd dmtsai Changing password for user dmtsai. New UNIX password: <==o̪JsKXAù| BAD PASSWORD: it is based on a dictionary word <==KX²ɪ~I Retype new UNIX password: <==AJ@P˪KX passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully. <==M٬O\קFI dҤGG dmtsai oӨϥΪ̷QnקۤvKX [dmtsai@linux ~]$ passwd Changing password for user dmtsai. Changing password for dmtsai (current) UNIX password: <==o̿Jy즳±KXz New password: <==o̿JsKX BAD PASSWORD: it is based on your username <==KXWdOY檺 New password: BAD PASSWORD: it is based on your username New password: BAD PASSWORD: it is based on a dictionary word passwd: Authentication token manipulation error |
[root@linux ~]# usermod [-cdegGlsuLU] username ѼơG -c G᭱bAY /etc/passwd Ĥ檺AiH[J@DZbC -d G᭱baؿAYק /etc/passwd ĤF -e G᭱A榡O YYYY-MM-DD ]NOb /etc/shadow ĤKưաI -g G᭱ group nameAק /etc/passwd ĥ|AYO GID I -G G᭱ group nameAקoӨϥΪ̯䴩sաAק諸O /etc/group o -l G᭱bW١CYOקbW١A /etc/passwd Ĥ@I -s G᭱ Shell ɮסAҦp /bin/bash /bin/csh C -u G᭱ UID ƦrաIY /etc/passwd ĤT檺ơF -L GȮɱNϥΪ̪KXᵲALLknJCȧ /etc/shadow KXC -U GN /etc/shadow KX檺 ! AѭաI dҡG dҤ@GקϥΪ dmtsai A[WyVBird's testzC [root@linux ~]# usermod -c "VBird's test" dmtsai [root@linux ~]# grep dmtsai /etc/passwd dmtsai:x:501:501:VBird's test:/home/dmtsai:/bin/bash dҤGGϥΪ dmtsai KXb 2006/01/01 ġC [root@linux ~]# usermod -e "2006-01-01" dmtsai [root@linux ~]# grep dmtsai /etc/shadow dmtsai:$1$24ISJM4K$bbdijdreoieaVaBMAHsm6.:13026:0:99999:7::13149: dҤTGȮɭᵲ dmtsai KXI [root@linux ~]# usermod -L dmtsai [root@linux ~]# grep dmtsai /etc/shadow dmtsai:!$1$24ISJM4K$bbdijdreoieaVaBMAHsm6.:13026:0:99999:7::13149: # `NAKX(ĤG)hF@ ! Iĸ|KXLijI [root@linux ~]# usermod -U dmtsai <==o˴NѶ}FI dҥ|GU@ dmtsai oӳåQإ߮ɧѰOإ߮aؿAӦpOnH [root@linux ~]# usermod -d /home/dmtsai2 -m dmtsai # pGȬO -d /home/dmtsai2 ܶȭק /etc/passwd Ĥ檺eӤwA # pG[W -m oӰѼơAhܷsؤ@ӮaؿNI # t~ApG쥻aؿO /home/dmtsai A -d /home/dmtsai2 -m # |N쥻 /home/dmtsai W /home/dmtsai2 I |
[root@linux ~]# userdel [-r] username ѼơG -r GsPϥΪ̪aؿ]@_R dҡG dҤ@GR vbird2 AsPaؿ@_R [root@linux ~]# userdel -r vbird2 |
[dmtsai@linux ~]$ chsh [-ls] ѼơG -l GCXثetΤWiΪ shell ANO /etc/shells eI -s G]wקۤv Shell o dҡG dҤ@GCXثetΤWҥH shell AåBw csh ۤv shell [dmtsai@linux ~]$ chsh -l /bin/sh /bin/bash /sbin/nologin /bin/ksh /bin/tcsh /bin/csh /bin/zsh [dmtsai@linux ~]$ chsh -s /bin/csh; grep dmtsai /etc/passwd Password: <==FbQ÷dҥHݭnJ dmtsai KXT{I Shell changed. dmtsai:x:501:501::/home/dmtsai:/bin/csh |
