[root@www ~]# grep [-A] [-B] [--color=auto] 'jMr' filename
ﶵPѼơG
-A G᭱i[ƦrA after NAFCXӦ~A n ]CXӡF
-B G᭱i[ƦrA befer NAFCXӦ~Ae n ]CXӡF
--color=auto iNT^ƦCXC

dҤ@G dmesg CX֤߰TAAH grep Xt eth 
[root@www ~]# dmesg | grep 'eth'
eth0: RealTek RTL8139 at 0xee846000, 00:90:cc:a6:34:84, IRQ 10
eth0:  Identified 8139 chip type 'RTL-8139C'
eth0: link up, 100Mbps, full-duplex, lpa 0xC5E1
eth0: no IPv6 routers present
# dmesg iCX֤߲ͪTIzL grep ^dT (eth) A
# Nio{pWTCLS渹PSCܡIݬݤUӽdҧaI

dҤGGӤWDAnN쪺rAB[W渹ӪܡG
[root@www ~]# dmesg | grep -n --color=auto 'eth'
247:eth0: RealTek RTL8139 at 0xee846000, 00:90:cc:a6:34:84, IRQ 10
248:eth0:  Identified 8139 chip type 'RTL-8139C'
294:eth0: link up, 100Mbps, full-duplex, lpa 0xC5E1
305:eth0: no IPv6 routers present
# A|o{F eth |SCӪܤ~A̫e٦渹I

dҤTGӤWDAbrҦb檺ePT]@_X
[root@www ~]# dmesg | grep -n -A3 -B2 --color=auto 'eth'
245-PCI: setting IRQ 10 as level-triggered
246-ACPI: PCI Interrupt 0000:00:0e.0[A] -> Link [LNKB] ...
247:eth0: RealTek RTL8139 at 0xee846000, 00:90:cc:a6:34:84, IRQ 10
248:eth0:  Identified 8139 chip type 'RTL-8139C'
249-input: PC Speaker as /class/input/input2
250-ACPI: PCI Interrupt 0000:00:01.4[B] -> Link [LNKB] ...
251-hdb: ATAPI 48X DVD-ROM DVD-R-RAM CD-R/RW drive, 2048kB Cache, UDMA(66)
# pWҥܡAA|o{r 247 Ҧbe 248 T]QܥXӡI
# o˥iHANreƮXӶiRաI

[root@www ~]# vi regular_express.txt
"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
apple is my favorite food.
Football game is not use feet only.
this dress doesn't fit me.
However, this dress is about $ 3183 dollars.^M
GNU is free air not free beer.^M
Her hair is very beauty.^M
I can't finish the test.^M
Oh! The soup taste good.^M
motorcycle is cheap than car.
This window is clear.
the symbol '*' is represented as start.
Oh!     My god!
The gd software is a library for drafting programs.^M
You are the best is mean you are the no. 1.
The world <Happy> is the same with "glad".
I like dog.
google is the best tools for search keyword.
goooooogle yes!
go! go! Let's go.
# I am VBird

[root@www ~]# grep -n 'the' regular_express.txt
8:I can't finish the test.
12:the symbol '*' is represented as start.
15:You are the best is mean you are the no. 1.
16:The world <Happy> is the same with "glad".
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.

[root@www ~]# grep -vn 'the' regular_express.txt

[root@www ~]# grep -in 'the' regular_express.txt
8:I can't finish the test.
9:Oh! The soup taste good.
12:the symbol '*' is represented as start.
14:The gd software is a library for drafting programs.
15:You are the best is mean you are the no. 1.
16:The world <Happy> is the same with "glad".
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.

[root@www ~]# grep -n 't[ae]st' regular_express.txt
8:I can't finish the test.
9:Oh! The soup taste good.

[root@www ~]# grep -n 'oo' regular_express.txt
1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
2:apple is my favorite food.
3:Football game is not use feet only.
9:Oh! The soup taste good.
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!

[root@www ~]# grep -n '[^g]oo' regular_express.txt
2:apple is my favorite food.
3:Football game is not use feet only.
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!

[root@www ~]# grep -n '[^a-z]oo' regular_express.txt
3:Football game is not use feet only.

[root@www ~]# grep -n '[0-9]' regular_express.txt
5:However, this dress is about $ 3183 dollars.
15:You are the best is mean you are the no. 1.

