1. Yɮתγ~P޳N
2. Linux tα`YO
@@2.1 compress
@@2.2 gzip, zcat
@@2.3 bzip2, bzcat
3. ]O: tar
4. ƥuGdump, restore
5. мgJu
@@5.1 mkisofsGإ߬M
@@5.2 cdrecordGпNu
6. L`YPƥu
@@6.1 dd
@@6.2 cpio
7. I^U
8. D
9. ѦҸƻP\Ū
10. w糧媺ĳGhttp://phorum.vbird.org/viewtopic.php?t=23882

AO_LɮפӤjAɭPLkH@nбNLƻsxZH SAAO_LAo{@ӳṋnhɮסAoɮ׭nNLƻsPaܤKDH ٦AAO_LnƥYǭnơAoǸƶqӤjFAӱFAܦhϺЪŶOH oӮɭԡAӦnΪyɮYz޳NiNWγFI

]oǤjɮ׳zLҿתɮY޳NAiHNLϺШϥζqCA iHFCɮ׮eqĪGA~AY{٥iHieqA Ϥ@ӤjɮץiHΦƭӤpɮסAHKnФaOI

򤰻OyɮYzOHڭ̨ӵyLͤ@ͥLznFCثeڭ̨ϥΪqtΤOϥΩҿת bytes ӭpqILAƹWAq̤ppqӬO bits ~ڡA~Aڭ̤]D 1 byte = 8 bits COpGѧڭ̥uOOФ@ӼƦrAYO 1 oӼƦrOHL|pOH]@ byte iHݦUҼˡG

ѩ 1 byte = 8 bits AҥHC byte | 8 ӪŮAӨCӪŮiHO 0, 1 Ao̶ȬO@ӬСA hԲӸƽаѦĹspaI

ѩڭ̰OƦrO 1 AҼ{qҿתGiAp@ӡA 1 |b̥k 1 bit AӨL 7 bits N|۰ʪQW 0 oIAݬݡAbo˪ҤlA 7 bits ӬOyŪz~ILAFnثeڭ̪@~tθƪsAҥHN|NӸର byte AӰOFIӤ@oqu{vNQΤ@ǽp觋A NoǨSϥΨ쪺ŶyzXӡAHɮצΪŶܤpIoNOY޳NաI

t~@Y޳N]ܦALONƪƶiέpOC|ҨӻApGAƬy111....z@1001ɡA Y޳N|Oy1001zӤOu1001줸sbIoˤ]²ɮװOeqOI D`aI

²檺AAiHNLQAɮ׸̭۷hyŶzsbAäO񺡪A ӡyYz޳NNONoǡyŶz񺡡AHɮצΪeqUI LAoǡyYLɮסzõLkQڭ̪@~tΩҨϥΪA]A YnϥγoǳQYLɮ׸ơAhNLy٭z^ӥYeҼˡA NOҿתyYzoIӦܩYePY᪺ɮשҦΪϺЪŶjpA NiHQ٬OyYzoIh޳Nγ\AiHѦҤ@UG

oӡyYzPyYzʧ@nBOH̤jnBNOYLɮ׮eqܤpFA ҥHAwЮeqLΤNiHeǧhơC~Ab@Ǻƪǿ餤A]|ѩƶqCA nWeiHΨӧ@hu@IӤOѬOdb@Ǥjɮ׶ǿWOIثeܦh WWW ]OQɮY޳NӶiƪǰeAnWeiQβvWɳI

WzWWWY޳NZ쪺ILAWyݪ쪺ơzbgLǿɡAϥΪOyYLơzA oYLƨFAqDɡAAiYAѩثeqBt׬۷ֳtA ]bsɭԡAɶObyƪǿzWAӤO CPU BաIp@ӡAѩYLƶqCFA۵Mǰet״N|W֤֡I

YAO@nu{vA۫HA]|wNAۤvnYᴣѤjaUӨϥΡA SHwۤvѤѳOWeaH|ӨҤlӻA Linux 2.6.27.4 㪺֤ߤjp 300 MB kAӥѩ֤ߥDnhO ASCII code ¤rAɮסAoɮתyhlŶz̦hFCӤ@ӴѤUYL 2.6.27.4 ֤ߤjȦ 60MB kAtFXOHAiHۤv@I

bLinuxҤAYɮתɦWjhOGy*.tar, *.tar.gz, *.tgz, *.gz, *.Z, *.bz2zA|o˪ɦWOHO Linux ɦWS@ζܡH

oO] Linux 䴩YOD`hABPOҥΪY޳NäۦPAMiNLkqY/YɮoC ҥHAAUYYɮɡA۵MNݭnDɮ׬OѭYOһs@XӪAnΨӹӵ۸YڡI ]NOAM Linux ɮתݩʰ򥻤WOPɦWSYA OFUڭ̤HppUʤlAҥHAɦW٬OnI Uڭ̴NCXXӱ`YɮװɦWaG

*.Z         compress {YɮסF
*.gz        gzip {YɮסF
*.bz2       bzip2 {YɮסF
*.tar       tar {]ơAèSYLF
*.tar.gz    tar {]ɮסA𫟺åBgL gzip Y
*.tar.bz2   tar {]ɮסA𫟺åBgL bzip2 Y

LinuxW`YONO gzip P bzip2 Aܩ compress wghyFC gzip O GNU peҶ}oXӪYOAӫOwgNF compress C GNU S}oX bzip2 oYnYOILAoǫOq`ȯw@ɮרYPYAp@ӡA CYPYn@jɮסAZФHHɡAөҿתy]n, tarzN㪺ܭnաI

o tar iHNܦhɮסy]z@ɮסIƦܬOؿ]iHo򪱡CLAª tar \ȬOy]zӤwAYONܦhɮ׶@ɮסA ƹWALèSY\AӡAGNU peAN tar PY\൲Xb@_Ap@ӴѨϥΪ̧KåBjjYP]\I Uڭ̴Nӽͤ@ͳoǦb Linux U򥻪YOaI

compress

compressoYOOD`ª@ڡAjubD`ª Unix Wٷ|oӳnC ڭ̪ CentOS w]èSw˳oӳntηAҥHQnAѳoӳn骺ϥήɡAХw ncompress oӳnC LAѩ gzip wgiHѶ}ϥ compress YɮסA]A compress iHξǲ߰աI OApGAҦb٬OªtΡA٬OonǤ@ǴNOFCnFA pGAܡAw˨²I

[root@www ~]# yum install ncompress
base        100% |=========================| 1.1 kB    00:00
updates     100% |=========================|  951 B    00:00
addons      100% |=========================|  951 B    00:00
extras      100% |=========================| 1.1 kB    00:00
Setting up Install Process
Parsing package install arguments
Resolving Dependencies              <==}lR̩ۨ
--> Running transaction check
---> Package ncompress.i386 0:4.2.4-47 set to be updated
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

=======================================================
 Package       Arch   Version     Repository     Size
=======================================================
Installing:
 ncompress     i386   4.2.4-47    base            23 k

Transaction Summary
=======================================================
Install      1 Package(s)  <==̫Rҭnw˪n
Update       0 Package(s)
Remove       0 Package(s)

Total download size: 23 k
Is this ok [y/N]: y    <==o̽ЫU y ӽT{w
Downloading Packages:
(1/1): ncompress-4.2.4-47 100% |=========================|  23 kB    00:00
warning: rpmts_HdrFromFdno: Header V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID e8562897
Importing GPG key 0xE8562897 "CentOS-5 Key (CentOS 5 Official Signing Key) 
<centos-5-key@centos.org>" from http://mirror.centos.org/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-5
Is this ok [y/N]: y    <==o̫hOPƦñ
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Finished Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
  Installing: ncompress          ######################### [1/1]

Installed: ncompress.i386 0:4.2.4-47
Complete!

yum ԲӪΪkڭ̷|b򪺳`СAo̶ȬOѤ@ӤjΪkӤwC Aw˦noӳnAUڭ̬ݬݦpϥ compress aI

[root@www ~]# compress [-rcv] ɮשΥؿ  <==o̬OY
[root@www ~]# uncompress ɮ.Z           <==o̬OY
ﶵPѼơG
-r  GiHsPؿUɮפ]PɵYOI
-c  GNYƿX standard output (Xù)
-v  GiHqXY᪺ɮ׸THYL{@ɦWܤơC

dҤ@GN /etc/man.config ƻs /tmp Aå[HY
[root@www ~]# cd /tmp
[root@www tmp]# cp /etc/man.config .
[root@www tmp]# compress -v man.config
man.config:  -- replaced with man.config.Z Compression: 41.86%
[root@www tmp]# ls -l /etc/man.config /tmp/man*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4617 Jan  6  2007 /etc/man.config   <==즳ɮ
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2684 Nov 10 17:14 /tmp/man.config.Z <==gLYɮסI

DASo{Aƻs /tmp man.config FI]QY man.config.Z o ]NOAbw]pAQ compress Ylɮ׷|AYɮ׷|Qإ߰_ӡA ӥBɦW|O *.ZCJӬݤ@UAɮץѭ쥻 4617bytes C 2684byteskAT꦳֤@IաI pYOH

dҤGGN𫍧YɸѶ}
[root@www tmp]# uncompress man.config.Z
[root@www tmp]# ll man*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4617 Nov 10 17:14 man.config

Y uncompress YiIYɮ״N۰ʪܦ^ӤFILAYɫoSsbo o˥iHzѥΪkFܡHpGڷQnOdlɮץBSnإYɩOHiHϥ -c ykI

dҤTGN man.config Yt~@ɮרӳƥ
[root@www tmp]# compress -c man.config > man.config.back.Z
[root@www tmp]# ll man*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4617 Nov 10 17:14 man.config
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2684 Nov 10 17:24 man.config.back.Z
# o -c ﶵIL|NYL{ƿXùWAӤOgJ 
# *.Z YɡCҥHAڭ̥iHzLƬyɦVkNƿXt@ɦWC
# ƬyɦVAڭ̷|bĤQ@ bash ԲӽͽתաI

