Linux pе] -- Linux ɮvPؿtm - 鸟哥的 Linux 私房菜

̪sG2003/02/06

ϥΪ̻Ps
Linux ɮݩ
pɮvGchgrp, chown, chmod,
Linux 䴩ɮ׮榡Pɮ׺
Linux ؿtm
Dm

ϥΪ̻Ps

즸Ĳ Linux Bͤj|ıoܩǲAyLinux ohϥΪ̡A٤sաAΡHzC oӡyϥΪ̻Psաz\iO۷ӦnΪ@Ӧw@OI򻡩OHѩ Linux OӦhHhut ( wgLYzoI )A]i``|hHPɨϥγoDӶiu@po͡AFҼ{CӤHpvA]Aoӡyɮ׾̡֦zN㪺۷nFIҦpA NAe-mailsɮפAbzۤvaؿAz`ƱQLHݨۤvѧaHoӮɭԡAANɮ׳]wyuɮ׾̡֦ANO ڡA~ݻPקoɮתezAYϨLHDAoӬ۷yzɮסALѩz]wAvAҥHLH۵M]NLkDɮת eoI
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sթOHn]wɮ٦ݪsաHAsճ²檺\ध@ANOzbζ}o귽ɭԳ̦ΰI|ӨҤlӻnFApbڪDWӹAoĤ@ӹW٬ testgroup ӥLO test1, test2, test3 TӡAĤGӹW٬ treatgoup Lέ treat1, treat2, treat3Aoӹ𫗪Oۦvʽ𫍧AOoSnúP@iAMӨCչέSݭnPɥiHקۤv馎HҫإߪɮסABDۤvH~HݨۤvɮפeIoӮɭԫHIb Linux UiN²աIڥiHg²ɮv]wAN୭Dۤvζ( YOso )LH\eoIӥBiHۤvζiHקکҫإߪɮסIPɡApGڦۤv٦pHKAMiH]wۤvζ]ݤڪɮ׸ơAܤKaIt~ApG teacher oӱbO testgroup P treatgroup oӸsժѮvALQnP[̪iסA]ݭn䪺sճih[ݡAoӮɭԡAziH]w teacher oӱbAyPɤ䴩 testgroup P treatgroup oӸsաIzA]NOACӤHiHhӸsժ䴩OI
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o˻γ\A٤ezѳoӨϥΪ̻PsժYaHSYAڭ̥iHϥΥثeyaxz[ӶiѻI]@aHAḁuTS̡AO OjBGPTTӤHAӳoӮaxOnObj򪺦WUIҥHAyjaTӤHAOOjBGPTzAӥBoTӤHۤv жAåB@P֦@ӫUI

ѩaTӤHU۾֦ۤvжAҥHAGMiHiJT򪺩жAOG򤣯½T򪺩PI˷|QT K I]P̭i঳TۤvpHFAҦpѰաAOյAoOypHŶzAҥHMGoI

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ѩ@P֦UAҥHaTS̥iHbU}qաB½\ȰաBbFoWobյIϥAunObUNATS̳iHϥγI]jaO@aHI

o˻ӦIoFIӡyjazNOҿתysաzoAܩTS̴NOOTӡyϥΪ̡zAӳoTӨϥΪ̬ObP@Ӹsո̭ IӤTӨϥΪMbP@sդAOڭ̥iH]wyvzAnYǨϥΪ̭ӤHTQsժҦHdߡAHOӤHypHŶzաIӳ]ws @ɡAhija@PɳI

nFA򤵤ѤSӤHAsipޡALOipޮaHAPaSYաIoӮɭԡADa{ѱipޡAM}ip޶i ӤaA_hipޥûSkiJaA󤣭niT򪺩жաILApGip޳zLY{ѤFTAåBT򦨬nB͡Aip޴NiH zLTiJaաIISIӱip޴NOҿתyLHA Others zoI]Aڭ̴NiHDաAb Linux ̭A@ɮ׳㦳yUser, Group OtherszTvIڭ̥iHNWHUϥܨӸG
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LAo̦ӯSHnӤЪANOyU઺ѯzIoӤѯ㦳LOAҥHLiHFLQnhaAIӤHb Linux tΤNOy root zաIҥHnp߳I root iOyU઺ѯzI
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LצpAyϥΪ̨zAPӨϥΪ̩Ҥ䴩ysաzAb Linux @ɸ̭O۷nALiHUzzhu Linux ܪe޲zIԲӪ yPsաz ]wAڭ̱Nbb޲zAiѻCUڭ̱NwɮרtλPɮvӶi满C

