IJMnAALinuxɮݩʡA򦳭ӭn]O`ΪONnAoI@ӡHNOy ls zo@ӹɮתOoIbAHrootnJLinuxAUFy ls -al zݬݡA|ݨ쩳UXөNNG

[root@www ~]# ls -al
total 156
drwxr-x---   4    root   root     4096   Sep  8 14:06 .
drwxr-xr-x  23    root   root     4096   Sep  8 14:21 ..
-rw-------   1    root   root     1474   Sep  4 18:27 anaconda-ks.cfg
-rw-------   1    root   root      199   Sep  8 17:14 .bash_history
-rw-r--r--   1    root   root       24   Jan  6  2007 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r--   1    root   root      191   Jan  6  2007 .bash_profile
-rw-r--r--   1    root   root      176   Jan  6  2007 .bashrc
-rw-r--r--   1    root   root      100   Jan  6  2007 .cshrc
drwx------   3    root   root     4096   Sep  5 10:37 .gconf      <=dһB
drwx------   2    root   root     4096   Sep  5 14:09 .gconfd
-rw-r--r--   1    root   root    42304   Sep  4 18:26 install.log <=dһB
-rw-r--r--   1    root   root     5661   Sep  4 18:25 install.log.syslog
[    1   ][  2 ][   3  ][  4 ][    5   ][     6     ][       7          ]
[  v  ][s][֦][s][ɮ׮eq][  ק ][      ɦW        ]

lsOylistzNAIbɮתɦWPݩʡCӿﶵy-alzhܦCXҦɮ׸ԲӪvPݩ (]tɡANOɦWĤ@Ӧry . zɮ)CpWҥܡAbAĤ@HrootnJLinuxɡA pGAJWzOAӦWCXӪFA@UWCӧONG

2.1.1BɮݩʪܷN

• Ĥ@NoɮתPv(permission)G

oӦa̻ݭn`NFIJӬݪܡAAӥiHo{o@@QӦrG(2.1.1ι2.1.2võLY)

2.1.2BɮתPve

• Ĥ@ӦrNoɮ׬OyؿBɮשγszG
  
  
  • [ d ]hOؿAҦpWɦWy.gconfz@F
  • [ - ]hOɮסAҦpWɦWyinstall.logz@F
  • YO[ l ]hܬs(link file)F
  • YO[ b ]hܬ˸mɸ̭ixsP](iHs˸m)F
  • YO[ c ]hܬ˸mɸ̭ǦC]ơAҦpLBƹ(@Ū˸m)C
  
  
• UӪrAHTӬ@աAByrwxz TӰѼƪզXC𫟺A[ r ]NiŪ(read)B[ w ]Nig(write)B[ x ]Ni(execute)C n`NOAoTvm|ܡApGSvAN|X{[ - ]ӤwC
  
  
  • Ĥ@լyɮ׾֦̪vzAHyinstall.logzɮ׬ҡA ɮת֦̥iHŪgAiF
  • ĤGլyPsժvzF
  • ĤTլyLDsժvzC

t~AؿPɮתvNqäۦPAoO]ؿPɮשҰOƤeۦPҭPC ѩؿPɮתvNqD`nAҥHNLWߨ2.3`ؿPɮפvNqAӽ͡C

• ĤGܦhɦWs즹`I(i-node)G

Cɮ׳|NLvPݩʰOɮרtΪi-nodeALAڭ̨ϥΪؿoOϥɦWӰOA ]CɦWN|s@i-nodeoIoݩʰOANOh֤PɦWsۦP@i-nodeXhNOFC i-nodeƧڭ̷|bĤKͨɮרtήɦA[jЪC

• ĤTܳoɮ(Υؿ)y֦̱bz

• ĥ|ܳoɮתݸs

bLinuxtΤUAAb|ݩ@өΦhӪsդC|ڭ̴쪺ҤlAclass1, class2, class3ݩprojectaoӸsաA]YɮשݪsլprojectaABɮתvp2.1.2ҥ(-rwxrwx---)A hclass1, class2, class3THɮ׳㦳iŪBigBi檺v(ݸsv)C pGOݩprojectaLbAɮ״N㦳vFC

• Ĥ欰oɮתeqjpAw]쬰bytesF

• Ĥ欰oɮתɤΪ̬O̪񪺭קG

o@檺eO(/)ήɶCpGoɮ׳Qק諸ɶZ{bӤ[FAɶ|ܦ~ӤwC pUҥܡG

[root@www ~]# ls -l /etc/termcap /root/install.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 807103 Jan  7  2007 /etc/termcap
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  42304 Sep  4 18:26 /root/install.log
# pWҥܡA/etc/termcap  2007 ~ҭקLɮסA{bӻGF
# ܩ install.log O~ (2009) ҫإߪAҥHNܧ㪺ɶFC

pGQnܧ㪺ɶ榡AiHQlsﶵAYGyls -l --full-timezNܥX㪺ɶ榡FI]A~BBBɶC t~ApGAOHc餤w˧ALinuxtΡAN|HܡC iOAèSkb¤r׺ݾҦTܡAҥH|ܦýXC ANonϥΡyLANG=en_USzӭקytI