[root@www ~]# grep -n '[^[:lower:]]oo' regular_express.txt
#  [:lower:] NNO a-z NIаѦҫep`

[root@www ~]# grep -n '[[:digit:]]' regular_express.txt

[root@www ~]# grep -n '^the' regular_express.txt
12:the symbol '*' is represented as start.

[root@www ~]# grep -n '^[a-z]' regular_express.txt
2:apple is my favorite food.
4:this dress doesn't fit me.
10:motorcycle is cheap than car.
12:the symbol '*' is represented as start.
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!
20:go! go! Let's go.

[root@www ~]# grep -n '^[[:lower:]]' regular_express.txt

[root@www ~]# grep -n '^[^a-zA-Z]' regular_express.txt
1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
21:# I am VBird
# O]iHOG grep -n '^[^[:alpha:]]' regular_express.txt

[root@www ~]# grep -n '\.$' regular_express.txt
1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
2:apple is my favorite food.
3:Football game is not use feet only.
4:this dress doesn't fit me.
10:motorcycle is cheap than car.
11:This window is clear.
12:the symbol '*' is represented as start.
15:You are the best is mean you are the no. 1.
16:The world <Happy> is the same with "glad".
17:I like dog.
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
20:go! go! Let's go.

[root@www ~]# cat -An regular_express.txt | head -n 10 | tail -n 6
     5  However, this dress is about $ 3183 dollars.^M$
     6  GNU is free air not free beer.^M$
     7  Her hair is very beauty.^M$
     8  I can't finish the test.^M$
     9  Oh! The soup taste good.^M$
    10  motorcycle is cheap than car.$

[root@www ~]# grep -n '^$' regular_express.txt
22:

[root@www ~]# cat -n /etc/syslog.conf
# b CentOS AGiHo{ 33 檺XAܦhťզP # }Y

[root@www ~]# grep -v '^$' /etc/syslog.conf | grep -v '^#'
# GȦ 10 A𫟺Ĥ@ӡy -v '^$' zNynťզzA
# ĤGӡy -v '^#' zNyn}YO # zI

[root@www ~]# grep -n 'g..d' regular_express.txt
1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
9:Oh! The soup taste good.
16:The world <Happy> is the same with "glad".

[root@www ~]# grep -n 'ooo*' regular_express.txt
1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
2:apple is my favorite food.
3:Football game is not use feet only.
9:Oh! The soup taste good.
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!

[root@www ~]# grep -n 'goo*g' regular_express.txt
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!

[root@www ~]# grep -n 'g*g' regular_express.txt
1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
3:Football game is not use feet only.
9:Oh! The soup taste good.
13:Oh!  My god!
14:The gd software is a library for drafting programs.
16:The world <Happy> is the same with "glad".
17:I like dog.
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!
20:go! go! Let's go.

[root@www ~]# grep -n 'g.*g' regular_express.txt
1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
14:The gd software is a library for drafting programs.
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!
20:go! go! Let's go.

[root@www ~]# grep -n '[0-9][0-9]*' regular_express.txt
5:However, this dress is about $ 3183 dollars.
15:You are the best is mean you are the no. 1.

[root@www ~]# grep -n 'o\{2\}' regular_express.txt
1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
2:apple is my favorite food.
3:Football game is not use feet only.
9:Oh! The soup taste good.
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!

[root@www ~]# grep -n 'go\{2,5\}g' regular_express.txt
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.

[root@www ~]# grep -n 'go\{2,\}g' regular_express.txt
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!

[root@www ~]# sed [-nefr] [ʧ@]
ﶵPѼơG
-n  GϥΦwR(silent)ҦCb@ sed ΪkAҦӦ STDIN 
      Ƥ@볣|QCXùWCpG[W -n ѼƫAhugL
      sed SBz@(Ϊ̰ʧ@)~|QCXӡC
-e  GbOCҦWi sed ʧ@sF
-f  GN sed ʧ@gb@ɮפA -f filename hiH filename  
      sed ʧ@F
-r  Gsed ʧ@䴩OWܪkykC(w]O¦Wܪkyk)
-i  GקŪɮפeAӤOѿùXC