Linux ɮݩʡG

jPAѤF Linux ϥΪ̻PsդAۤUӡAڭ̭nӽͤ@͡AoɮתvnpwoǩҿתyϥΪ̡zPysաzӳ]wɮתvOHoӳO۷nAרǪ̨ӻA]ɮתvPݩʬOǲ Linux @Ӭ۷ndApGSoAzNѬOťOHbOIרOzbzùeX{FyPermission denyzɭԡAnߡAy֩wOv]w~zաIInFAܤhA֨@@@G
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IJMnAA Linux ɮݩʡA򦳭ӭn]O`ΪONnAoI@ӡHINOy ls zo@ list ɮתOoIbAH root nJ Linux AUFyls -al zݬݡA|ݨ쩳UXөNNG
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[root@tsai root]# ls -al
total 64
drwxr-x---    4 root     root         4096 Feb 14 22:02 .
drwxr-xr-x   23 root     root         4096 Feb 16 13:35 ..
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root         1210 Feb 10 06:03 anaconda-ks.cfg
-rw-------    1 root     root        12447 Feb 14 23:22 .bash_history
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root           24 Jun 11 2000 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root          234 Jul 6 2001 .bash_profile
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root          217 Feb 9 22:06 .bashrc
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root          210 Jun 11 2000 .cshrc
drwx------    2 root     root         4096 Feb 14 21:54 .gnupg
-rw-------    1 root     root            8 Feb 14 22:05 .mysql_history
drwx------    2 root     root         4096 Feb 10 00:44 .ssh
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root          196 Jul 11 2000 .tcshrc
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root         1126 Aug 24 1995 .Xresources
Ĥ@      G T       |                          C
[ɮݩ][ɮ׼][֦][Ҧ̸s][jp][ɤ][ɦW]

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ls OylistzNAPb DOS ~N dir \CӰѼơy-alzhܦCXҦɮס]]tɡANOɦWeĤ@Ӧr . ɮס^CpWҥܡAbAĤ@H root nJ Linux ɡApGAJOAӦWCXӪFA@UWCӧONG

Ĥ@NoɮתݩʡGoӦa̻ݭn`NFIJӬݪܡAAӥiHo{o@@QݩʡG

Ĥ@ݩʥNoɮ׬OyؿBɮשγszG

[ d ]hOؿAҦpW 11 F

[ - ]hOɮסAҦpW 5 F

YO[ l ]hܬs(link file)F

YO[ b ]hܬ˸mɸ̭ixsP]ơF

YO[ c ]hܬ˸mɸ̭ǦC]ơAҦpLBƹC

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UӪݩʤATӬ@աAByrwxzTӰѼƪզXC𫟺A[ r ]NiŪB[ w ]NigB[ x ]NiG

Ĥ@լy֦HvzAHĤ欰ҡAɮת֦HiHŪgAiF

ĤGլyPsժvzF

ĤTլyLDsժvzC

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dGY@ɮתݩʬy-rwxr-xr--zA²檺iѤUG
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[-][rwx][r-x][r--]
1 234 567 890
     1 GNoɦWؿɮס]Wɮס^
    234G֦Hv]WiŪBigBi^
    567GPsըϥΪv]WiŪi^
    890GLϥΪv]WȥiŪ^

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WݩʱpN@ɮסBoɮת֦HiŪigiBPsժHȥiŪPADPsժϥΪ̶ȥiŪNI
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~AݭnSOdNO x oӼиIYɦW@ӥؿɭԡAҦpW .ssh oӥؿG

@
drwx------    2 root     root         4096 Feb 10 00:44 .ssh
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iHݨoO@ӥؿAӥBu root iHŪgPCOYU˦ɡAаݫD root LHO_iHiJӥؿOH
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drwxr--r--    2 root     root         4096 Feb 10 00:44 .ssh
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xIGnOiHI]iŪ[ r ]sbIyIz׬OD root oӱbLϥΪ̧iiJ .ssh oӥؿAOH] x P ؿ Y۷nApGzbӥؿUOܡA۵M]NLk ls, cd OAҥHoA]NLkiJFA]AЯSOdNOApGzQn}Yӥؿ@ǤHiӪܡAаOoNӥؿ x ݩʵ}I
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t~AA]n[pߪOAb Windows U@ɮ׬O_㦳檺OOǥѡyɦWzӰ檺AҦpG.exe, .bat, .com AOb Linux UAڭ̪ɮ׬O_AhOǥѬO_㦳 x oݩʨӨMwIҥHAɦWOS諸YIoIٽЯSOdNOI