AjաAcompress wgܤ֤HbϥΤFA]o{LkѶ} *.gz ɮסA gzip hiHѶ} *.Z ɮסA ҥHApGA distribution WS compress ܡANniWmoI ^_^

gzip, zcat

gzip iHOΫ׳̼sYOFIثe gzip iHѶ} compress, zip P gzip nYɮסC ܩ gzip ҫإߪYɬ *.gz ɦWIڭ̨ӬݬݳoӫOykaG

[root@www ~]# gzip [-cdtv#] ɦW
[root@www ~]# zcat ɦW.gz
ﶵPѼơG
-c  GNYƿXùWAizLƬyɦVӳBzF
-d  GYѼơF
-t  GiHΨ@Yɪ@PʡݬɮצL~F
-v  GiHܥXɮ/YɮתY񵥸TF
-#  GYšA-1 ̧֡AOY̮tB-9 ̺CAOY̦nIw]O -6

dҤ@GN /etc/man.config ƻs /tmp AåBH gzip Y
[root@www ~]# cd /tmp 
[root@www tmp]# cp /etc/man.config .
[root@www tmp]# gzip -v man.config
man.config:      56.1% -- replaced with man.config.gz
[root@www tmp]# ll /etc/man.config /tmp/man*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4617 Jan  6  2007 /etc/man.config
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2684 Nov 10 17:24 /tmp/man.config.back.Z
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2057 Nov 10 17:14 /tmp/man.config.gz  <==gzipY

P compress AAϥ gzip iYɡAbw]AU쥻ɮ׷|QY .gz ɦWA lɮ״NAsbFCz]iHo{Aѩ gzip Yn compress nhAҥHMĳϥ gzip աI ~Aϥ gzip Yɮצb Windows tΤAMiHQ WinRAR oӳnYOIܦnΧaIܩLΪkpUG

dҤGGѩ man.config OrɡAбNdҤ@YɪeŪXӡI
[root@www tmp]# zcat man.config.gz
# ѩ man.config oӭ쥻ɮ׬OOrɡA]ڭ̥iHըϥ zcat  hŪI
# ɿùW| man.config.gz Y᪺ɮפeI

dҤTGNdҤ@ɮ׸Y
[root@www tmp]# gzip -d man.config.gz
# nϥ gunzip oӫOAnIIϥ gzip -d ӶiYI
# P gzip ۤϡA gzip -d |N쥻 .gz RAͭ쥻 man.config ɮסC

dҥ|GNdҤTѶ} man.config γ̨ΪYYAëOd쥻ɮ
[root@www tmp]# gzip -9 -c man.config > man.config.gz

gzip Ywg̨ΤƹLFAҥHM gzip 1~9 YšALϥιw] 6 ND`nΤFI ]Wzdҥ|iHn[J -9 ﶵCdҥ|Ib -c P > ϥoI

cat iHŪ¤rɡA zcat hiHŪ¤rɳQY᪺YɡI ѩ gzip oYODnQnΨӨN compress AҥH compress YɮץiHϥ gzip ӸѶ}AP zcat oӫOiHPŪ compress P gzip YI

bzip2, bzcat

Y gzip OFN compress ôѧnYӦߪA bzip2 hOFN gzip ôѧΪYӨӪC bzip2 uOܤΪFoNY񳺵M gzip ٭nnܩ bzip2 ΪkXGP gzip ۦPI ݬݩUΪkaI

[root@www ~]# bzip2 [-cdkzv#] ɦW
[root@www ~]# bzcat ɦW.bz2
ﶵPѼơG
-c  GNYL{ͪƿXùWI
-d  GYѼ
-k  GOdlɮסAӤ|Rlɮ׳I
-z  GYѼ
-v  GiHܥXɮ/YɮתY񵥸TF
-#  GP gzip P˪AObpY񪺰ѼơA -9 ̨ΡA -1 ̧֡I

dҤ@GN𫍧 /tmp/man.config H bzip2 Y
[root@www tmp]# bzip2 -z man.config 
#  man.config |ܦ man.config.bz2 I

dҤGGNdҤ@ɮפeŪXӡI
[root@www tmp]# bzcat man.config.bz2
# ɿùW| man.config.bz2 Y᪺ɮפeII

dҤTGNdҤ@ɮ׸Y
[root@www tmp]# bzip2 -d man.config.bz2

dҥ|GNdҤTѶ} man.config γ̨ΪYYAëOd쥻ɮ
[root@www tmp]# bzip2 -9 -c man.config > man.config.bz2

ϥ compress ɦW۰ʫإ߬ .Z Aϥ gzip ɦW۰ʫإ߬ .gz Co̪ bzip2 hO۰ʪNɦWظm .bz2 oIҥHڭ̨ϥΨ㦳Y\઺ bzip2 -z ɡA𫍧 man.config N|۰ʪܦF man.config.bz2 oɦWoI

nFApGڷQnŪoɮתeOH O_@wnѶ}HMݭnoIiHϥ²K bzcat oӫOŪeYiIҦpWҤlA ڭ̥iHϥ bzcat man.config.bz2 ŪƦӤݭnѶ}I~AAnѶ}@YɮɡA oɮתW٬ .bz, .bz2, .tbz, .tbz2 ANiHըϥ bzip2 ӸѬݬݰաIMoA]iHϥ bunzip2 oӫOӨN bzip2 -d oC

e@p`ͨ쪺Ojhȯw@ɮרӶiYAM gzip P bzip2 ]wؿӶiYA LAoӫOؿYOyNؿҦɮ "O" iYzʧ@I Ӥb Windows tΡAiHϥ WinRAR o@YnӱNnhơy]@ɮסz˦C

oرNhɮשΥؿ]@ӤjɮתO\Aڭ̥iH٩ILO@ءy]OzաI Linux Soإ]OOHOINOjW tar oӪNFI tar iHNhӥؿɮץ]@ӤjɮסAP٥iHzL gzip/bzip2 䴩ANɮצPɶiYI 󦳽쪺OAѩ tar ϥΤӼsxFAثe Windows WinRAR ]䴩 .tar.gz ɦWYOI ܤaIҥHUڭ̴NӪ@oөNNI

tar

tar ﶵPѼƫD`hIڭ̥uXӱ`ΪﶵAhﶵziHۦ man tar doI

[root@www ~]# tar [-j|-z] [cv] [-f إߪɦW] filename... <==]PY
[root@www ~]# tar [-j|-z] [tv] [-f إߪɦW]             <==ɦW
[root@www ~]# tar [-j|-z] [xv] [-f إߪɦW] [-C ؿ]   <==Y
ﶵPѼơG
-c  Gإߥ]ɮסAift -v ӹݹL{Q]ɦW(filename)
-t  Gݥ]ɮתetɦWAIbݡyɦWzNOFF
-x  Gѥ]θY\AiHft -C (jg) bSwؿѶ}
      SOdNOA -c, -t, -x iPɥX{b@OCC
-j  GzL bzip2 䴩iY/YGɦW̦n *.tar.bz2
-z  GzL gzip  䴩iY/YGɦW̦n *.tar.gz
-v  GbY/YL{ANbBzɦWܥXӡI
-f filenameG-f ᭱nߨ𫎆nQBzɦWIĳ -f Wg@ӿﶵoI
-C ؿ    GoӿﶵΦbYAYnbSwؿYAiHϥγoӿﶵC

Lm߷|ϥΨ쪺ﶵСG
-p(pg) GOdƥƪ쥻vPݩʡA`Ωƥ(-c)n]w
-P(jg) GOd|AY\ƥƤtڥؿsbNF
--exclude=FILEGbYL{AnN FILE ]I

²檺ϥ tar NunOЩU觋YiG

@YGtar -jcv -f filename.tar.bz2 nQYɮשΥؿW
d@ߡGtar -jtv -f filename.tar.bz2
YGtar -jxv -f filename.tar.bz2 -C Yؿ

filename.tar.bz2 Oڭ̦ۤvɦWAtar ä|DʪͫإߪɦWIڭ̭nۭqաI ҥHɦWN㪺ܭnFIpG[ [-j|-z] ܡAɦW̦n *.tar YiCpGO -j ﶵAN bzip2 䴩A]ɦW̦nN *.tar.bz2 A] bzip2 | .bz2 ɦWGI ܩpGO[WF -z gzip 䴩AɦW̦n *.tar.gz IAѥGH

t~Aѩy -f filename zO򱵦b@_ALhܦh峹`|gy-jcvf filenamezAoˬO諸A ѩﶵǲzפWOiHܴAҥHܦhŪ̷|~{y-jvfc filenamez]iHƹWo˷|ɭPͪɦWܦ c I ] -fc IҥHoAĳzbǲ tar ɡANy -f filename zPLﶵWߥXӡA|eoͰDC

ܤֻAڭ̨ӴմXӱ`Ϊ tar kaI

ϥ tar [J -j -z ѼƳƥ /etc/ ؿ

ƨSƳƥ@U /etc oӥؿOnơIƥ /etc ²檺kNOϥ tar oIڭ̨ӪG

[root@www ~]# tar -zpcv -f /root/etc.tar.gz /etc
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names  <==`NoĵiT
/etc/
....ٲ....
/etc/esd.conf
/etc/crontab
# ѩ[W -v oӿﶵA]b@ΤɦWN|ܦbùWC
# pGAiH½Ĥ@A|o{X{W~TIU|ѡC
# ܩ -p ﶵAIbyOd쥻ɮתvPݩʡzNC

[root@www ~]# tar -jpcv -f /root/etc.tar.bz2 /etc
# ܪT|W@Ҥ@oI

[root@www ~]# ll /root/etc*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  8740252 Nov 15 23:07 /root/etc.tar.bz2
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 13010999 Nov 15 23:01 /root/etc.tar.gz
[root@www ~]# du -sm /etc
118     /etc
# ĳzϥ -j oӿﶵHqWƭȧAiHDFaH^_^