ʧ@G  [n1[,n2]]function
n1, n2 Go|sbA@Nyܶiʧ@ơzA|ҨӻApGڪʧ@
         Oݭnb 10  20 椧i檺Ahy 10,20[ʧ@欰] z

function UoǩNNG
a   GsWA a ᭱iHrAӳoǦr|bs@X{(ثeU@)
c   GNA c ᭱iHrAoǦriHN n1,n2 I
d   GRA]ORڡAҥH d ᭱q`NNF
i   GJA i ᭱iHrAӳoǦr|bs@X{(ثeW@)F
p   GCLAYNYӿܪƦLXCq` p |PѼ sed -n @_B@
s   GNAiHiNu@Iq`o s ʧ@iHft
      WܪkIҦp 1,20s/old/new/g NOաI

dҤ@GN /etc/passwd eCXåBCL渹APɡAбN 2~5 RI
[root@www ~]# nl /etc/passwd | sed '2,5d'
     1  root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
     6  sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
     7  shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
.....(᭱ٲ).....

dҤGGӤWDAbĤG(YO[bĤT)[Wydrink tea?zrˡI
[root@www ~]# nl /etc/passwd | sed '2a drink tea'
     1  root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
     2  bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
drink tea
     3  daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
.....(᭱ٲ).....

dҤTGbĤG᭱[JrAҦpyDrink tea or .....zPydrink beer?z
[root@www ~]# nl /etc/passwd | sed '2a Drink tea or ......\
> drink beer ?'
     1  root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
     2  bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
Drink tea or ......
drink beer ?
     3  daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
.....(᭱ٲ).....

dҥ|GڷQN2-5檺eNyNo 2-5 numberzOH
[root@www ~]# nl /etc/passwd | sed '2,5c No 2-5 number'
     1  root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
No 2-5 number
     6  sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
.....(᭱ٲ).....

dҤGȦCX /etc/passwd ɮפ 5-7 
[root@www ~]# nl /etc/passwd | sed -n '5,7p'
     5  lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
     6  sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
     7  shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown

sed 's/nQNr/sr/g'

BJ@G[lTAQ /sbin/ifconfig  d IP H
[root@www ~]# /sbin/ifconfig eth0
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:90:CC:A6:34:84
          inet addr:192.168.1.100  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::290:ccff:fea6:3484/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
.....(HUٲ).....
# ]ڭ٨S IP Ao̧AӷYiڡIڭ̪IbĤGA
# ]NO 192.168.1.100 @ӤwIQrX@I

BJGGQrtX grep ^X䪺@
[root@www ~]# /sbin/ifconfig eth0 | grep 'inet addr'
          inet addr:192.168.1.100  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
# ȳѤU@IUӡAڭ̭nN}l addr: qqRANOUoˡG
# inet addr:192.168.1.100  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
# WRby ^.*inet addr: zաIWܪkX{I ^_^

BJTGN IP eHR
[root@www ~]# /sbin/ifconfig eth0 | grep 'inet addr' | \
>  sed 's/^.*addr://g'
192.168.1.100  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
# JӻPWӨBJ@UAeFIUӫhOR򪺳AYG
# 192.168.1.100  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
# ɩһݪWܪkGy Bcast.*$ zNOաI

BJ|GN IP ᭱HR
[root@www ~]# /sbin/ifconfig eth0 | grep 'inet addr' | \
>  sed 's/^.*addr://g' | sed 's/Bcast.*$//g'
192.168.1.100

BJ@Gϥ grep Nr MAN ҦbX
[root@www ~]# cat /etc/man.config | grep 'MAN'
# when MANPATH contains an empty substring), to find out where the cat
# MANBIN                pathname
# MANPATH               manpath_element [corresponding_catdir]
# MANPATH_MAP           path_element    manpath_element
# MANBIN                /usr/local/bin/man
# Every automatically generated MANPATH includes these fields
MANPATH /usr/man
....(᭱ٲ)....