[root@linux ~]# chfn [-foph] ѼơG -f G᭱㪺jWF -o Gz줽ǪжXF -p G줽ǪqܸXF -h Ga̪qܸXI dҡG dҤ@Gڥ dmtsai oӨϥΪ̨ӧ@UۤvTI [dmtsai@linux ~]$ chfn Changing finger information for dmtsai. Password: <==FbQ÷dҥHݭnJ dmtsai KXT{I Name []: VBird' Test account Office []: Tainan office 1 Office Phone []: 06-1234567 Home Phone []: 06-7654321 Finger information changed. [dmtsai@linux ~]$ grep dmtsai /etc/passwd dmtsai:x:501:501:VBird' Test account,Tainan office 1,06-1234567,06-7654321: /home/dmtsai:/bin/bash |
[root@linux ~]# finger [-s] username ѼơG -s GϥΪƿX榡C dҡG dҤ@GN dmtsai إߪ@ǨϥΪ̸TIsXӵI [root@linux ~]# finger dmtsai Login: dmtsai Name: VBird's Test account Directory: /home/dmtsai Shell: /bin/bash Office: Tainan office 1, 06-1234567 Home Phone: 06-7654321 Last login Tue Aug 30 15:01 (CST) on tty1 from localhost No mail. No Plan. |
[root@linux ~]# id [username] dҤ@Gd\ۤvTI [root@linux ~]# id uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root),1(bin),2(daemon),3(sys),4(adm),10(wheel) dҤGGd\@U dmtsai a [root@linux ~]# id dmtsai uid=501(dmtsai) gid=501(dmtsai) groups=501(dmtsai),100(users) |
[root@linux ~]# groupadd [-g gid] [-r] ѼơG -g G᭱YӯSw GID AΨӪY GID -r GإߨtθsհաIP /etc/login.defs GID_MIN C dҡG dҤ@Gsؤ@ӸsաAW٬ group1 [root@linux ~]# groupadd group1 [root@linux ~]# grep group1 /etc/group /etc/gshadow /etc/group:group1:x:502: /etc/gshadow:group1:!:: # `N`NIb /etc/gshadow ̭iHo{AKXO\nJI dҤGGsؤ@ӨtθsաAW٬ group2 [root@linux ~]# groupadd -r group2 [root@linux ~]# grep group2 /etc/group /etc/gshadow /etc/group:group2:x:101: /etc/gshadow:group2:!:: |
[root@linux ~]# groupmod [-g gid] [-n group_name] ѼơG -g GקJ GID ƦrF -n GקJsզW dҡG dҤ@GNWӫOإߪ group2 W٧אּ groupname A GID 103 [root@linux ~]# groupmod -g 103 -n groupname group2 [root@linux ~]# grep groupname /etc/group /etc/gshadow /etc/group:groupname:x:103: /etc/gshadow:groupname:!:: |
[root@linux ~]# groupdel [groupname] dҤ@GN𫍧 groupname RI [root@linux ~]# groupdel groupname dҤGGYnR dmtsai oӸsժܡHH [root@linux ~]# groupdel dmtsai groupdel: cannot remove user's primary group. |
tκz(root)ʧ@G [root@linux ~]# gpasswd groupname [root@linux ~]# gpasswd [-A user1,...] [-M user3,user4...] groupname [root@linux ~]# gpasswd [-rR] groupname ѼơG GYSѼƮɡAܵ groupname @ӱKX(/etc/gshadow) -A GN groupname Dvѫ᭱ϥΪ̺z(Ӹsժz) -M GNYDZb[JoӸsշI -r GN groupname KX -R G groupname KX楢ġAҥH newgrp NϥΤFI sպz(Group administrator)ʧ@G [someone@linux ~]$ gpasswd [-ad] user groupname ѼơG -a GNYϥΪ̥[J groupname oӸsշI -d GNYϥΪ̲X groupname oӸsշC dҤ@Gإߤ@ӷssաAW٬ testgroup Bsե dmtsai zG [root@linux ~]# groupadd testgroup [root@linux ~]# gpasswd testgroup Changing the password for group testgroup New Password: Re-enter new password: # J⦸KXNFI [root@linux ~]# gpasswd -A dmtsai -M dmtsai,vbird testgroup [root@linux ~]# grep testgroup /etc/group /etc/gshadow /etc/group:testgroup:x:502:dmtsai,vbird /etc/gshadow:testgroup:1CEVbrcjxO6Ps:dmtsai:dmtsai,vbird # ܦaI dmtsai h֦ testgroup DvIYHڭ̰Qװ ( # http://phorum.vbird.org ӻAsպzIyDzաI dҤGGH dmtsai nJtΡAåBL[J vbird1 testgroup @G [dmtsai@linux ~]$ gpasswd -a vbird1 testgroup Adding user vbird1 to group testgroup |