ѤWzmߡAڭ̪Dϥ bzip2 Y -j oӿﶵӻs@ƥɡAonYI pWҥܡAѭ쥻 /etc/ (118MBytes) U 8.7Mbytes kIܩ[Wy -p zoӿﶵ]OFOs쥻ɮתvPݩʡIڭ̴bĤC cp OɽͨvPɮ(Ҧps)ƻsPvTC P˪AbƥntθƮɡAoǭ쥻ɮתvݭn㪺ƥnC -p oӿﶵNWγFC Uڭ̬ݬݥ]ɮפƦsbH

d\ tar ɮתƤe(iɦW)APƥɦW_ڥؿNq

nɦWD`²IiHo˰G

[root@www ~]# tar -jtv -f /root/etc.tar.bz2
....eٲ....
-rw-r--r-- root/root  1016 2008-05-25 14:06:20 etc/dbus-1/session.conf
-rw-r--r-- root/root   153 2007-01-07 19:20:54 etc/esd.conf
-rw-r--r-- root/root   255 2007-01-06 21:13:33 etc/crontab

pG[W -v oӿﶵɡAԲӪɮv/ݩʳ|QCXӡIpGuOQnDɦWӤwA NN -v YiCqWƧڭ̥iHo{@ܦ쪺ƱANOCɦWSFڥؿFIo]OW@ӽmߤX{ĵiTytar: Removing leading `/' from member names(FɦW}Y `/' )zҧipI

nڥؿOHDnOFwIڭ̨ϥ tar ƥƥi|ݭnY^ӨϥΡA b tar ҰOɦW (NOڭ̭ϥ tar -jtvf ҹݨ쪺ɦW) NOY᪺ɦWC pGFڥؿA]ANƥƦb /tmp Ѷ}AYɦWN|ܦy/tmp/etc/xxxzC ypGSڥؿAY᪺ɦWN|O|A YY᪺Ƥ@w|Qm /etc/xxx hIzp@ӡAA쥻 /etc/ UơA N|QƥƩл\LhFI

A|GyJMOƥơA٭^Ӥ]SDaHzQ@ӪpAAƥƬO@~eª CentOS 4.xA AuOQnAѤ@ULhƥesǸƦӤwAG@Ѷ}ɮסAoo{Aثes CentOS 5.x U /etc Qªƥл\FIɧAӦpOnHҥHoAMOڥؿw@ǪC

pGATwANOݭnƥڥؿ tar ɮפAiHϥ -P (jg) oӿﶵAЬݩUҤlRG

dҡGNɦW()ؿ]ƥUӡAùݤ@UƥɪeɦW
[root@www ~]# tar -jpPcv -f /root/etc.and.root.tar.bz2 /etc
....L{ٲ....
[root@www ~]# tar -jtf /root/etc.and.root.tar.bz2
/etc/dbus-1/session.conf
/etc/esd.conf
/etc/crontab
# od\ɦWt -v ﶵAҥHȦɦWӤwISԲݩ/vѼơC

o{PIFaHpG[W -P ﶵAɦWڥؿN|sbILAӤHĳA٬On[W -P oӿﶵӳƥI ܦhɭԡAڭ̳ƥOFnӰlܰDΪAˤ@wݭn٭^쥻tΤI ҥHڥؿAƥƪη|uʡI]wOI

NƥƸYAæҼ{SwؿYʧ@ (-C ﶵ)

pGQnѥ]OH²檺ʧ@NOiѥ]I

[root@www ~]# tar -jxv -f /root/etc.tar.bz2
[root@www ~]# ll
....(eٲ)....
drwxr-xr-x 105 root root    12288 Nov 11 04:02 etc
....(᭱ٲ)....

ɸӥ]ɮ׷|byؿUiYzʧ@I ҥHAA@UN|baؿUo{@ӦW etc ؿoIҥHoApGAQnNɮצb /tmp UѶ}A iH cd /tmp AAUFWzOYiCLAo˦nܳ·ЩO㦳S²檺kiHywѶ}ؿzOH AiHϥ -C oӿﶵI|ҨӻG

[root@www ~]# tar -jxv -f /root/etc.tar.bz2 -C /tmp
[root@www ~]# ll /tmp
....(eٲ)....
drwxr-xr-x 105 root root    12288 Nov 11 04:02 etc
....(᭱ٲ)....

oˤ@ӡAANNɮצbPؿѶ}oIӤHO{Ao -C ﶵȥnOФ@UI nFABzAаOoNoӥؿR@UOI

[root@www ~]# rm -rf /root/etc /tmp/etc

AjաAoӡy rm -rf zOܦMIOIUFɽаȥnT{@U᭱ɦWCڭ̭nRO /root/etc P /tmp/etcA zinN /etc/ RFItη| ^_^

ȸѶ}@ɮתk

WYڭ̸YONӥ]ɮתeѶ}IQ@ӱpApGڥuQnѶ}]ɮפ𫟺@ɮצӤwA Ӧp󰵩OH²檺AAunϥ -jtv AnɦWAMNɦWѶ}YiC ڭ̥ΩUҤlӻ@UG

# 1. ڭ̭nɦWA]Ѷ} shadow ɮצnFG
[root@www ~]# tar -jtv -f /root/etc.tar.bz2 | grep 'shadow'
-r-------- root/root  1230 2008-09-29 02:21:20 etc/shadow-
-r-------- root/root   622 2008-09-29 02:21:20 etc/gshadow-
-r-------- root/root   636 2008-09-29 02:21:25 etc/gshadow
-r-------- root/root  1257 2008-09-29 02:21:25 etc/shadow  <==oOڭ̭nI
# jMnɦWI𫟺 grep Oy^zr\Iڭ̷|bĤTgI
# o̱zӷYiIӺ޽u | tX grep iH^rNI

# 2. Nɮ׸Ѷ}IykPڧ@kpUG
[root@www ~]# tar -jxv -f ].tar.bz2 ݸѶ}ɦW
[root@www ~]# tar -jxv -f /root/etc.tar.bz2 etc/shadow
etc/shadow
[root@www ~]# ll etc
total 8
-r-------- 1 root root 1257 Sep 29 02:21 shadow  <==ܡIu@ɮװաI
# ܦIɥu|Ѷ}@ɮצӤwILAIOɦWIAn쥿TɦWC
# bҤAAg /etc/shadow I]Ob etc.tar.bz2 ɦWGI

]YؿAtӥؿUYɮפ@k

]ڭ̷Qn] /etc/ /root oXӭnؿAoQn] /root/etc* }YɮסA ]ɮ׳Oڭ̤~إߪƥɹIӥB]oӷs]ɮ׭nm /root/system.tar.bz2 A Moɮצۤvn]ۤv (]oɮשmb /root UڡI)Aɧڭ̥iHzL --exclude I exclude NO]tNIҥHAiHo˰G

[root@www ~]# tar -jcv  -f /root/system.tar.bz2 --exclude=/root/etc* \
> --exclude=/root/system.tar.bz2  /etc /root

WOO@CAiHGytar -jcv -f /root/system.tar.bz2 --exclude=/root/etc* --exclude=/root/system.tar.bz2 /etc /rootzApGQnJɡA̫᭱[Wϱ׽u (\) åߨU [enter] A NĤG~JFCoӫOUF觋ڭ̷|bĤTAJӻC zLo --exclude="file" ʧ@Aڭ̥iHNXӯSɮשΥؿb]CA ]ʧ@ܪ²KI^_^

t~Abs tar OAo{쥻y --exclude file zGLkڹB@FIϥ man tar ݨoӿﶵA ϥ info tar ~o{Aﶵ\wgܦFy --exclude=file zҦIoӦaonSOdNOI

ȳƥYӮɨ٭nsɮ

YǱpUA|QnƥsɮצӤwAäQnƥɮסI --newer-mtime oӿﶵNnաI ꦳ӿﶵաA@ӬOy --newer zt@ӴNOy --newer-mtime zAoӿﶵ󤣦POH ڭ̦b ĤC touch ФͨLTؤPɶѼơA ϥ --newer ɡAܫ򪺤]ty mtime P ctime zA --newer-mtime hȬO mtime ӤwI o˪DFaI ^_^ CNڭ̨ӹճBz@UoI

# 1.  find X /etc/passwd ٭nsɮ
[root@www ~]# find /etc -newer /etc/passwd
....(L{ٲ)....
# ɷ|ܥX /etc/passwd oɮת mtime ٭nsɦWA
# oӵGbCDۦPIzۦd\ۤvDYiA|򳾭@ˡI

[root@www ~]# ll /etc/passwd
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1945 Sep 29 02:21 /etc/passwd

# 2. nFAϥ tar Ӷi楴]aIWݨ쪺 2008/09/29
[root@www ~]# tar -jcv -f /root/etc.newer.then.passwd.tar.bz2 \
> --newer-mtime="2008/09/29" /etc/*
....(ٲ)....
/etc/smartd.conf    <==uƥɮ
....(ٲ)....
/etc/yum.repos.d/   <==ؿ|QOUӡI
tar: /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo: file is unchanged; not dumped
# ̫ܪOySQƥzAY not dumped NI

# 3. ܥXɮקYi
[root@www ~]# tar -jtv -f /root/etc.newer.then.passwd.tar.bz2 | \
> grep -v '/$' 
# zLoӫOiHIsX tar.bz2 D / ɦWINOڭ̭nաI

{bADoӫOnΤFaIƦܥiHitɮתOPƥO oˤlƥN|㪺eoIAiHo˷QApGڦb@Ӥe~iL@㪺ƳƥA oӤQnƥɡAMiHȳƥWӤiƥӮɶI᪺sɮקYiI OH]쥻ɮפwgƥFIF٭ni@HunƥsƧYiCo˥iHCƥeqڡI

򥻦W١G tarfile, tarball H

t~ȱo@OAtar ]XӪɮצSiYұoɮ׺٩IPI pGȬO]ӤwANOy tar -cv -f file.tar zӤwAoɮקڭ̺٩I tarfile C pG٦iY䴩AҦpy tar -jcv -f file.tar.bz2 zɡAڭ̴N٩I tarball (tar yH)I ouO@Ӱ򥻪ٿצӤwALܦhyP|ϥΨo tarball W١I ҥHonzФСC