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ĤGܬsΪ`I (i-node) ( YؿɡAq`PӥؿU٦h֥ؿ )oNbгs link ɮ׮ (U@`) A`JСF

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ĤTܳoɮס]Υؿ^y֦HzF

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ĥ|ܾ֦HsաF

o̦A@UAb Linux AA ID ( p root test bOҿת ID ) YOAAӥBA٦ݦb@өΦhӸsդUAҦpڭ̤W쪺AA@ӹ ( Ys ) N testgroup ABoӸșTӤHANOO test1, test2, P test3AhoTӤHP@sէY testgroupIpGHWϪ[-rwxrwx---]ɮݩʨӬݡApGɮݩ test1 ҦA test2, test3 禳ŪBgB檺vOA]L̳ݩP@ group rIӦpGzOݩ test1, test2, test3 @ӤHA]ݩ testgroup oӸsծɡAzNŪBgBoɮתvFI
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Ĥ欰oɮתjpF

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Ĥ欰oɮתɤΪ̬O̪񪺭קAOBήɶCЯSOdNApGzOHc餤Ӷiw˱z Linux ɡAw]yti|QאּCѩ󤤤LkܦbrA׺ݾWAҥHo@|ǩǪýXAoӮɭԡAЭק@U /etc/sysconfig/i18n oɮסA̭y LC_TIME zקאּGy LC_TIME=en zAxs}AAnJ@ANiHo^rܪFIpקɮשOHIH root vi קI F

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ĤC欰oɮתɦWApGɦWeh@ӡy . zAhNoɮ׬yzAҦpW 6 檺y.bashrc_historyzɦWYOɡAѩڭ̦U@ӰѼƬ ls -alAҥHsɳCXӡApGAuJ ls hɦW[y . zɮ״N|QܥXӡI

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ԲӪ ls ΪkAٰOod߶ܡHաIϥ man ls info ls hݬݥL¦ΪkhIۧڶi׬OܭnA]yvűaiAצbӤHIzAۥjuѤ~ǥ͡ASѤ~ѮvI[oaI ^_^

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D@GpGUɮסG

-rw-r--r--   1 root     root          238 Jun 18 17:22 test.txt
-rwxr-xr--   1 test1    testgroup    5238 Jun 19 10:25 ping_tsai
лɮת֦̻PvH
G

ɮסy test.txt z֦H root Asլ root Cܩv譱hu root oӱbiHsɮסALHhȯŪɮסF

t@ɮסy ping_tsai z֦H test1 AӸsլ testgroupC𫟺A test1 iHw惡ɮר㦳iŪigi檺vOAӦPsժ test2, test3 ӤHP test1 PˬO testgroup sձbAhȥiŪig (Yק)AܩD testgoup o@ӸsժHhȥiHŪAg]I

@@

DGGpGڪؿU˦G

drwxr-xr--   1 test1    testgroup    5238 Jun 19 10:25 groups/
а testgroup oӸsժPLH( others )O_iHiJؿH
G

ɮ׾֦ test1 iHbؿiu@F

testgroup oӸsժbAҦp test2, test3 iHiJؿiu@AObؿUigJʧ@F

ܩ other vM r AOѩS x vA] others ϥΪ̡AäiJؿI

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Linux ɮݩʪnʡG
P Windows tΤ@˪OAb Linux tΡ]Ϊ̻ Unix-Like tΡ^AC@ɮ׳h[FܦhݩʶiӡAרOsժAo˦γ~OH򥻤WA̤jγ~ObywʡzWC|²檺ҤlAbA tΤAtΪAȪɮ׳q`u root ~ŪgAΪ̬OAҦp /etc/shadowo@ӱb޲zɮסAѩɮװOFAtΤҦbơA]Oܭn@ӸTɡAMHŪAu root ~ŪoIҥHɮתݩʴN| [ -rw------- ]oI
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ApGA@Ӷ}oζAbAι襤AAƱCӤHiHϥάY@ǥؿUɮסAӫDAζLHhH}OHHWҤlӻAtestgroup ζ@TӤHAOO test1, test2, test3 IڴNiHN test1 ɮݩʭq [ -rwxrwx--- ]Ӵѵ testgroup u@ζϥoIoiO۷nC
@
A|ӨҤlӻApGAؿvS@nܡAiyLHiHbAtΤW÷doIҦpӥu root ~వ}BADSL {BsWΧRϥΪ̵OAYQA令HiH檺ܡApGϥΪ̤pߵAs}աIsաIIAtΤN |``W䧮oIӥBU@AϥΪ̪KXQLHhoܡAunLnJAtδNiHө|@ root u@IiȧaI]AbAקA linux ɮ׻PؿݩʤeA@wndMAOiܪAOiܪIdU`NoI