[root@linux ~]# passwd [-lunxwS] username ѼơG -l GN username oӱbKX (lock)Ab /etc/shadow KXq -u GN -l lock Ѷ}I -n G᭱Ѽ (Ʀr) A̵uѼơFYO /etc/shadow ĥ|F -x G᭱Ѽ (Ʀr) A̪ѼơFYO /etc/shadow ĤF -w G᭱Ѽ (Ʀr) AĵiѼơFYO /etc/shadow ĤF -S Gܥثeo username TC dҡG dҤ@GN dmtsai oӨϥΪ̪KXᵲA[LI [root@linux ~]# passwd -l dmtsai Locking password for user dmtsai. passwd: Success [root@linux ~]# passwd -S dmtsai Password locked. [root@linux ~]# grep dmtsai /etc/shadow dmtsai:!!$1$TDy6D7eg$jVJV/FMaQn14v5Kl7sqw6/:13026:0:99999:7::13149: dҤGGNWzKXᵲѶ} [root@linux ~]# passwd -u dmtsai |
[root@linux ~]# su [-lcm] [username] ѼơG - GpG su - ɡAܸӨϥΪ̷Qnܴ root ABϥ root ҳ]wѼɡAp /root/.bash_profile C -l G᭱iHϥΪ̡AҦp su -l dmtsai Ao -l nBOAiϥαܴ LҦҳ]wɡC -m G-m P -p O@˪AܡyϥΥثeҳ]wAӤsŪsϥΪ̪]wɡCz -c Gȶi@OAҥH -c ᭱iH[WOI dҡG dҤ@Gѭ쥻 dmtsai oӨϥΪ̡Aܴ root C [dmtsai@linux ~]$ su Password: <==o̿J root KXI [root@linux ~]# env USER=dmtsai USERNAME=root MAIL=/var/spool/mail/dmtsai LOGNAME=dmtsai # `NFܡHpGϥ su S[W - ܡAܦh쥻ϥΪ̪]w|~sbA # o]|yӪ root bɪxZC̱`NO PATH oܼƪDI [root@linux ~]# exit <==o˥iH} su ҡI [dmtsai@linux ~]$ su - Password: <==o̿J root KXI [root@linux ~]# env USER=root MAIL=/var/spool/mail/root LOGNAME=root # AѮtFaHIҥHAUbܴ root ɡAOo̦nϥ su - I dҤGGϥ root A head -n 3 /etc/shadow [dmtsai@linux ~]$ su - -c "head -n 3 /etc/shadow" Password: <==o̿J root KXI root:$1$jaldj9843u29jlj9u839jljlcghjlE/:12959:0:99999:7::: bin:*:12959:0:99999:7::: daemon:*:12959:0:99999:7::: dҤTG쥻O dmtsai oӨϥΪ̡AQnܴ vbird ɡH [dmtsai@linux ~]$ su -l vbird Password: <==o̿J vbird KXI |
[root@linux ~]# sudo [-u [username|#uid]] command ѼơG -u G᭱iHϥΪ̱bW١AΪ̬O UIDCҦp UID O 500 AiHG -u #500 ӧ@ UID 500 ϥΪ̡C dҡG dҤ@G@먭ϥΪ̨ϥ sudo b /root UإߥؿG [dmtsai@linux ~]$ sudo mkdir /root/testing We trust you have received the usual lecture from the local System Administrator. It usually boils down to these three things: #1) Respect the privacy of others. #2) Think before you type. #3) With great power comes great responsibility. Password: <==o̿J dmtsai ۤvKX dmtsai is not in the sudoers file. This incident will be reported. # @I] dmtsai b /etc/sudoers AҥHLNLk sudo I dҤGG] dmtsai wg㦳 sudo vApb /root UإߥؿH [dmtsai@linux ~]$ sudo mkdir /root/testing Password: <==o̿J dmtsai ۤvKX dҤTGpN sudo P su ftϥΡH [dmtsai@linux ~]$ sudo su - dҥ|Gdmtsai Qn vbird Ӷi touch ɡH [dmtsai@linux ~]$ sudo -u vbird touch /home/vbird/test |