~Atar FiHNƥ]ɮפ~AٯNɮץ]YǯSO˸mhA|ҨӻA ϱa (tape) NO@ӱ`ҤlCϱaѩO@Ū/gJ˸mA]ڭ̤ϥ cp OӽƻsI pGQnN /home, /root, /etc ƥϱa (/dev/st0) ɡANiHϥΡGytar -cv -f /dev/st0 /home /root /etczA²eaI ϱaΦbƥ (רO~) Oܱ`u@I

SΡGQκ޽uROPƬy

b tar ϥΤA@ؤ觋̯SANOzLзǿJXƬyɦV(standard input/standard output)A Hκ޽uRO (pipe) 觋ANݳBzɮפ@䥴]@YؼХؿhC ƬyɦVP޽uROԲӪƧڭ̷|bĤQ@ bash AjaСA UӬݤ@ӨҤlaI

# 1. N /etc ӥؿ@䥴]@b /tmp Ѷ}
[root@www ~]# cd /tmp
[root@www tmp]# tar -cvf - /etc | tar -xvf -
# oӰʧ@IO cp -r /etc /tmp ա¬O𨷿γ~I
# n`NabXܦ - ӿJɤ]ܦ - AS@ | sb
# oON standard output, standard input P޽uROաI
# ²檺QkAAiHN - QObO餤@Ӹ˸m(wİ)C
# ԲӪƬyP޽uROA½ bash `oI

bWҤlAڭ̷QnyN /etc Uƪ copy ثeҦb|A]NO /tmp UzAOSıoϥ cp -r I·СANHoӥ]觋ӥ]A𫟺AO̭ - NOܨӳQ]ɮװաI ѩڭ̤QnɮצsbAҥHNHo@Ӥ觋Ӷiƻs欰աI

DGtγƥd

tΤWD`hnؿݭniƥAӥBڭ̤]ĳANƥƩm /root ؿUI ]ثeAwgDnؿUoXӡG

/etc/ (]w)
/home/ (ϥΪ̪aؿ)
/var/spool/mail/ (tΤAҦblHc)
/var/spool/cron/ (Ҧbu@Ʀ]w)
/root (tκ޲zaؿ)

Mڭ̤]DAѩĤKgLmߪYA /home/loop* ݭnƥAӥB /root UYɤ]ݭnƥAt~]AnNƥƩm /backups AåBӥؿȦ root viJI ~ACƥɦWƱ椣ۦPAҦpϥΡGbackup-system-20091130.tar.bz2 ɦWӳBzC AӦpBzoӳƥƩOH(Хʤ@ݬݡAAӹݤ@UUѦҸѵI)

# 1. BznmƥƪؿPvG
[root@www ~]# mkdir /backups
[root@www ~]# chmod 700 /backups
[root@www ~]# ll -d /backups
drwx------ 2 root root 4096 Nov 30 16:35 /backups

# 2. ]ѬO 2009/11/30 Ahإ߳ƥ觋pUG
[root@www ~]# tar -jcv -f /backups/backup-system-20091130.tar.bz2 \
> --exclude=/root/*.bz2 --exclude=/root/*.gz --exclude=/home/loop* \
> /etc /home /var/spool/mail /var/spool/cron /root
....(L{ٲ)....

[root@www ~]# ll -h /backups/
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8.4M Nov 30 16:43 backup-system-20091130.tar.bz2

YǮɨAQnwɮרtζiƥΪ̬Oxs\ɡAणͨo dump OI oNڭ̴be@ /etc/fstab ̭yL͹LC oӫOFw filesystem ƥ~A]ȰwؿӳƥI UNڭ̨ӽͤ@ͳoӫOΪkaI

dump

dump \jALFiHƥɮרtΤ~A٥iHwųINڡI ]A /home OWߪ@ɮרtΡAAĤ@iL dump AAiĤG dump ɡA AiHwPƥšApwŬ 1 ɡAɷsƥƥu|OPĤ@ƥҦtɮצӤwC ݤܡHSYIڭ̥Τ@i²ϨӻC

4.1.1Bdump B@ (level)

pWϩҥܡAW𫍧yYɮרtΡzO@HۮɶܤƪơAҦpb /home ̭ɮ׸Ʒ|@ܤƤ@ˡC өUhO dump ƥ_ӪơAĤ@ƥɨϥΪO level 0 AoӵŤ]O㪺ƥաI ĤGƥɡAYɮרtΤƤwgP level 0 @ˤFA level 1 ȥuOثeɮרtλP level 0 tAƥܤƹLɮצӤwCܩ level 2 hOP level 1 iաIoAѩIH

M dump 䴩ɮרtΩΪ̬O@UOؿAOؿ䴩OAo]O dump ҦbC ²檺ApGQnƥƦpUɡAhPpG

ݳƥƬ@ɮרtΡG
pGO@ɮרt (filesystem) AɮרtΥiHϥΧ㪺 dump \A]AQ 0~9 ƭ level ӳƥA PɡAƥɥiHϥαIΪ̬O˸mɦW (Ҧp /dev/sda5 ˸mɦW) ӶiƥI
ݳƥƥuOؿAëD@ɮרtΡG
ҦpAȷQnƥ /home/someone/ AOӥؿëDWߪɮרtήɡCɳƥNաI]AG
- ҦƥƳnbӥؿ (ҬG/home/someone/) UF
- Bȯϥ level 0 AYȤ䴩ƥӤwF
- 䴩 -u ﶵAYLkإ /etc/dumpdates oӦUO level ƥɶOɡF

dump ﶵMD`cơALpGuOQn²檺ާ@ɡAzunOoUXӿﶵNܰΤFI

[root@www ~]# dump [-Suvj] [-level] [-f ƥ] ݳƥ
[root@www ~]# dump -W
ﶵPѼơG
-S    GȦCX᭱ݳƥƻݭnhֺϺЪŶ~ƥF
-u    GNo dump ɶO /etc/dumpdates ɮפF
-v    GN dump ɮ׹L{ܥXӡF
-j    G[J bzip2 䴩INƶiYAw] bzip2 YŬ 2
-levelGNOڭ̽ͨ쪺šAq -0 ~ -9 @QӵšF
-f    GI tar աI᭱ͪɮסAiҦp /dev/st0 ˸mɦW
-W    GCXb /etc/fstab ̭㦳 dump ]w partition O_ƥLH

dump ƥ㪺ɮרt

{bNڭ̨ӰXӽdҧaIpAnNtΪ̤pɮרtήXӶiƥAӦpiOH

# 1. XtΤ̤pɮרtΡApUҥܡG
[root@www ~]# df -h
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/hdc2             9.5G  3.7G  5.3G  42% /
/dev/hdc3             4.8G  651M  3.9G  15% /home
/dev/hdc1              99M   11M   83M  12% /boot  <==ݰ_ӳ̤pNOLաI
tmpfs                 363M     0  363M   0% /dev/shm

# 2. դ@UApGnƥɮרtΡAݦh֮eqH
[root@www ~]# dump -S /dev/hdc1
5630976     <==`N@UAoӳO bytes AҥHthO 5.6MBytesC

# 3. NƥɦWO /root/boot.dump APɧsOɡG
[root@www ~]# dump -0u -f /root/boot.dump /boot
  DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Tue Dec  2 02:53:45 2008 <==OŻPƥɶ
  DUMP: Dumping /dev/hdc1 (/boot) to /root/boot.dump        <==dumpӷPؼ
  DUMP: Label: /boot                                        <==ɮרtΪ label
  DUMP: Writing 10 Kilobyte records
  DUMP: mapping (Pass I) [regular files]                    <==}liɮ׹
  DUMP: mapping (Pass II) [directories]
  DUMP: estimated 5499 blocks.                              <==blockƶq
  DUMP: Volume 1 started with block 1 at: Tue Dec  2 02:53:46 2008
  DUMP: dumping (Pass III) [directories]                    <==}l dump u@
  DUMP: dumping (Pass IV) [regular files]
  DUMP: Closing /root/boot.dump                             <==gJƥ
  DUMP: Volume 1 completed at: Tue Dec  2 02:53:47 2008
  DUMP: Volume 1 5550 blocks (5.42MB)                       <==̲׳ƥƮeq
  DUMP: Volume 1 took 0:00:01
  DUMP: Volume 1 transfer rate: 5550 kB/s
  DUMP: 5550 blocks (5.42MB) on 1 volume(s)
  DUMP: finished in 1 seconds, throughput 5550 kBytes/sec
  DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Tue Dec  2 02:53:45 2008
  DUMP: Date this dump completed:  Tue Dec  2 02:53:47 2008
  DUMP: Average transfer rate: 5550 kB/s
  DUMP: DUMP IS DONE
# bOUF譱Adump ᭱ /boot  /dev/hdc1 iHI
# Ӱ dump L{|X{pW@ǰTAziHۦJӪ[I

[root@www ~]# ll /root/boot.dump /etc/dumpdates
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root disk      43 Dec  2 02:53 /etc/dumpdates
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5683200 Dec  2 02:53 /root/boot.dump
# ѩ[W -u ﶵA] /etc/dumpdates ɮתe|QsI`NA
# oɮ׶Ȧb dump 㪺ɮרtήɤ~䴩Dʧs\C

# 4. [@UtΥDʫإߪOɡG
[root@www ~]# cat /etc/dumpdates
/dev/hdc1     0   Tue Dec  2 02:53:47 2008 +0800
[ɮרt] [] [       ctime ɶ         ]

o˫²檺Nإ߰_ /root/boot.dump ɮסAɮױN /boot/ ɮרtγƥUӤFI åBNƥɶgJ /etc/dumpdates ɮפAǳUƥɥiH@@ӰѦҨ̾ڡC {bڭ̨Ӷi@ӴաAˬdݬݯ_uإ level 1 ƥOH

