[root@linux ~]# ls -la --time=atime PATH

1. ݤ@UڥؿҰOҦɮsʸ
[root@linux ~]# ls -lia /
      2 drwxr-xr-x  24 root root  4096 Jul 16 23:45 .
      2 drwxr-xr-x  24 root root  4096 Jul 16 23:45 ..
 719489 drwxr-xr-x  83 root root 12288 Jul 21 04:02 etc
 523265 drwxr-xr-x  24 root root  4096 Jun 25 20:16 var
# `Nݤ@UAbW . P .. Os inode X 2  inode A
# ]NOA / PWhؿ .. OVP@ inode number ڡI̬OۦPC
# ӦbڥؿҰOɮs (b block ) o /etc  inode number 
#  719489  inode number I

2. ݤ@U /etc/ ɮsʪ
[root@linux ~]# ls -liad /etc/crontab /etc/.
719489 drwxr-xr-x  83 root root 12288 Jul 21 04:02 /etc/.
723496 -rw-r--r--   1 root root   663 Jul  4 12:03 /etc/crontab
# @IɴNN /etc/crontab soI

[root@linux ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/hda1
Filesystem volume name:   /
Filesystem state:         clean
Errors behavior:          Continue
Filesystem OS type:       Linux
Inode count:              1537088
Block count:              1536207
Free blocks:              735609
Free inodes:              1393089
First block:              0
Block size:               4096
Filesystem created:       Sat Jun 25 16:21:13 2005
Last mount time:          Sat Jul 16 23:45:04 2005
Last write time:          Sat Jul 16 23:45:04 2005
Last checked:             Sat Jun 25 16:21:13 2005
First inode:              11
Inode size:               128
Journal inode:            8

Group 0: (Blocks 0-32767)
  Primary superblock at 0, Group descriptors at 1-1
  Reserved GDT blocks at 2-376
  Block bitmap at 377 (+377), Inode bitmap at 378 (+378)
  Inode table at 379-1400 (+379)
  0 free blocks, 32424 free inodes, 11 directories
  Free blocks:
  Free inodes: 281-32704
Group 1: (Blocks 32768-65535)
  Backup superblock at 32768, Group descriptors at 32769-32769
  Reserved GDT blocks at 32770-33144
  Block bitmap at 33145 (+377), Inode bitmap at 33146 (+378)
  Inode table at 33147-34168 (+379)
  18 free blocks, 24394 free inodes, 349 directories
  Free blocks: 37882-37886, 38263-38275
  Free inodes: 38084-38147, 39283-39343, 41135, 41141-65408
# ]ƫܦhAҥHhF@ǸTFWO²ܤeC
# b Group 0 eO Superblock eAOF inode/block `ơA
# ٦LTCܩ Group 0 AhOU bitmap  inode table 
# P block area C

[root@linux ~]# ls -lid / /home
2 drwxr-xr-x  26 root root 4096  7 21 09:08 /
2 drwxr-xr-x  42 root root 4096  7 14 23:37 /home

[root@linux ~]# ls -l /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/fs

[root@linux ~]# cat /proc/filesystems

[root@linux ~]# ln [-sf] ӷ ؼ
ѼơG
-s  GpG ln [ѼƴNisANOhard linkAܩ -s NOsymbolic link
-f  GpG ؼ sbɡANDʪNؼɪAإߡI
dҡG
dҤ@GN /etc/passwd ƻs /tmp UAåB[ inode P block
[root@linux ~]# cd /tmp
[root@linux tmp]# cp -a /etc/passwd .
[root@linux tmp]# du -sb ; df -i .
26948   . <== `N@UAo̪eqOh֡I
Filesystem            Inodes   IUsed   IFree IUse% Mounted on
/dev/hda1            1537088  144016 1393072   10% /
# Q du P df ˬd@UثeѼơ㨺 du -sb 
# Op /tmp Uh bytes eqաI