[root@linux ~]# visudo # sudoers file. # This file MUST be edited with the 'visudo' command as root. # See the sudoers man page for the details on how to write a sudoers file. # # Host alias specification # User alias specification # Cmnd alias specification # Defaults specification # Runas alias specification # User privilege specification root ALL=(ALL) ALL dmtsai ALL=(ALL) ALL <==o̱N dmtsai s@iΡI # Uncomment to allow people in group wheel to run all commands # %wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL # Same thing without a password # %wheel ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL # Samples # %users ALL=/sbin/mount /cdrom,/sbin/umount /cdrom # %users localhost=/sbin/shutdown -h now |
|
DGڷQnإߤ@ӥiHtκzܧϥΪ̱KXsաAW٬ ADMPW
( `NAb sudoers AoӧOWW٤@wnOjgr~I)OoӸsդק root KXI
BL̰ sudo ɡAݭnKXҡC G
User_Alias ADMPW = vbird, dmtsai, vbird1, vbird3
ADMPW ALL = NOPASSWD: !/usr/bin/passwd, /usr/bin/passwd [A-Za-z]*, \
!/usr/bin/passwd root
WNOAڪtΤW|ӱbAOO vbird, vbird1, vbird3 P dmtsai
o|ӱb[J sudo ADMPW sդAo|ӱbiHϥ sudo iy /usr/bin/passwd * z
KXʧ@AO (bOe[J ! Ni) ϥ /usr/bin/passwd /usr/bin/passwd root
Ap@ӡAN ADMPW iHϥΪ̪KXAOܧ root KXoI ^_^ |
|
DGڪtΤ DNS AȡALҰʫOb /etc/init.d/named ApGڷQnإߤ@ DNSMASTER
sըӺzLɡHpOnH G
User_Alias DNSMASTER = vbird, dmtsai Cmnd_Alias DNSCMD = /etc/init.d/named, /usr/bin/vim /var/named/* DNSMASTER ALL = DNSCMDݪܡHKKI] DNS ]wɤjhb /var/named ̭AҥHAڤ]\b vi hBz DNS ]wɰաI²aI ^_^ |
This account is currently not available. |
[root@linux ~]# cat /etc/pam.d/passwd
#%PAM-1.0
auth required pam_stack.so service=system-auth
account required pam_stack.so service=system-auth
password required pam_stack.so service=system-auth
|
[root@linux ~]# cat /etc/pam.d/login #%PAM-1.0 auth required pam_securetty.so auth required pam_stack.so service=system-auth auth required pam_nologin.so account required pam_stack.so service=system-auth password required pam_stack.so service=system-auth # pam_selinux.so close should be the first session rule session required pam_selinux.so close session required pam_stack.so service=system-auth session optional pam_console.so # pam_selinux.so open should be the last session rule session required pam_selinux.so multiple open |
tty1 tty2 tty3 tty4 ... |
[root@linux ~]# vi /etc/security/limits.conf # sWo dmtsai hard fsize 10240 @users hard fsize 10240 # `NAbe[W @ ܬysաIz |
[root@linux ~]# lastlog Username Port From Latest root tty1 Tue Aug 16 18:06:20 +0800 2005 bin **Never logged in** daemon **Never logged in** ....HUٲ..... |
[vbird@linux ~]$ w