# 0. ݤ@USɮרtγQ dump LơH
[root@www ~]# dump -W
Last dump(s) done (Dump '>' file systems):
> /dev/hdc2     (     /) Last dump: never
> /dev/hdc3     ( /home) Last dump: never
  /dev/hdc1     ( /boot) Last dump: Level 0, Date Tue Dec  2 02:53:47 2008
# pWCGAӵG|X /etc/fstab ̭Ĥ]wݭn dump  
# partitionAMP /etc/dumpdates iAiHoWGաI
# רOĤTAiHܧڭ̴g /dev/hdc1 iL dump ƥʧ@I

# 1. cd@UAإߤ@Ӥj 10 MB ɮצb /boot G
[root@www ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/boot/testing.img bs=1M count=10
10+0 records in
10+0 records out
10485760 bytes (10 MB) copied, 0.166128 seconds, 63.1 MB/s

# 2. }lإ߮tƥɡAɧڭ̨ϥ level 1 aG
[root@www ~]# dump -1u -f /root/boot.dump.1 /boot
....(ٲ)....

[root@www ~]# ll /root/boot*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  5683200 Dec  2 02:53 /root/boot.dump
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10547200 Dec  2 02:56 /root/boot.dump.1
# ݬɮפjpAZONOڭ̩ҫإߪӤjɮתeqܡH ^_^

# 3. ̫Aݤ@UO_O level 1 ƥɶIOH
[root@www ~]# dump -W
Last dump(s) done (Dump '>' file systems):
> /dev/hdc2     (     /) Last dump: never
> /dev/hdc3     ( /home) Last dump: never
> /dev/hdc1     ( /boot) Last dump: Level 1, Date Tue Dec  2 02:56:33 2008
....(ٲ)....

zLo²檺觋Aڭ̴NȳƥtɮתoIUAӬݬݰw@ؿ dump γ~I

dump ƥDɮרtΡAY@ؿk

{bڭ̨ӳBz@U /etc dump ƥaI] /etc ëD@ɮרtΡALuOӥؿӤwC ҥH̾ڭA -u, level 1~9 OAΪCڭ̥uϥ level 0 ƥN /etc L dump UӡC]@kNܪ²FI

# ڭ̱N /etc ӥؿzL dump iƥABtY\
[root@www ~]# dump -0j -f /root/etc.dump.bz2 /etc
  DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Tue Dec  2 12:08:22 2008
  DUMP: Dumping /dev/hdc2 (/ (dir etc)) to /root/etc.dump.bz2
  DUMP: Label: /1
  DUMP: Writing 10 Kilobyte records
  DUMP: Compressing output at compression level 2 (bzlib)
  DUMP: mapping (Pass I) [regular files]
  DUMP: mapping (Pass II) [directories]
  DUMP: estimated 115343 blocks.
  DUMP: Volume 1 started with block 1 at: Tue Dec  2 12:08:23 2008
  DUMP: dumping (Pass III) [directories]
  DUMP: dumping (Pass IV) [regular files]
  DUMP: Closing /root/etc.dump.bz2
  DUMP: Volume 1 completed at: Tue Dec  2 12:09:49 2008
  DUMP: Volume 1 took 0:01:26
  DUMP: Volume 1 transfer rate: 218 kB/s
  DUMP: Volume 1 124680kB uncompressed, 18752kB compressed, 6.649:1
  DUMP: 124680 blocks (121.76MB) on 1 volume(s)
  DUMP: finished in 86 seconds, throughput 1449 kBytes/sec
  DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Tue Dec  2 12:08:22 2008
  DUMP: Date this dump completed:  Tue Dec  2 12:09:49 2008
  DUMP: Average transfer rate: 218 kB/s
  DUMP: Wrote 124680kB uncompressed, 18752kB compressed, 6.649:1
  DUMP: DUMP IS DONE
# WSr骺ܡG쥻 124680kb  eqAQY 18752kbA
# Y 6.649:1 A٥iHYpաI

@ӻ dump |ϥΥ]tY\ALpGAQnNƥŶCܡA -j ﶵOiHϥΪC [W -j A dump G|ϥθ֪wЮeqաIpWzpӬݡAɮ׮eqѭ쥻 128MB kUƨ 18MB kAMiH`ٳƥŶoI

restore

ƥɴNObήɥiH^_tΪnơAҥHƥMNonǾǦp_FI dump _ϥΪO restore oӫOIoӫOﶵ]D`hziHۦ man restore @@I bo̶ȧ@²檺oI

[root@www ~]# restore -t [-f dumpfile] [-h]        <==Ψӹ dump 
[root@www ~]# restore -C [-f dumpfile] [-D I] <==dumpPɮ
[root@www ~]# restore -i [-f dumpfile]             <==iJʼҦ
[root@www ~]# restore -r [-f dumpfile]             <==٭ɮרt
ﶵPѼơG
UؼҦAUؼҦLkVγIҦpiHg -tC աI
-t  GҦΦb dump _Ӫƥɤt򭫭nơI tar -t \F
-C  GҦiHN dump ƮXӸڪɮרtΰA
      ̲׷|CXyb dump ɮפOABثeɮרtΤ@ˡzɮסF
-i  GiJʼҦAiH٭쳡ɮסAΦb dump ؿɪ٭I
-r  GN filesystem ٭쪺@ؼҦAΦb٭wɮרtΪ dump ƥF
L`Ψ쪺ﶵ\G
-h  GݧƥƤ inode Pɮרt label T
-f  G᭱NAnBz dump ɮoI
-D  GP -C iftAiHdX᭱IP dump PɮסI

restore [ dump ᪺ƥƤe

nX dump eNϥ restore -t Ӭd\YiIҦpڭ̱N boot.dump ɮפeXӬݬݡI

[root@www ~]# restore -t -f /root/boot.dump 
Dump   date: Tue Dec  2 02:53:45 2008              <==ƥ
Dumped from: the epoch
Level 0 dump of /boot on www.vbird.tsai:/dev/hdc1  <== level A
Label: /boot                                       <== filesystem YI
         2      .
        11      ./lost+found
      2009      ./grub
      2011      ./grub/grub.conf
....Uٲ....

[root@www ~]# restore -t -f /root/etc.dump
Dump tape is compressed.                          <==[ƦY
Dump   date: Tue Dec  2 12:08:22 2008
Dumped from: the epoch
Level 0 dump of / (dir etc) on www.vbird.tsai:/dev/hdc2 <==OؿI
Label: /1
         2      .
   1912545      ./etc
   1912549      ./etc/rpm
   1912550      ./etc/rpm/platform
....Uٲ....

oӬd\ƨܥXOɦWPlɮת inode AAҥHڭ̥iHA dump |Ѧ inode OI zLoӬdߧڭ̤]ાD dump eOIAӬd@dp٭aI

tåB٭ɮרt

dump iHiֿnƥOHNO]L㦳iHdɮרtλPƥɮפtA åBNR쪺tƶiƥtGCҥHڭ̥ӬݬݡApdߦܰʹLTOHAiHϥΦpUkG

# 0. ܧɮרtΪeG
[root@www ~]# cd /boot
[root@www boot]# mv config-2.6.18-128.el5 config-2.6.18-128.el5-back

# 1. ݨ϶iɮרtλPƥɮפtI
[root@www boot]# restore -C -f /root/boot.dump
Dump   date: Tue Dec  2 02:53:45 2008
Dumped from: the epoch
Level 0 dump of /boot on www.vbird.tsai:/dev/hdc1
Label: /boot
filesys = /boot
restore: unable to stat ./config-2.6.18-128.el5: No such file or directory
Some files were modified!  1 compare errors
# ݨWSrFaINOtI`@@ɮ׳QܧI
# ڭ̭T꦳ʹLɮסAKKIoˬO_AѡHI

# 2. NɮרtΧ^ӰڡI
[root@www boot]# mv config-2.6.18-128.el5-back config-2.6.18-128.el5
[root@www boot]# cd /root

pPWʧ@AzLgƥLTA]iHPثeɮרtΤtƩOI pGAQniֿnƥA]zLoӰʧ@X̪o@}lܰʹLɮ׻IAѥGH p٭OHѩ dump OOɮרtΪA]٭ɧA]ӭn@ӥsɮרtΤ~C ]Uڭ̥إߤ@ɮרtΡAMA٭aI

# 1. إߤ@ӷs partition ӨϥΡA]ڭ̻ݭnO 150M eq
[root@www ~]# fdisk /dev/hdc
Command (m for help): n
First cylinder (2335-5005, default 2335): <==o̫ Enter
Using default value 2335
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (2335-5005, default 5005): +150M
Command (m for help): p
....ٲ....
/dev/hdc8            2335        2353      152586   83  Linux

Command (m for help): w

[root@www ~]# partprobe   <==ܭnʧ@IOѰOI
# o˴Nإߤ@ /dev/hdc8  partition AM~榡ƧaI

[root@www ~]# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/hdc8
[root@www ~]# mount /dev/hdc8 /mnt

# 2. }li٭쪺ʧ@IбzȥsɮרtΪIUhI
[root@www ~]# cd /mnt
[root@www mnt]# restore -r -f /root/boot.dump
restore: ./lost+found: File exists

ѩڭ̬OƥɮרtΡA]A]iHظm@ӥsɮרt (partition) Ӷi٭쪺ʧ@I ٭쪺ʧ@]ApW̫@ӫOANONƥɮפ٭쥻ؿUC Anܧؿ챾IҦbӥؿ~ڡIo٭쪺ɮפ~|]aIpGAٷQnN level 1 /root/boot.dump.1 ɮתe]٭쪺ܡAN~ϥΡyrestore -r -f /root/boot.dump.1zh٭aI

٭쳡ɮת restore ʼҦ

YǮɭԧAuOnNƥɪYӤeXӦӤwAäQnѶ}AӦpOnHɧAiHiJ restore ʼҦ (interactive mode)CbUڭ̨ϥ etc.dump ӶidһCpAnN etc.dump passwd P shadow XӦӤwAӦpiOH