dҤGGN /tmp/passwd s@ hard link  passwd-hd ɮ
[root@linux tmp]# ln passwd passwd-hd
[root@linux tmp]# du -sb ; df -i .
26948   .
Filesystem            Inodes   IUsed   IFree IUse% Mounted on
/dev/hda1            1537088  144016 1393072   10% /
# JӬݡAYϦhF@ɮצb /tmp UA inode P block eqèSܡI
[root@linux tmp]# ls -il passwd*
1242760 -rw-r--r--  2 root root 1746 Jun 29 01:03 passwd
1242760 -rw-r--r--  2 root root 1746 Jun 29 01:03 passwd-hd
# ӬOVP@ inode ڡIoOӭIڡIt~AӲĤG檺sƤ]|W[I

dҤTGN /tmp/passwd إߤ@ӲŸs
[root@linux tmp]# ln -s passwd passwd-so
[root@linux tmp]# ls -li passwd*
1242760 -rw-r--r--  2 root root 1746 Jun 29 01:03 passwd
1242760 -rw-r--r--  2 root root 1746 Jun 29 01:03 passwd-hd
1242806 lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root    6 Jul 23 20:02 passwd-so -> passwd
# JӬݳAo passwd-so V inode number PFIoO@ӷsɮס
# oɮתeOV passwd AAiHݨoɮתjpAO 6bytes A
# ӪH] passwd @ӦrڡIISoӳsɪeuOg
# sؼɮɦWӤwIҥHAAsɦW (ɭԧt|) hAɮ״NhjI
[root@linux tmp]# du -sb ; df -i .
26954   .
Filesystem            Inodes   IUsed   IFree IUse% Mounted on
/dev/hda1            1537088  144017 1393071   10% /
# IIIӮeqP inode ϥμƳoTpڡI

dҥ|GRlɮ passwd ALɮ׬O_}ҡH
[root@linux tmp]# rm passwd
[root@linux tmp]# cat passwd-hd
......`ܧI
[root@linux tmp]# cat passwd-so
cat: passwd-so: No such file or directory
# ȤFaHIMLk`}ҳoɮשO

[root@linux ~]# fdisk [-l] ˸mW
ѼơG
-l  GX᭱˸mҦ partition eCYȦ fdisk -l ɡA
      htαN|ӨtΤjM쪺˸m partition CXӡC
dҡG
dҡGd\zĤ@wФT
[root@linux ~]# fdisk /dev/hda  <== JӬݡAn[WƦrI
The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 2494.
There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problems with:
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)
2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs
   (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)
# bAiJ fdisk o{u@eApGzwФӤjܡAN|X{pWTC
# oӰTȬObiAA]YªnP@~tΨõLk䴩j 1024
# ϬW (cylinter) ᪺ϰϨϥΡALڭ Linux OSDաI

Command (m for help): m   <== J m AN|ݨ쩳UoǫO
Command action
   a   toggle a bootable flag
   b   edit bsd disklabel
   c   toggle the dos compatibility flag
   d   delete a partition
   l   list known partition types
   m   print this menu
   n   add a new partition
   o   create a new empty DOS partition table
   p   print the partition table
   q   quit without saving changes
   s   create a new empty Sun disklabel
   t   change a partition's system id
   u   change display/entry units
   v   verify the partition table
   w   write table to disk and exit
   x   extra functionality (experts only)
# o̪`N@UAϥ fdisk o{OݭnIOA]U m A
# ߨN|@O]XӤFIbWOAnG
# d R@ӺϺФμѡB n sW@ӺϺФμѡB p NثeϺФμѦCXӡB
# q xs}IoӭnI w gJϺФΪ}IoӦMII

Command (m for help): p  <== o̥iHXثeϺЪA

Disk /dev/hda: 20.5 GB, 20520493056 bytes <== wЪTboUT
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2494 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/hda1   *           1         765     6144831   83  Linux
/dev/hda2             766        1147     3068415   83  Linux
/dev/hda3            1148        1274     1020127+  82  Linux swap
/dev/hda4            1275        2494     9799650    5  Extended
/dev/hda5            1275        2494     9799618+  83  Linux
# ѤWTAziHDAڪwЬO 20GB A Head/Sector/Cylinder
# ƶq 255/63/2494 At~AiHݨWY Boot ܡHӦaN}T
# partition It~A start P end hOC@ partition }lP
# Cylinder XIo˥iHAѧڭ̫e@jժA partition ̤p쬰 cylinder
# ~AWYܪ Id Dnɮ׮榡NAAiHU l ( L pg )
# NiHDڭ linux  fdisk {ѦhɮרtoI ^_^
# ܩ Blocks hH KBytes ܸ partition eq