pɮv

nFAڭ̤wgDɮv@ӨtΪwnʤFA]DɮתvϥΪ̻PsժʤFAnFApק@ ɮתvOHSIhɮתvڭ̥iHקOH@ɮתvܦhIjPWڭ̥дX²檺AҦpGsաB̡֦BUبvC
chgrp Gɮשݸs
chown GɮשݤH
chmod GɮתݩʡB SUID BS

ܩݸs, chgrpG

ܤ@ɮתsդ]uO²檺AH chgrp ӧܧYiAxIoӫONO change group YgIաIo˴NܦnOFaI ^_^CLAаOoAnܦsզW٥nb /etc/group ̭sbWr~A_hN|ܿ~IҦpUҤlAڭ̭nN tmp sէܤ@UA𫟺A users oӸsեwgsb /etc/group FAO testing oӸsզWrNsb /etc/group AҥHN|~ToͰաI
@

ykG
chgrp sզW ɮשΥؿ
dҡG
[root@test root]# chgrp users tmp
[root@test root]# ls Vl
drwx------    2 root     root         4096 Oct 19 11:43 drakx/
drwx------    2 root     users        4096 Oct 19 21:24 tmp/
[root@test root]# chgrp testing tmp
chgrp: invalid group name `testing'   <==oͿ~ToI

@

ɮ׾֦, chownG

nFApܤ@ɮת֦̩OH²rIJMܸsլO change group A̴ܾ֦NO change owner oIBINGOAաINO chown oӫOγ~An`NOAϥΪ̥OwgsbtΤA]NOb /etc/passwd oɮפϥΪ̦W٤~ܡC chown γ~ٺhAL٥iHKקsժW٩OI~ApGnsؿUҦؿɮצPɧɮ׾֦̪ܡA[W VR ѼƧYiIڭ̨ӬݬݻykPdҡG
@

ykG
chown [ -R ] bW ɮשΥؿ
chown [ -R ] bW:sզW ɮשΥؿ
dҡG
[root@test root]# chown test tmp
[root@test root]# ls -l
total 28
drwx------    2 root     root         4096 Oct 19 11:43 drakx/
drwx------    2 test     users        4096 Oct 19 21:24 tmp/
[root@test root]# chown VR root:root tmp
[root@test root]# ls Vl
drwx------    2 root     root         4096 Oct 19 11:43 drakx/
drwx------    2 root     root         4096 Oct 19 21:24 tmp/

@
IDpɮתsջP֦̤FA򤰻ɭԭnϥ chown chgrp OHIγ\z|ıo_ǧaHIOAT꦳ɭԻݭnܧɮת֦̪A̱`ҤlNOb copy ɮ׵A~LHɡAڭ̨ϥγ²檺 cp ӻnFA
@

ykG
cp ӷɮ تɮ

@
]zѭnN .bashrc oɮ׫ .bashrc_test ABOn test oӤHAziHo˰G
@

[root@test root]# cp .bashrc .bashrc_test
[root@test root]# ls Val .bashrc*
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root          226 Feb 16 2002 .bashrc
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root          226 Oct 21 14:24 .bashrc_test

@
zIH .bashrc_test ٬Oݩ root ҦAp@ӡAYϧANɮ׮ test oӨϥΪ̤FALMLkק諸( ݩʴNDFaI )AҥHANnNoɮת֦̻Psխק@UoIDpקFaIHI
@

ܤEݩ ( chmod )G

@
Ʀrɮv
A Linux ɮתݩʤuEILo̤gӽI@²檺AHᦳŦAaIƲߤ@UWG
@
-rwxrwxrwx
@
oEݩʬOTӤTӤ@ժI𫟺Aڭ̥iHϥμƦrӥNUݩʡAUݩʪӪpUG
@
r:4
w:2
x:1
@
ѩP@ժƦrOۥ[IҦpݩʬ [ -rwxrwx--- ] hOG
@
owner = rwx = 4+2+1 = 7
group = rwx = 4+2+1 = 7
others = --- = 0+0+0 = 0
@
ҥHAo˪ݩʳyƭȴNO 770 oIӧݩʪO chmodALykG
@

ykG
chmod [-R] xyz ɮשΥؿ
xyz PT rwx ݩʼƭȪۥ[

@
|ҨӻApGnN .bashrc oɮשҦݩʳ}ANUFG
@

[root@test root]# ls Val .bashrc
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root          226 Feb 16 2002 .bashrc
[root@test root]# chmod 777 .bashrc
[root@test root]# ls Val .bashrc
-rwxrwxrwx    1 root     root          226 Feb 16 2002 .bashrc