[root@www ~]# cd /mnt
[root@www mnt]# restore -i -f /root/etc.dump
restore > 
# ɧANwgiJ restore ʼҦeIn`NOG
# Aثewgb etc.dump oɮפFIҦʧ@Ob etc.dump I

restore > help
Available commands are:
        ls [arg] - list directory          <==CX etc.dump ɮשΥؿ
        cd arg - change directory          <==b etc.dump ܧؿ
        pwd - print current directory      <==CXb etc.dump |ɦW
        add [arg] - add `arg' to list of files to be extracted 
        delete [arg] - delete `arg' from list of files to be extracted
        extract - extract requested files
# WTӫOOIIUO\ରG
# add file    GN file [J@UnYɮצC
# delete file GN file XYCAëDR etc.dump ɮסIO~|I^_^
# extract     G}lNܪɮצCYFhI
        setmodes - set modes of requested directories
        quit - immediately exit program
        what - list dump header information
        verbose - toggle verbose flag (useful with ``ls'')
        prompt - toggle the prompt display
        help or `?' - print this list

restore > ls
.:
etc/  <==|ܥXb etc.dump DnؿA]ڭ̳ƥ /etc AҥHɦWI

restore > cd etc                  <==b etc.dump ܴ| etc ؿU
restore > pwd                     <==CXؿɦWH
/etc
restore > ls passwd shadow group  <==ݬݡAuoTɮ׳I
passwd
shadow
group
restore > add passwd shadow group <==[JYC
restore > delete group            <==[FIN group YC
restore > ls passwd shadow group
*passwd  <==nQYAɦWe|X{ * ŸOI
*shadow
group
restore > extract                 <==}liYhI
You have not read any volumes yet.   <==o̷|߰ݧAݭnvolume
Unless you know which volume your file(s) are on you should start
with the last volume and work towards the first.
Specify next volume # (none if no more volumes): 1 <==u@ volume
set owner/mode for '.'? [yn] n <==ݭnקv

restore > quit                    <==} restore \

[root@www ~]# ll -d etc
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1024 Dec 15 17:49 etc  <==YAҫإߥXӪؿաI
[root@www ~]# ll etc
total 6
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1945 Sep 29 02:21 passwd
-r-------- 1 root root 1257 Sep 29 02:21 shadow

zLʦ restore \AiHANƥƨX@AӤoY~oAQnɮ׸ơC restore add FiHW[ɮץ~A]W[ӳƥyؿzI٤aI լݬݥI ^_^

YǮɨAi|ƱNtΤW̭nƵLƥXӡAMثeHФwgKyAAiHϥγoNӳƥC LYǭnBݭnƳƥ(i㦳ɶS)AAi|ݭnϥ DVD xsCӳƥXӡI |ҨӻAAtγ]wɩΪ̬OQװϪƮwɮ(ܰʩʫD`Wc)CM Linux ϧΤwg֪NniΡA ɦpGAƱtΦ۰ʦbYǮɨADʪiNɡArN欰NUաI

rҦN欰nBzOHq`@kOo˪G

Nһݭnƥƫظm@ӬM(iso)AQ mkisofs OӳBzF
NӬMɿNܥЩ DVD AQ cdrecord OӳBzC

Uڭ̴NOӽͽͳoӫOΪkaI

mkisofsGإ߬M

ڭ̱q FTP UӪ Linux M (ެO CD ٬O DVD) on~N骺/DVD A ~i@BϥΡA]Aw˩ΧsA Linux աIP˪DzAAQnQοNNAƿN DVD ɡA ]onNAƥ]@ӬMɡAoˤ~gJDVDCӱNAƥ]@ӬMɪ觋NzL mkisofs oӫOYiC mkisofs ϥΤ觋pUG

[root@www ~]# mkisofs [-o M] [-rv] [-m file] ݳƥɮ.. [-V vol] \
>  -graft-point isodir=systemdir ...
ﶵPѼơG
-o G᭱AQnͪӬMɦWC
-r GzL Rock Ridge ͤ䴩 Unix/Linux ɮ׸ơAiOhTF
-v Gܫظm ISO ɮתL{
-m file G-m ưɮ (exclude) NA᭱ɮפƥMɤ
-V vol  Gإ VolumeAI Windows bɮ`ޤݨ쪺 CD title F
-graft-pointGgraftβӪNAƦbU峹C

mkisofs D`hnΪﶵiHܡALpGڭ̥uOQns@ƥЮɡAWzﶵ]NΤFC Ъ榡@٬ iso9660 Aoخ榡@Ȥ䴩ª DOS ɦWAYɦWuH 8.3 (ɦW8ӦrAɦW3Ӧr) 觋sbCpG[W -r ﶵAɮ׸TQOAi]AUID/GIDPvI ҥHAOo[o -r ﶵC

~A@w]pUAҦnQ[Mɤɮ׳|QmMHɤڥؿA p@ӥi|yN᪺ɮפpCҥHAAiHϥ -graft-point oӿﶵAAϥγoӿﶵA iHQΦpUkөwqMɤؿAҦpG

MɤؿҦb= Linux ɮרtΪؿҦb
/movies/=/srv/movies/ (b Linux /srv/movies ɮסA[ܬMɤ /movies/ ؿ)
/linux/etc=/etc (N Linux /etc/ ҦƳƥMɤ /linux/etc/ ؿ)

ڭ̳zL@²檺dҨӻ@UaCpGAQnN /root, /home, /etc ؿƳqqN_ӪܡA onBz@UMɡAڭ̥ϥ -graft-point ﶵӳBzoӬMɸլݬݡG

[root@www ~]# mkisofs -r -v -o /tmp/system.img /root /home /etc
INFO:   ISO-8859-1 character encoding detected by locale settings.
        Assuming ISO-8859-1 encoded filenames on source filesystem,
        use -input-charset to override.
mkisofs 2.01 (cpu-pc-linux-gnu)
Scanning /root
Scanning /root/test4
....ٲ....
 97.01% done, estimate finish Tue Dec 16 17:07:14 2008  <==ܦʤ
 98.69% done, estimate finish Tue Dec 16 17:07:15 2008
Total translation table size: 0
Total rockridge attributes bytes: 9840   <==B~OݩʩүӥΤeq
Total directory bytes: 55296             <==ؿήeq
Path table size(bytes): 406
Done with: The File(s)              Block(s)    298728
Writing:   Ending Padblock          Start Block 298782
Done with: Ending Padblock          Block(s)    150
Max brk space used 0
298932 extents written (583 MB)

[root@www ~]# ll -h /tmp/system.img
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 584M Dec 16 17:07 /tmp/system.img
[root@www ~]# mount -o loop /tmp/system.img /mnt
[root@www ~]# df -h
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/tmp/system.img       584M  584M     0 100% /mnt  <==NOoNI
[root@www ~]# ls /mnt
alex             crontab2               etc.tar.gz          system.tar.bz2
anaconda-ks.cfg  etc                    install.log         test1
arod             etc.and.root.tar.bz2   install.log.syslog  test2
boot.dump        etc.dump               loopdev             test3
# ݧaI@Ƴmb@_I]ASؿPɮ׵I

[root@www ~]# umount /mnt

ѤWdҧڭ̥iHݨATӥؿ (/root, /home, /etc) ƳqqmFMɪ̳hؿI uOKרѩ /root/etc sbAɭP /etc ƦGSQ]tiӪˤlIuXz ӥB٦ lost+found ؿsbIuOWwIɧڭ̥iHϥ -graft-point ӳBzoI

[root@www ~]# mkisofs -r -V 'linux_file' -o /tmp/system.img \
>  -m /home/lost+found -graft-point /root=/root /home=/home /etc=/etc
[root@www ~]# ll -h /tmp/system.img
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 689M Dec 17 11:41 /tmp/system.img
# WO|إߤ@ӤjɮסA -graft-point ᭱NOڭ̭nƥơC
# n`NOӵAObMɤؿAkhOڪơC

[root@www ~]# mount -o loop /tmp/system.img /mnt
[root@www ~]# ll /mnt
dr-xr-xr-x 105 root root 32768 Dec 17 11:40 etc
dr-xr-xr-x   5 root root  2048 Dec 17 11:40 home
dr-xr-xr-x   7 root root  4096 Dec 17 11:40 root
# @IƬOObUӥؿoAѥGH̫Nƨ@UG

[root@www ~]# umount /mnt

곾@ıoܩ_ǡAڪƷ|oj(600hMB)HӬO /home ̭bĤKɭԡAm߮ɦhF@ /home/loopdev jɮסIҥHbss@@ iso ɡAæh[@ӡy -m /home/loopdev zӱưɮתƥA ̲תɮ׫hȦ 176MB oI٦n٦nI ^_^IUڭ̳BzNʧ@FaI

cdrecordGпNu

ڭ̬OzL cdrecord oӫOӶirN欰AoӫO`ﶵUƭӡG

[root@www ~]# cdrecord -scanbus dev=ATA                  <==d߿Nm
[root@www ~]# cdrecord -v dev=ATA:x,y,z blank=[fast|all] <==ٰŪg
[root@www ~]# cdrecord -v dev=ATA:x,y,z -format          <==榡DVD+RW
[root@www ~]# cdrecord -v dev=ATA:x,y,z [iοﶵ\] file.iso
ﶵPѼơG
-scanbus        GΦb˺Ϻж׬yƨçXiΪNA򪺸˸m ATA 
-v              Gb cdrecord B@L{AܹL{ӤwC
dev=ATA:x,y,z   G x, y, z AtΤWNҦbmAD`nI
blank=[fast|all]Gblank ٰiƼgJCD/DVD-RWAϥfast֡Aall
-format         GȰw DVD+RW oخ榡 DVD ӤwF
[iοﶵ\] DnOgJ CD/DVD ɥiϥΪﶵA`ﶵ]AG
   -data   Gw᭱ɮץHƮ榡gJAOH CD y(-audio)觋gJI
   speed=X GwNtסAҦpCDi speed=40 40ơADVDhi speed=4 
   -eject  GwN۰ʰhX
   fs=Ym   GwhֽwİOAiΦbNMɥȦsܽwİOCw] 4mA
             @ĳiW[ 8m ALA٬OoANөwC
w DVD ﶵ\G
   driveropts=burnfree G} Buffer Underrun Free ҦgJ\
   -sao                G䴩 DVD-RW 榡