Command (m for help): q
# Qnxs}ܡHU q NFInHK w ڡI

dҡGd\ثetΤҦ partition ǡH
[root@linux ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/hda: 20.5 GB, 20520493056 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2494 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/hda1   *           1         765     6144831   83  Linux
/dev/hda2             766        1147     3068415   83  Linux
/dev/hda3            1148        1274     1020127+  82  Linux swap
/dev/hda4            1275        2494     9799650    5  Extended
/dev/hda5            1275        2494     9799618+  83  Linux

Disk /dev/hdb: 30.7 GB, 30735581184 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3736 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/hdb1   *           1        3633    29182041   83  Linux
# ѩڪoӨtΦwСAUF fdisk -l ܡAҦ partition ݨFI
# t~AڥiHTwڪ /dev/hdb ٦ѾlŶI]ѤWTݨӡA
# ڪ /dev/hdb ϬWӥiH 3736 AOثeuΨ 3633 AҥHA
# N֩w٦ѾlŶԡI@Uڭ̴NγoӨӴoI

[root@linux ~]# mke2fs [-bicLj] ˸mW
ѼơG
-b  GiH]wC block jpAثe䴩 1024, 2048, 4096 bytes TءF
-i  Gh֮eq@ inode OH
-c  GˬdϺп~AȤUF@ -c ɡA|iֳtŪաF
      pGUF⦸ -c -c ܡA|Ūg(read-write)A|ܺC
-L  G᭱iHYW (Label)Ao label OΪI᭱|
-j  G mke2fs O EXT2 A[W -j A|Dʥ[J journal Ӧ EXT3C
dҡG
dҤ@GNإߪ /dev/hdb5 榡Ʀ ext3 aIBW٬ logical
[root@linux ~]# mke2fs -j -L "logical" /dev/hdb5
mke2fs 1.37 (21-Mar-2005)
Filesystem label=logical
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
90432 inodes, 180723 blocks
9036 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=188743680
6 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
15072 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
        32768, 98304, 163840

Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 27 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
# oˤlNNڭ̪tεLإ߰_o

dҤGGӤWDApGN block אּ 2048 AB inode אּ 4096H
[root@linux ~]# mke2fs -j -L "logical" -b 2048 -i 4096 /dev/hdb5
# e{XӪGjPPdҤ@ۦ㤣LNO block jpP inode ƶq|ܡI

[root@linux ~]# mount -a
[root@linux ~]# mount [-tonL]  ˸mW٥N  I
ѼơG
-a  G̷ /etc/fstab eNҦϺгWӡI
-n  G@ӻAڭ̱ɮרtΨ Linux WYɡA Linux |DʪN
      ثe partition P filesystem ٦IAO /etc/mtab
      ɮפCLAǮɨ (Ҧp`ɭP@ǰDAӶiJHҦ)
      tεLkgJ /etc/mtab ɡANiH[W -n oӰѼƨӲLgJ mtab ʧ@C
-L  GtΰFQθ˸mW٥N (Ҧp /dev/hda1) ~A٥iHQ partition 
      YW ( Label ) Ӷi汾IҥHA̦nz partition @
      bztηW@LGW٧aI
-t  Gz Linux 䴩ɮ׮榡ANgbo̧aI|ҨӻAڭ̦bWإ 
      /dev/hdb5 O ext3 ɮרtΡAnɡANon[W -t ext3 
      ӧitΡA ext3 ɮ׮榡ӱ partition OI
      ܩtΤ䴩 filesystem b /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/fs C
      `G
         ext2, ext3, reiserfs,  Linux D filesystem
         vfat, msdos  Windows ` filesystem
         iso9660 Ф榡
         nfs, smbfs ɮרtΡCoӧڭ̷|b譱ΡI
      Y mount ᭱S[ -t ɮרtή榡ɡAh Linux bw]pUA
      |DʥH /etc/filesystems oɮפWdɮרtή榡
      ӹեDʪI
-o  G᭱iH@DZɡAB~[WѼƳI軡bBKXBŪgvG
      ro, rw:        partition Ū(ro) ΥiŪg(rw)
      async, sync:   partition PBgJ (sync) ΫDPB (async)AoӻPڭ
                    e쪺ɮרtιB@觋Aw]O async
      auto, noauto: \ partition QH mount -a ۰ʱ(auto)
      dev, nodev:   O_\ partition WAiإ߸˸mɮסH dev i\
      suid, nosuid: O_\ partition t suid/sgid ɮ׮榡H
      exec, noexec: O_\ partition W֦i binary ɮסH
      user, nouser: O_\ partition  user  mount H@ӻA
                    mount Ȧ root iHiAUF user ѼơAhi
                    @ user ]惡 partition i mount C
      defaults:     w]ȬGrw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, and async
      remount:      sAobtΥXAέssѼƮɡAܦΡI
dҡG
dҤ@GNإߪ /dev/hdb5  /mnt/hdb5 WI
[root@linux ~]# mkdir /mnt/hdb5
[root@linux ~]# mount -t ext3 /dev/hdb5 /mnt/hdb5
[root@linux ~]# df
Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
....ٲ.....
/dev/hdb5               700144     20664    643336   4% /mnt/hdb5