@
ݨFܡHݩʧܤFIѩ@ɮצTݩʡAҥHAiHo{W 777 TաAӥѩڭ̱NҦݩʳ}AҥHƦrۥ[AYyr+w+x = 4+2+1 = 7zC
@
pGnNݩܦy -rwxr-xr-- zOHN [4+2+1][4+0+1][4+0+0]=754 oIҥHAݭnUF chmod 754 filenameC
@
`oͪ@ӰDNOA``ڭ̥H vi s@ shell rɫALݩʳq`O -rw-rw-rw- ]NO 666 ݩʡApGnNLܦiɡAåBnLHק惡@ɮתܡANݭn -rwxr-xr-x o@ 755 ݩʡAҥH chmod 755 test.sh Nݭno˰oI
t~AɮקAƱQLHݨAҦp -rwxr-----ANUF chmod 740 filename aI
Ÿɮ׫A
٦@ӧݩʪkIqeФڭ̥iHo{A򥻤WNEݩʤOO(1)user (2)group (3)others TsաIڭ̴NiHǥ u, g, o ӥNTsݩʡI~A a hN all YTsIŪgݩʴNiHgF r, w, x oI]NOiHϥΩU觋ӬݡG
@

chmod u
g
o
a +([J)
-(h)
=(]w) r
w
x ɮשΥؿ

@
ӹ@@UaIpڭ̭ny]wz@ɮתݩʬy-rwxr-xr-xzɡA򥻤WNOG
@

uG   㦳iŪBgB

g P oG 㦳ŪP

@
ҥHNOG
@

[root@test root]# chmod u=rwx,og=rx .bashrc
[root@test root]# ls Val .bashrc
-rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root          226 Feb 16 2002 .bashrc

@
Ъ`NA r=rwx,og=rx o@qrèSťզrj}IndoI򰲦pOy -rwxr-xr-- zHiHϥΡy chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o=r filename zӳ]wC~ApGڤDɮݩʡAӧڥuQnW[ .bashrc oɮתCӤHigJvAڴNiHϥΡG
@

[root@test root]# ls Val .bashrc
-rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root          226 Feb 16 2002 .bashrc
[root@test root]# chmod a+w .bashrc
[root@test root]# ls Val .bashrc
-rwxrwxrwx    1 root     root          226 Feb 16 2002 .bashrc*

@
ӦpGOnNݩʥhӤʨLݩʩOHIҦpnҦH x ݩʡAh
@

[root@test root]# chmod a-x .bashrc
[root@test root]# ls Val .bashrc
-rw-rw-rw-    1 root     root          226 Feb 16 2002 .bashrc

@
D +, -, = PIFܡHաI + P V AUAunOSw쪺ءAhݩʡy|QܰʡzAҦpWҤlAѩȥH V x hLӫOɪȤܡIIhh@@UAAN|DpݩoI