ANҦbmG

rҦNTO·ЪA]SҨYұoҹInNNonN~I ӥѩ󦭴NOϥ SCSI A]d߿NkNontX SCSI {wӳBzFC d߿N觋G

[root@www ~]# cdrecord -scanbus dev=ATA
Cdrecord-Clone 2.01 (cpu-pc-linux-gnu) Copyright (C) 1995-2004 J?rg Schilling
....ٲ....
scsibus1:
        1,0,0   100) *
        1,1,0   101) 'ASUS    ' 'DRW-2014S1      ' '1.01' Removable CD-ROM
        1,2,0   102) *
        1,3,0   103) *
        1,4,0   104) *
        1,5,0   105) *
        1,6,0   106) *
        1,7,0   107) *

Q cdrecord -scanbus N쥿TNIѩثeӤHqW̱`ϥΪϺо IDE P SATA A oؤϥ dev=ATA oؼҦӬdߡA]WzOonI@UաIt~AbdߪGiHo{@xNA 𫟺]ܥXoxNAӳ̭nNOWuTӼƦrITӼƦrNONoxNmI HWҤlAoNmby ATA:1,1,0 zoӦaI

nFA{bnpN /tmp/system.img N CD/DVD ̭hOHo̥H CD ҡAΪO CD-RW (iŪg) ФAbܡAM CD-RW DVD-RW Q@IALܤ֥iHƧQΡA ҪpաIĳjaϥΥiŪglCѩ CD-RW iniٰu@(N쥻̭ƧR)M~gJA ]AUڭ̥Ӭݬݦpٰ@ CD/DVD kAM᪽gJЧaI

ѩ CD/DVD Oϥ cdrecord oӫOA]׬O CD ٬O DVD AUFOkthILA DVD gJݭnB~ driveropts=burnfree -dao ﶵU~C t~ACD CD-R(@gJ) P CD-RW(ƼgJ)Aܩ DVD hDnخ榡AOO DVD-R DVD+R خ榡C pGOiŪghG DVD-RW, DVD+RW CF DVD+RW ٰkiणӤ@ˤ~ALgJ觋hO@˪C

i CD Nʧ@G

# 0. ٰЪleG(DiŪghiLBJ)
[root@www ~]# cdrecord -v dev=ATA:1,1,0 blank=fast
# |]X@TiDAٰiסAӥB| 10 ɶݧAI
# iHקKyơzpI^_^

# 1. }lNG
[root@www ~]# cdrecord -v dev=ATA:1,1,0 fs=8m -dummy -data \
>  /tmp/system.img
....ٲ....
Track 01:  168 of  176 MB written (fifo 100%) [buf 100%]  10.5x. <==ܦʤ
# W|ܶiסA٦ 10.5x NثeNtסI
cdrecord: fifo had 2919 puts and 2919 gets.
cdrecord: fifo was 0 times empty and 2776 times full, min fill was 97%.

# 2. NAձ@UA示eG
[root@www ~]# mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt
[root@www ~]# df -h /mnt
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/hdd              177M  177M     0 100% /mnt      <==@ITOФeI

[root@www ~]# ll /mnt
dr-xr-xr-x 105 root root 32768 Dec 17 11:54 etc
dr-xr-xr-x   5 root root  2048 Dec 17 11:54 home
dr-xr-xr-x   7 root root  4096 Dec 17 11:54 root

[root@www ~]# umount /mnt    <==nѤF

ƹWpGAѰOٰigJЮɡA cdrecord o|DʪAٰաI ]WTAunOoN\YiCSO`N -data ӿﶵI]pGS[W -data ﶵɡA w]Ʒ|Hy榡gJФAҥH̦n[W -data oӿﶵoI Wz\Ow CD AUڭ̨ϥΤ@iŪg DVD-RW Ӵդ@UgJ\I

i DVD-RW Nʧ@G

# 0. P˪Aөٰ@U쥻eG
[root@www ~]# cdrecord -v dev=ATA:1,1,0 blank=fast

# 1. }lgJ DVD AЪ`NAǿﶵP CD äۦPFI
[root@www ~]# cdrecord -v dev=ATA:1,1,0 fs=8m -data -sao \
>  driveropts=burnfree /tmp/system.img

# 2. P˪AӵLմաI
[root@www ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt
[root@www ~]# df -h /mnt
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/hdd              177M  177M     0 100% /mnt
[root@www ~]# umount /mnt

OStܦhաIuO CD-RW |۰ʩٰA DVD-RW GonۤvʬY~Iä|DʶiJ۰ʩٰ\I `sչLnX˸ ^_^InաI{bANDpNAƿNXӰաI

pGA Linux OΨӰAΪܡALɵL𫍧hQypƥnơzO۷nI ƥڭ̷|bĤgAJӪͤ@͡Ao̧An|ϥγoǤuYiI

٦@ǫܦnΪuonjaФСAרO dd oӪNOI

dd

ڭ̦bĤKS loop ˸mϥιL dd oӫOaH LAoӫOiuOs@@ɮצӤwo dd O̤j\ġA{AӬObyƥzڡI ] dd iHŪϺи˸me(XGOŪϰ"sector")AMNӸ˸mƥ@ɮשOIuO۷nΰڡ dd γ~ܦhաOڭ̶@ǤnﶵApUG

[root@www ~]# dd if="input_file" of="output_file" bs="block_size" \
> count="number"
ﶵPѼơG
if   GNO input file o]iHO˸mI
of   GNO output file ]iHO˸mF
bs   GW@ block jpAYwhw]O 512 bytes(@ sector jp)
countGh֭ bs NC

dҤ@GN /etc/passwd ƥ /tmp/passwd.back 
[root@www ~]# dd if=/etc/passwd of=/tmp/passwd.back
3+1 records in
3+1 records out
1945 bytes (1.9 kB) copied, 0.000332893 seconds, 5.8 MB/s
[root@www ~]# ll /etc/passwd /tmp/passwd.back
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1945 Sep 29 02:21 /etc/passwd
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1945 Dec 17 18:09 /tmp/passwd.back
# JӪݤ@UAڪ /etc/passwd ɮפjp 1945 bytesA]ڨS]w bs A
# ҥHw]O 512 bytes @ӳA]AW 3+1 ܦ 3 ӧ㪺 
# 512 bytesAHΥ 512 bytes t@ block NաI
# ƹWAPınO cp oӫOա

dҤGGNۤvϺФĤ@ӺϰϳƥU
[root@www ~]# dd if=/dev/hdc of=/tmp/mbr.back bs=512 count=1
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
512 bytes (512 B) copied, 0.0104586 seconds, 49.0 kB/s
# Ĥ@ӺϰϤt MBR P partition table AzLoӰʧ@A
# ڭ̥iH@fNoӺϺЪ MBR P partition table iƥI

dҤTGXAtγ̤pӤμѡAåBNLƥUӡG
[root@www ~]# df -h
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/hdc2             9.5G  3.9G  5.1G  44% /
/dev/hdc3             4.8G  651M  3.9G  15% /home
/dev/hdc1              99M   21M   73M  23% /boot  <==NLnFI
[root@www ~]# dd if=/dev/hdc1 of=/tmp/boot.whole.disk
208782+0 records in
208782+0 records out
106896384 bytes (107 MB) copied, 6.24721 seconds, 17.1 MB/s
[root@www ~]# ll -h /tmp/boot.whole.disk
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 102M Dec 17 18:14 /tmp/boot.whole.disk
# ON /dev/hdc1 qqUӪNpGn٭OHNϦV^hI
# dd if=/tmp/boot.whole.disk of=/dev/hdc1 YiID`²aI
# ²檺ApGQnӵwгƥܡAN Norton  ghost n@A
#  disk  disk AKKQ dd NiHաF`F`I

AiHA tar iHΨӳƥơA dd hiHΨӳƥ partition disk Aܤڡ㤣LApGnNƶ^ filesystem A iݭnҼ{쥻 filesystem ~ন\ڡIڭ̨ӧUDլݬݡG

DG

AQnNA /dev/hdc1 i槹㪺ƻst@ partition WAШϥΧAtΤWΧeqAإߤ@ӻP /dev/hdc1 thjpμ (u /dev/hdc1 jALpI)AMNi槹㪺ƻs (]Aݭnƻs boot sector ϶)C

G

ѩݭnƻs boot sector ϶AҥHϥ cp Ϊ̬O tar oثOOLkFݨDI ɨ dd NWγFCAiHo˰G

# 1. iΪʧ@
[root@www ~]# fdisk -l /dev/hdc
   Device Boot   Start    End    Blocks   Id  System
/dev/hdc1   *        1     13    104391   83  Linux
# W^nƦӤwIڭ̥iHݨ /dev/hdc1 Ȧ 13 ӺϬW

[root@www ~]# fdisk /dev/hdc
Command (m for help): n
First cylinder (2354-5005, default 2354): o̫ enter
Using default value 2354
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (2354-5005, default 5005): 2366

Command (m for help): p
   Device Boot   Start    End    Blocks   Id  System
/dev/hdc9         2354   2366    104391   83  Linux

Command (m for help): w
# nϥ 2366 OH] /dev/hdc1 ϥ 13 ӺϬWA]s partition
# ڭ̤]o 13 ӺϬWA] 2354 + 13 -1 = 2366 oI

[root@www ~]# partprobe

# 2. ݭn榡ơAi sector ƻsI
[root@www ~]# dd if=/dev/hdc1 of=/dev/hdc9
208782+0 records in
208782+0 records out
106896384 bytes (107 MB) copied, 16.8797 seconds, 6.3 MB/s