BJGGRѤ᪺ơI
[root@www ~]# cat /etc/man.config | grep 'MAN'| sed 's/#.*$//g'






MANPATH /usr/man
....(᭱ٲ)....
# qWiHݥXӡA쥻ѪƳܦťզաIҥHAUӭnRťզ

[root@www ~]# cat /etc/man.config | grep 'MAN'| sed 's/#.*$//g' | \
> sed '/^$/d'
MANPATH /usr/man
MANPATH /usr/share/man
MANPATH /usr/local/man
....(᭱ٲ)....

dҤGQ sed N regular_express.txt C@浲Y . h !
[root@www ~]# sed -i 's/\.$/\!/g' regular_express.txt
# WY -i ﶵiHA sed hק᭱ɮפeӤOѿùXI
# oӽdҬOΦbNIбzۦ cat ɮץhd\GoI

dҤCGQ sed b regular_express.txt ̫@[Jy# This is a testz
[root@www ~]# sed -i '$a # This is a test' regular_express.txt
# ѩ $ NO̫@A a ʧ@OsWA]ɮ׳̫sWoI

Name     Chinese   English   Math    Average
DmTsai        80        60     92      77.33
VBird         75        55     80      70.00
Ken           60        90     70      73.33

[root@www ~]# printf 'CL榡' ڤe
ﶵPѼơG
榡譱XӯS˦G
       \a    ĵinX
       \b    ˰h(backspace)
       \f    Mù (form feed)
       \n    Xs@
       \r    Y Enter 
       \t     [tab] 
       \v     [tab] 
       \xNN  NN ƪƦrAiHഫƦrrC
 C {yA`ܼƮ榡
       %ns    n OƦrA s N string AYh֭ӦrF
       %ni    n OƦrA i N integer AYh־ƦơF
       %N.nf  n P N OƦrA f N floating (BI)ApGpƦơA
             ]ڦ@nQӦơApIAY %10.2f oI

dҤ@GNWYƪɮ (printf.txt) eȦCXmWPZG( [tab] j)
[root@www ~]# printf '%s\t %s\t %s\t %s\t %s\t \n' $(cat printf.txt)
Name     Chinese         English         Math    Average
DmTsai   80      60      92      77.33
VBird    75      55      80      70.00
Ken      60      90      70      73.33

dҤGGNWzĤGHAOHrBơBpIܡG
[root@www ~]# printf '%10s %5i %5i %5i %8.2f \n' $(cat printf.txt |\
> grep -v Name)
    DmTsai    80    60    92    77.33
     VBird    75    55    80    70.00
       Ken    60    90    70    73.33

dҤTGCX 16 iƭ 45 NrH
[root@www ~]# printf '\x45\n'
E
# oF]ܦnLiHNƭഫrApGA|g script ܡA
# iHۦդ@UA 20~80 ƭȥNrOԣI ^_^

[root@www ~]# awk '1{ʧ@1} 2{ʧ@2} ...' filename

[root@www ~]# last -n 5 <==ȨXe
root     pts/1   192.168.1.100  Tue Feb 10 11:21   still logged in
root     pts/1   192.168.1.100  Tue Feb 10 00:46 - 02:28  (01:41)
root     pts/1   192.168.1.100  Mon Feb  9 11:41 - 18:30  (06:48)
dmtsai   pts/1   192.168.1.100  Mon Feb  9 11:41 - 11:41  (00:00)
root     tty1                   Fri Sep  5 14:09 - 14:10  (00:01)

[root@www ~]# last -n 5 | awk '{print $1 "\t" $3}'
root    192.168.1.100
root    192.168.1.100
root    192.168.1.100
dmtsai  192.168.1.100
root    Fri

[root@www ~]# last -n 5| awk '{print $1 "\t lines: " NR "\t columns: " NF}'
root     lines: 1        columns: 10
root     lines: 2        columns: 10
root     lines: 3        columns: 10
dmtsai   lines: 4        columns: 10
root     lines: 5        columns: 9
# `NAb awk  NR, NF ܼƭnΤjgABݭnr $ աI

[root@www ~]# cat /etc/passwd | \
> awk '{FS=":"} $3 < 10 {print $1 "\t " $3}'
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin      1
daemon   2
....(HUٲ)....

[root@www ~]# cat /etc/passwd | \
> awk 'BEGIN {FS=":"} $3 < 10 {print $1 "\t " $3}'
root     0
bin      1
daemon   2
......(HUٲ)......