dҤGGСI
[root@linux ~]# mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
[root@linux ~]# mount /dev/cdrom 
# WѼƷApGS[W -t oӰѼƮɡAtη|DʪH
# /etc/filesystems ̭WdeLդ@UO_t~A
# ]ڭ̪ /etc/fstab ̭|Wd /dev/cdrom ӱ쨺ӱIA
# ]AUF mount /dev/cdrom ]OiHI(Mn/etc/fstab]wաI)
 
dҤTG Window fat nСI
[root@linux ~]# mount -t vfat /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy

dҥ|GN / sAå[JѼƬ rw I
[root@linux ~]# mount -o remount,rw /

dҤGN Label W logical  partition  /mnt/hdb5 
[root@linux ~]# mount -t ext3 -L logical /mnt/hdb5

dҤGNtΩҦH partition ƦCX
[root@linux ~]# mount
/dev/hda1 on / type ext3 (rw)
/dev/proc on /proc type proc (rw)
/dev/shm on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw)
/dev/hda5 on /home type ext3 (rw)
/dev/hdb5 on /mnt/hdb5 type ext3 (rw)
# I[ѼơAh mount |NثetΪҦ partition
# P filesystem  mount point CXӡI

dҤ@GN /home oӥؿȮɱ /tmp/home UG
[root@linux ~]# mkdir /tmp/home
[root@linux ~]# mount --bind /home /tmp/home
[root@linux ~]# ls -lid /home/ /tmp/home
159841 drwxr-xr-x  6 root root 4096 May 30 20:07 /home/
159841 drwxr-xr-x  6 root root 4096 May 30 20:07 /tmp/home

dҤGGN /tmp/home G
[root@linux ~]# umount /tmp/home

[root@linux ~]# cat /etc/fstab
# Device    Mount point   filesystem parameters  dump fsck
LABEL=/     /              ext3    defaults        1 1
/dev/hda5   /home          ext3    defaults        1 2
/dev/hda3   swap           swap    defaults        0 0
/dev/hdc    /media/cdrom   auto    pamconsole,exec,noauto,managed 0 0
/dev/devpts /dev/pts       devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0
/dev/shm    /dev/shm       tmpfs   defaults        0 0
/dev/proc   /proc          proc    defaults        0 0
/dev/sys    /sys           sysfs   defaults        0 0

/dev/hdb5  /mnt/hdb5  ext3   defaults  2  2

[root@linux ~]# mount -n -o remount,rw /

[root@linux ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/loopdev bs=1024k count=2048
2048+0 records in
2048+0 records out
# oӫObU@p`]|ͨA if O input fileA
# of O output file Aܩ bs OC block jpA
# count hO`@X bs NCLAծɡA`N /tmp 
#  partition jpڡI

[root@linux ~]# mke2fs -j /tmp/loopdev
mke2fs 1.35 (28-Feb-2004)
loopdev is not a block special device.
Proceed anyway? (y,n) y
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
262144 inodes, 524288 blocks
26214 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
....HUٲ.....

[root@linux ~]# mount -t ext3 -o loop /tmp/loopdev /media/cdrom/
[root@linux ~]# df
Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/tmp/loopdev           2064208     35880   1923472   2% /media/cdrom