16:50:39 up 1:58, 2 users, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
vbird pts/0 vbird 4:37pm 0.00s 0.06s 0.01s w
dmtsai pts/1 dmtsai 4:38pm 1:51 0.07s 0.01s man write
|
[vbird@linux ~]$ write dmtsai Hi, How are you doing today.... Nothing.... just say hello to you! <==o̫U [ctrl]+d |
[dmtsai@linux ~]$ Hi, How are you doing today.... Nothing.... just say hello to you! EOF |
[dmtsai@linux ~]$ mesg n
|
[vbird@linux ~]$ write dmtsai
write: dmtsai has messages disabled
|
[root@linux ~]# wall "I will shutdown the linux server about 5m later.
> If you still have to login, please tell me.
> Or I will do it....."
|
[vbird@linux ~]$ mail dmtsai -s "nice to meet you" Hello, D.M. Tsai Nice to meet you in the network. You are so nice. byebye! . <==o̫ܭnAɡA̫@JpI . YiI Cc: <==o̬OҿתyƥzAݭnHLHAҥH [Enter] [vbird@linux ~]$ <==X{ܦrAܿJFI |
|
DGбNAaؿUܼ (~/.bashrc) HۤvI G
|
[dmtsai@linux ~]$ mail Mail version 8.1 6/6/93. Type ? for help. "/var/spool/mail/dmtsai": 1 message 1 new >N 1 vbird@linux.site Fri Sep 2 23:53 16/552 "nice to meet you" & <==o̥iHJܦhOApGnd\AJ ? YiI |
& ?
Mail Commands
t <message list> type messages
n goto and type next message
e <message list> edit messages
f <message list> give head lines of messages
d <message list> delete messages
s <message list> file append messages to file
u <message list> undelete messages
R <message list> reply to message senders
r <message list> reply to message senders and all recipients
pre <message list> make messages go back to /usr/spool/mail
m <user list> mail to specific users
q quit, saving unresolved messages in mbox
x quit, do not remove system mailbox
h print out active message headers
! shell escape
cd [directory] chdir to directory or home if none given
|
| O | Nq |
| h | NHDCXӡCpGQnd\ 40 ʫHkBҦHYAiHJy h 40 z |
| d | Rա㰲]ڭnR10ʫHAiHy d10 zApڷQnR 20-40 ʫHAiHy d20-40 zA LAoӰʧ@nͮĪܡAntX q oӫO~(ѦҩU)I |
| s | NHxsɮסC|ҨӻAڭnN 5 ʫHes ~/mail.file ܡAiHG y s 5 ~/mail.file zI |
| x | Ϊ̿J exit iHCoӬOy@ʧ@} mail {zNC קARFHAΪŪLAϥ exit |} mailAҥHi檺RP\Ūu@|LġC pGzuOd\@UlӤwܡA@ӻAijϥγo}աIDAunRYǫHC |
| q | ۹ exit Oʧ@}A q h|iⶵʧ@G 1. NRHX mailbox ~F 2. N観\ŪLHsJ ~/mbox ABX mailbox ~Cq`ܳwϥ q }A ]AܮeѰOŪLNNɭPHLX mailbox |
[root@linux ~]# pwck
user adm: directory /var/adm does not exist
user news: directory /etc/news does not exist
user uucp: directory /var/spool/uucp does not exist
|
[root@linux ~]# echo "dmtsai:abcdefg" | chpasswd