Linux 䴩ɮ׮榡Pɮ׺

Linux ɮ׻P Windows ɮׯणबۨϥΡHiHH󤣦HoǩNNAΨ Linux ɮPɮ׮榡IUڭ̴Nӽͤ@ͳoǰ򥻪[aI

ɮ׮榡G

Oɮ׮榡OHNOA@~tΥΨӦsƮ榡AҦpڭ̪D Windows ΨӦswЪƮ榡 FAT ( FAT16 ) A Windows 2000 ]ҿת NTFS ɮ׮榡Aܩ Linux ɮ׮榡 ext2 o@ӡCLAثe Linux ү䴩ɮ׮榡D`hALAAnNAҷQn䴩ɮ׮榡sĶA֤߷~Q䴩I]pG֤ߤ{Ѹɮ׮榡ܡA۵MNLkΧrI]AziHo{A Windows P Linux w˦bP@ӵwЪP partition ɡA Windows N Linux wиơA Why ? N] Windows ֤ߤ{ Linux ɮרtΧrI
@
ثe Mandrake 9.0 w]ɮ׮榡 ext3 (Third Extended File System )AO ext2 ɮ׮榡ɯŪAL]VUۮe ext2, ext Ct~ApGAݭnNA즳 Windows tΤ]b Linux UܡA Linux ]䴩 MS-DOS, VFAT, FAT, BSD ɮ׮榡Aܩ Window NT NTFS ɮ׮榡hoC@ Linux distribution 䴩AҦp Red Hat w]֤ߴN䴩 NTFSAO Mandrake 9.0 ֤߳Mw]䴩 ntfs CIuIݧګݥXӪHI Linux 䴩ɮ׮榡P֤߬O_sĶihAҥHAiHA Linux tΪ
@
/lib/modules/`uname Vr`/kernel/fs
@
Uݤ@ݡApGAQnɮ׮榡AoӮ֤ߴN䴩աIثeϥΪ̼sxM٬O ext2 ALA̪X Linux distribution jhwgw]ļ ext3 reiserfs oب㦳x޲z( Journaling )ɮ׮榡FCnϥ ext3 oɮ׮榡OHڭ̱ĥβĤ@Өϥ ext3 Linux distribution Red Hat qAu֤߶}o Michael K. Johnson ܡG
@

yAQnqext2ഫext3OH|ӥDnzѡGiQΩʡBƧʡBtפΩഫz
yiQΩʡzALXAoN۱qtΤֳts_ӤOe2fsckɶ״_Cext3xiHקKƷliCL]XG
yFgJYzƶWL@ɡAext3|֩ext2A]ext3xϵwŪYʯ󦳮Īiz
Mөγ\Mw]٬ObJohnsonͪĥ|ӲzѤC
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ԲӪ ext3 bUsGext3 or ReiserFS? Hans Reiser Says Red Hat's Move Is Understandable ( http://www.linuxplanet.com/linuxplanet/reports/3726/1/ ) ҥHoAڭ̥iHϥ ext3 Ӱڭ̪ Linux ɮ׮榡աI ^_^ Cbo̡AzunOoAڭ Linux Ϊɮ׮榡O ext2 AӥثevQ Journaling ɮ׮榡NͶմNOFC
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total 153
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root         4096 Feb 10 02:06 bin
drwxr-xr-x    3 root     root         4096 Feb 10 00:05 boot
drwxr-xr-x   17 root     root        77824 Feb 11 14:45 dev
drwxr-xr-x   41 root     root         4096 Feb 16 15:18 etc
drwxr-xr-x    8 root     root         1024 Feb 9 22:44 home
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root         4096 Jun 22 2001 initrd
drwxr-xr-x    6 root     root         4096 Feb 10 02:12 lib
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root        16384 Feb 10 05:35 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root         4096 Aug 30 00:10 misc
drwxr-xr-x    3 root     root         4096 Feb 9 22:05 mnt
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root         4096 Aug 24 1999 opt
dr-xr-xr-x 102 root     root            0 Feb 11 22:45 proc
drwx------    4 root     root         4096 Feb 16 15:25 root
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root         4096 Feb 14 21:28 sbin
drwxrwxrwt    2 root     root         4096 Feb 16 15:40 tmp
drwxr-xr-x   16 root     root         4096 Feb 10 01:28 usr
drwxr-xr-x   20 root     root         4096 Feb 14 21:41 var

@
ݩʪרӬݡAWɦWCӳOyؿW١zASO root Aѩ root oӥؿO޲z root aؿAoӮaؿinFIҥH@wn]wYK 700 ( rwx------ )oݩʤ~oIpGH㪺𪬥ؿӵܡAiHN Linux 𪬥ؿ|s{UϡG

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Aγ\iHNAtΰo˪ partition GG
@
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LצpACDһP\γ~ۦPA۵MϺЪtN|Ӥ@ˡA]AW]wzNݬݴNnAzNӺe K FAjND˳]wzD̫աIۤUӡAڭ̨ӽͤ@²檺ɮ׻Pؿ޲zFI

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HҥiŪBigJiRC

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Yڻݭn@ɮת֦̻PsաAӥΤOH

chown, chgrp

Linux ǲΪɮרtάH~A`Ϊ Journaling ɮ׮榡ǡH

ext2,

Journaling ext3 Reiserfs

аݩUؿPDnm

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2002/07/18GĤ@
2003/02/06GssƻP[J FAQ

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/etc/X11	oOP X windows ]wɩҦbؿAר̭ XF86Config-4 OnOI
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/usr/X11R6	X Window Systemsɮתؿ
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