Name    1st     2nd     3th
VBird   23000   24000   25000
DMTsai  21000   20000   23000
Bird2   43000   42000   41000

[root@www ~]# cat pay.txt | \
> awk 'NR==1{printf "%10s %10s %10s %10s %10s\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,"Total" }
NR>=2{total = $2 + $3 + $4
printf "%10s %10d %10d %10d %10.2f\n", $1, $2, $3, $4, total}'
      Name        1st        2nd        3th      Total
     VBird      23000      24000      25000   72000.00
    DMTsai      21000      20000      23000   64000.00
     Bird2      43000      42000      41000  126000.00

[root@www ~]# cat pay.txt | \
> awk '{if(NR==1) printf "%10s %10s %10s %10s %10s\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,"Total"}
NR>=2{total = $2 + $3 + $4
printf "%10s %10d %10d %10d %10.2f\n", $1, $2, $3, $4, total}'

[root@www ~]# mkdir -p /tmp/test <==إߴեΪؿ
[root@www ~]# cd /tmp/test
[root@www test]# cp /etc/passwd passwd.old
[root@www test]# cat /etc/passwd | \
> sed -e '4d' -e '6c no six line' > passwd.new
# `N@UA sed ᭱pGnWLӥHWʧ@ɡACӰʧ@eo[ -e ~I
# zLoӰʧ@Ab /tmp/test  ̭Ksª passwd ɮצsbFI

[root@www ~]# diff [-bBi] from-file to-file
ﶵPѼơG
from-file G@ɦWA@lɮתɦWF
to-file   G@ɦWA@تɮתɦWF
`NAfrom-file  to-file iH - NA - NyStandard inputzNC

-b  G@AȦhӪťժt(Ҧp "about me" P "about     me" ۦP
-B  Gťզ檺tC
-i  GjpgPC

dҤ@G passwd.old P passwd.new tG
[root@www test]# diff passwd.old passwd.new
4d3    <==ĥ|QR (d) FAǬOk䪺ĤT
< adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin  <==oCX(<)ɮ׳QR@椺e
6c5    <==ɮתĤQN (c) kɮתĤ
< sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync  <==(<)ɮײĤ椺e
---
> no six line                      <==k(>)ɮײĤ椺e
# oaI diff Nڭ̭𫍧Bz粒FI

[root@www ~]# diff /etc/rc3.d/ /etc/rc5.d/
Only in /etc/rc3.d/: K99readahead_later
Only in /etc/rc5.d/: S96readahead_later

[root@www ~]# cmp [-l] file1 file2
ﶵPѼơG
-l  GNҦPI줸ճBCXӡC] cmp w]ȷ|XĤ@ӵo{PIC

dҤ@G cmp @U passwd.old  passwd.new
[root@www test]# cmp passwd.old passwd.new
passwd.old passwd.new differ: byte 106, line 4

dҤ@GH /tmp/test  passwd.old P passwd.new  s@ɤBɮ
[root@www test]# diff -Naur passwd.old passwd.new > passwd.patch
[root@www test]# cat passwd.patch
--- passwd.old  2009-02-10 14:29:09.000000000 +0800 <==sɮתT
+++ passwd.new  2009-02-10 14:29:18.000000000 +0800
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@   <==sɮ׭nקƪɩwdAɦb 1-9 Asɦb 1-8 
 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
 bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
 daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
-adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin      <==ɮקR
 lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
-sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync           <==ɮקR
+no six line                               <==ksɥ[J
 shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
 halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
 mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin

[root@www ~]# patch -pN < patch_file    <==s
[root@www ~]# patch -R -pN < patch_file <==٭
ﶵPѼơG
-p  G᭱iHyXhؿzNC
-R  GN٭ANsɮ٭즨ªC

dҤGGNs@XӪ patch file Ψӧsª
[root@www test]# patch -p0 < passwd.patch
patching file passwd.old
[root@www test]# ll passwd*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1929 Feb 10 14:29 passwd.new
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1929 Feb 10 15:12 passwd.old <==ɮפ@Ҥ@ˡI

dҤTG_ɮתe
[root@www test]# patch -R -p0 < passwd.patch
[root@www test]# ll passwd*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1929 Feb 10 14:29 passwd.new
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1986 Feb 10 15:18 passwd.old
# ɮ״No˫_ªo

[root@www ~]# pr /etc/man.config


2007-01-06 18:24                 /etc/man.config                  Page 1


#
# Generated automatically from man.conf.in by the
# configure script.
.....HUٲ......