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1. إ߸s normalgroup A] 520 o GID SQϥΡIåBPB gshadow [root@linux ~]# vi /etc/group # b̫@[JUo@I normalgroup:x:520: [root@linux ~]# grpconv [root@linux ~]# grep 'normalgroup' /etc/group /etc/gshadow /etc/group:normalgroup:x:520: /etc/gshadow:normalgroup:x:: # ²IdwsoI ^_^ 2. إ normaluser oӱbA] UID 700 SQϥαI [root@linux ~]# vi /etc/passwd # b̫@[JUo@I normaluser:x:700:520::/home/normaluser:/bin/bash 3. PBƱKXAåBإ߸ӨϥΪ̪KX [root@linux ~]# pwconv [root@linux ~]# grep 'normaluser' /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /etc/passwd:normaluser:x:700:520::/home/normaluser:/bin/bash /etc/shadow:normaluser:x:13030:0:99999:7::: # ISSIwgإߧoOKX٤ [root@linux ~]# passwd normaluser Changing password for user normaluser. New UNIX password: Retype new UNIX password: passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully. 4. إߨϥΪ̮aؿAåBqvI [root@linux ~]# cp -a /etc/skel /home/normaluser [root@linux ~]# chown -R normaluser:normalgroup /home/normaluser |
1. קbݩ [root@linux ~]# vi /etc/passwd popuser:x:720:12::/home/popuser:/sbin/nologin 2. KXPBAåBKXI [root@linux ~]# pwconv [root@linux ~]# passwd popuser |
#!/bin/bash
#
# o{DnbzإߤjqbΡA
# hϥΤkаѦҡG
# http://vbird.org.cn/linux_basic/0410accountmanager.php#manual_amount
#
# {ۦ}oAb FC4 WϥΨSDA
# Oҵ|oͿ~IϥήɡAЦۦt᭷I
#
# History:
# 2005/09/05 VBird ~gAϥάݬݥ
PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin; export PATH
accountfile="user.passwd"
# 1. ibJI
read -p "b}YNX ( Input title name, ex> std )======> " username_start
read -p "bhũΦ~ ( Input degree, ex> 1 or enter )=> " username_degree
read -p "_lX ( Input start number, ex> 520 )========> " nu_start
read -p "bƶq ( Input amount of users, ex> 100 )=====> " nu_amount
read -p "KXз 1) PbۦP 2)üƦۭq ==============> " pwm
if [ "$username_start" == "" ]; then
echo "SJ}YNXAAI" ; exit 1
fi
testing1=`echo $nu_amount | grep '[^0-9]' `
testing2=`echo $nu_start | grep '[^0-9]' `
if [ "$testing1" != "" ] || [ "$testing2" != "" ]; then
echo "JXաIDƦreI" ; exit 1
fi
if [ "$pwm" != "1" ]; then
pwm="2"
fi
# 2. }lXbPKXɮסI
[ -f "$accountfile" ] && mv $accountfile "$accountfile"`date +%Y%m%d`
nu_end=$(($nu_start+$nu_amount-1))
for (( i=$nu_start; i<=$nu_end; i++ ))
do
account=$username_start$username_degree$i
if [ "$pwm" == "1" ]; then
password="$account"
else
password=""
test_nu=0
until [ "$test_nu" == "8" ]
do
temp_nu=$(($RANDOM*50/32767+30))
until [ "$temp_nu" != "60" ]
do
temp_nu=$(($RANDOM*50/32767+30))
done
test_nu=$(($test_nu+1))
temp_ch=`printf "\x$temp_nu"`
password=$password$temp_ch
done
fi
echo "$account":"$password" | tee -a "$accountfile"
done
# 3. }lإ߱bPKXI
cat "$accountfile" | cut -d':' -f1 | xargs -n 1 useradd -m
chpasswd < "$accountfile"
pwconv
echo "OKIإߧI"
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