[root@www ~]# mount /dev/hdc9 /mnt
[root@www ~]# df
Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/hdc1               101086     21408     74459  23% /boot
/dev/hdc9               101086     21408     74459  23% /mnt
# oӪN|y@Ҥ@ˡzI
[root@www ~]# umount /mnt

D`쪺dҧaIsΥXӪ partition ݭngL榡ơA] dd iHN쥻ª partition WAN sector ƾӽƻsLӡI MsP superblock, boot sector, meta data qq]|ƻsLӡIO_ܦOHӧAQnظm@Ҥ@˪ϺЮɡA unUFG dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdb ANϺФ@Ҥ@ˡAƦ /dev/sdb ݭnλP榡ơA ]ӫOiHN /dev/sda ҦơA]A MBR P partition table ]ƻs /dev/sdb I ^_^

cpio

oӫO쪺A] cpio iHƥFA]A˸m]ɮסCL cpio ӤjDA NO cpio |DʪhɮרӳƥIڡIHҥHoA@ӻA cpio ontX find iHɦWOӧi cpio ӳQƥƦb̰ڡI Ip·аա]oAڭ̦bĤTg~|ͨ쪺ƬyɦV ҥHo̧ANI@UykAĤTgANDpϥ cpio oI

[root@www ~]# cpio -ovcB  > [file|device] <==ƥ
[root@www ~]# cpio -ivcdu < [file|device] <==٭
[root@www ~]# cpio -ivct  < [file|device] <==
ƥ|ϥΨ쪺ﶵPѼơG
  -o GN copy Xɮשθ˸mW 
  -B Gw] Blocks iHW[ 5120 bytes Aw]O 512 bytes I 
@  @ o˪nBOiHjɮתxstץ[(аѦ i-nodes [) 
٭|ϥΨ쪺ﶵPѼơG
  -i GNƦɮשθ˸m copy XӨtη 
  -d G۰ʫإߥؿIϥ cpio ҳƥƤeo|bP@hؿA]ڭ
       n cpio b٭ɥiHإ߷sؿAɴNon -d ﶵUI
  -u G۰ʪNsɮл\ªɮסI
  -t GݰtX -i ﶵAiΦb""H cpio إߪɮשθ˸me 
@ǥi@ΪﶵPѼơG
  -v GxsL{ɮצW٥iHbùW 
  -c G@ظs portable format 觋xs

Aӷ|o{@ƱANOWzﶵPO|SwݭnƥƩOH٦Ӥj (>) Pp (<) ŸO^ưڡH] cpio |NƾܨùWA]ڭ̥iHzLNoǿùƭsɦV (>) @ӷsɮסI ܩ٭OHNONƥɮŪi cpio (<) iBzNIڭ̨ӶiXӮרҧANDԣOԣFI

dҡGX /boot UҦɮסAMNLƥ /tmp/boot.cpio hI
[root@www ~]# find /boot -print
/boot
/boot/message
/boot/initrd-2.6.18-128.el5.img
....HUٲ....
# zLo find ڭ̥iH /boot UӭnsbɦWI]Aɮ׻Pؿ

[root@www ~]# find /boot | cpio -ocvB > /tmp/boot.cpio
[root@www ~]# ll -h /tmp/boot.cpio
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 16M Dec 17 23:30 /tmp/boot.cpio

ڭ̨ϥ find /boot iHXɦWAMzL޽u (|, YLW shift+\ զX)A NNɦWǵ cpio ӶiBzI̲׷|o /tmp/boot.cpio ɮ׳IUڭ̨ӶiYݬݡC

dҡGN𫍧ɮ׵Lb /root/ ؿUѶ}
[root@www ~]# cpio -idvc < /tmp/boot.cpio
[root@www ~]# ll /root/boot
# AiHۦ@U /root/boot P /boot eO_@Ҥ@ˡI

ƹW cpio iHNtΪƧ㪺ƥϱaWYhIpGAϱaܡI

ƥGfind / | cpio -ocvB > /dev/st0
٭Gcpio -idvc < /dev/st0

o cpio nnIOALiOƥɭԪ@QOI]LiHƥɮסA ]A /dev U˸mɮסIҥHLiO۷nOIӥѩ cpio ݭntXL{AҦp find ӫإɦWAҥH cpio P޽uROθƬyɦVʴN۷nFI

tθ̭wgt@Өϥ cpio إߪɮ׳INO /boot/initrd-xxx oɮװաI {bڭ̨ӱNoɮ׸YݬݡAݧAणo{ɮתeH

# 1. ڭ̥Ӭݬݸɮ׬Oݩ󤰻ɮ׮榡AMA[HBzG
[root@www ~]# file /boot/initrd-2.6.18-128.el5.img
/boot/initrd-2.6.18-128.el5.img: gzip compressed data, ...
# Iݰ_ӦGOϥ gzip iYL㨺pBzOH

# 2. zLWANɮ׼W[ɦWAMᤩHYݬݡG
[root@www ~]# mkdir initrd
[root@www ~]# cd initrd
[root@www initrd]# cp /boot/initrd-2.6.18-128.el5.img initrd.img.gz
[root@www initrd]# gzip -d initrd.img.gz
[root@www initrd]# ll
-rw------- 1 root root 5408768 Dec 17 23:53 initrd.img
[root@www initrd]# file initrd.img
initrd.img: ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC)
# KKISX}FaITO cpio ɳI

# 3. }lϥ cpio Ѷ}ɮסG
[root@www initrd]# cpio -iduvc < initrd.img
sbin
init
sysroot
....HUٲ....
# @Io˴NNoɮ׸Ѷ}oIoAѥGH

YOzL@ǹBkhN쥻ɮ׶iYAHɮשҦΪϺЮeqC YePY᪺ɮשҦΪϺЮeqȡA NiHQ٬OyYz
YnBOiHֺϺЮeqOAb WWW ]iHQɮY޳NӶiƪǰeAnWeiQβvWɳ
YɮתɦWjhOGy*.tar, *.tar.gz, *.tgz, *.gz, *.Z, *.bz2z
`YO gzip P bzip2 A𫟺 bzip2 Y gzip ٭nnAĳϥ bzip2 I
tar iHΨӶiɮץ]Aåi䴩 gzip bzip2 YC
@YGtar -jcv -f filename.tar.bz2 nQYɮשΥؿW
d@ߡGtar -jtv -f filename.tar.bz2
YGtar -jxv -f filename.tar.bz2 -C Yؿ
dump OiƥɮרtΩγ@ؿ
dump ƥYwɮרtήɡAii 0-9 level tƥI𫟺 level 0 ƥF
restore Oi٭Q dump ظmƥɡF
nإߥпNƮɡAizL mkisofs OӫظmF
izL cdrecord ӼgJ CD DVD N
dd iƥ㪺 partition disk A] dd iŪϺЪ sector
cpio ۷uqƥOALnft find OŪJƥɦWơAiiƥʧ@C

ҼD@GpQntΫ_ĤKҼ᪺GAYȳѤU /dev/hdc6 He partitionA m߲ͪ partition ݭn_쪬C] /dev/hdc8, /dev/hdc9 (bm߹L{ͪ) бNLRIRkPĤKҼD@ҥܡC
ҼDGGpQnvɳƥ /srv/myproject oӥؿơASߨCƥTӦhA ]Qnϥ dump 觋ӳv@ƥƨ /backups oӥؿUCӦpBzH
- ؼСGAѨ dump HΦUӤP level @ΡF
- eGQƥƬ@ partition AYҤ /srv/myproject
- ݨDG/srv/myproject @ filesystem ABb /etc/fstab I dump 쬰 1
ڳBzkٮ²檺Iڭ̥iHo˰ݬݡG
1. ӥؿs@@ǸơAYƻs@ǪFLhaI
  cp -a /etc /boot /srv/myproject
2. }li dump AOoA@}lOϥ level 0 ƥI
  mkdir /backups
  dump -0u -j -f /backups/myproject.dump /srv/myproject
  WhF -j ﶵAتOFniYAֳƥƶqC
3. ձN /srv/myproject oɮרtΥ[jAN /var/log/ ƽƻsihaI
  cp -a /var/log/ /srv/myproject
  ɭ쥻 /srv/myproject wgQܤFI~iƥݬݡI
4. N /srv/myproject H level 1 ӶiƥG
  dump -1u -j -f /backups/myproject.dump.1 /srv/myproject
  ls -l /backups
  pӴN|ݨɮסA𫟺ĤGɮ (myproject.dump.1) |phIo˴NdwoƥơI
ҼTG]LF@qɶAp /srv/myproject ܪǩǪApQnN filesystem H𫍧ƥ٭A ɸӦpBzOHpiHo˰G
1. N /srv/myproject AåBN partition s榡ơI
  umount /dev/hdc6
  mkfs -t ext3 /dev/hdc6
2. s쥻 partition AɸӥؿeӬOŪI
  mount -a
  piHۦϥ df H ls -l /srv/myproject d\@UӥؿeAOŪաI
3. Nƥ level 0 ɮ /backups/myproject.dump ٭^ӡG
  cd /srv/myproject
  restore -r -f /backups/myproject.dump
  ɸӥؿeĤ@ƥAIٻݭni򪺳Bz~I
4. N level 1 ƥ]٭^ӡG
  cd /srv/myproject
  restore -r -f /backups/myproject.dump.1
  ɤ~O_̫@ƥqIpG٦ level 2, level 3 ɡANon@Ӥ@Ӫ̧٭~I

xWǳN޲zGBackup Tools in UNIX(Linux):
http://nmc.nchu.edu.tw/tanet/backup_tools_in_unix.htm
How to pe (CLDP)Ghttp://www.linux.org.tw/CLDP/HOWTO/hardware/CD-Writing-HOWTO/CD-Writing-HOWTO-3.html
_u@OG Linux N@Ghttp://csc.ocean-pioneer.com/docum/linux_burn.html
PHP5 ޹ǡG http://www.php5.idv.tw/html.php?mod=article&do=show&shid=26
CentOS 5.x man dump
CentOS 5.x man restore