pGQntιw]ytܦ^媺ܡAAiHקtγ]wɡy/etc/sysconfig/i18nzAQβĤͨ쪺nanoӭקɮתeALANGoܼƦWzeYiC

• ĤC欰oɮתɦW

oNOɦWFCSOGpGɦWeh@ӡy . zAhNoɮ׬yɡzAҦpW.gconf@Aɮ״NOɡC AiHϥΡylszΡyls -azoӫOhP@UOoI

oC쪺NqOܭnIȥMDUNNqIרOĤ@쪺EvA OLinuxɮvI@CUڭ̨ӰX²檺mߡAAN|MoI

-rw-r--r--  1 root     root          238 Jun 18 17:22 test.txt 
-rwxr-xr--  1 test1    testgroup    5238 Jun 19 10:25 ping_tsai

    drwxr-xr--   1 test1    testgroup    5238 Jun 19 10:25 groups/

• LinuxɮvnʡG

PWindowstΤ@˪OAbLinuxtηAC@ɮ׳h[FܦhݩʶiӡAרOsժAo˦γ~OH A̤jγ~ObyƦwʡzWC

• tΫO@\G
  |²檺ҤlAbAtΤAtΪAȪɮ׳q`uroot~ŪgΪ̬OAҦp/etc/shadowo@ӱb޲zɮסAѩɮװOFAtΤҦbơA ]Oܭn@ӳ]wɡAMHŪ(_hKX|QѨ)Auroot~ŪoIҥHɮתvN|[ -rw------- ]oI
  
  
• ζ}onθƦ@Ϊ\G
  ~ApGA@ӳn}oζAbAζAAƱCӤHiHϥάY@ǥؿUɮסA ӫDAζLHhH}OHHWҤlӻAtestgroupζ@TӤHAOOtest1, test2, test3AڴNiHNζһݪɮvq[ -rwxrwx--- ]Ӵѵtestgroupu@ζϥoI
  
  
• Nv]wM`G
  A|ӨҤlӻApGAؿvS@nܡAiyLHiHbAtΤW÷doI Ҧpӥuroot~వ}BADSL{BsWΧRϥΪ̵OAYQA令HiH檺ܡA pGϥΪ̤pߵAs}աIsաIIAtΤN|``W䧮oI ӥBU@AϥΪ̪KXQLHhoܡAunLnJAtδNiHө|@rootu@I

iȧaI]AbAקAlinuxɮ׻PؿݩʤeA@wndMA ƬOiܪAOiܪIdU`NoIUӧڭ̨ӳBz@UɮݩʻPvܧaI

ڭ̲{bDɮv@ӨtΪwnʤFA]DɮתvϥΪ̻PsժʡA pק@ɮתݩʻPvOHSIhɮתvڭ̥iHקOH @ɮתݩʻPvܦhIڭ̥дXӱ`ΩsաB̡֦BUبvק諸OApUҥܡG

• chgrp Gɮשݸs
• chown Gɮ׾֦
• chmod Gɮתv, SUID, SGID, SBITS

• ܩݸs, chgrp

ܤ@ɮתsկuO²檺AHchgrpӧܧYiAxIoӫONOchange groupYgIo˴NܦnOFaI ^_^CLAаOoAnQܪsզW٥nb/etc/groupɮפsb~A_hN|ܿ~I

]AOHrootnJLinuxtΪAbAaؿ@install.logɮסA pNɮתsէܤ@UOH]AwgDb/etc/group̭wgsb@ӦWuserssաA OtestingoӸsզWrNsb/etc/groupFAɧܸsզusersPtestingO|{HoͩOH

[root@www ~]# chgrp [-R] dirname/filename ...
ﶵPѼơG
-R : i滼j(recursive)ܧAYsPؿUҦɮסBؿ
     soӸsդNC``ΦbܧY@ؿҦɮפpC
dҡG
[root@www ~]# chgrp users install.log
[root@www ~]# ls -l
-rw-r--r--  1 root users 68495 Jun 25 08:53 install.log
[root@www ~]# chgrp testing install.log
chgrp: invalid group name `testing' <== oͿ~To䤣oӸsզW

o{FܡHɮתsճQ令usersFAOn令testingɭԡA N|oͿ~`NIoͿ~T٬OnVOd@d~Te~nI NL^½ĶANDDXb̤FC

• ɮ׾֦, chown

pܤ@ɮת֦̩OH²rIJMܸsլOchange groupA̴ܾ֦NOchange owneroIBINGOINOchownoӫOγ~An`NOA ϥΪ̥OwgsbtΤbA]NOb/etc/passwd oɮפϥΪ̦W٤~ܡC

chownγ~ٺhAL٥iHKקsժW٩OI~ApGnsؿUҦؿɮצPɧɮ׾֦̪ܡA[W -R ﶵYiIڭ̨ӬݬݻykPdҡG

[root@www ~]# chown [-R] bW ɮשΥؿ
[root@www ~]# chown [-R] bW:sզW ɮשΥؿ
ﶵPѼơG
-R : i滼j(recursive)ܧAYsPؿUҦɮ׳ܧ

dҡGNinstall.loģ֦אּbinoӱbG
[root@www ~]# chown bin install.log
[root@www ~]# ls -l
-rw-r--r--  1 bin  users 68495 Jun 25 08:53 install.log

dҡGNinstall.log֦̻Psէ^rootG
[root@www ~]# chown root:root install.log
[root@www ~]# ls -l
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 68495 Jun 25 08:53 install.log

DpɮתsջP֦̤FA򤰻ɭԭnϥchownchgrpOHγ\A|ıo_ǧaH OAT꦳ɭԻݭnܧɮת֦̪A̱`ҤlNObƻsɮ׵A~LHɡA ڭ̨ϥγ²檺cpOӻnFG

[root@www ~]# cp ӷɮ تɮ

]AѭnN.bashrcoɮ׫.bashrc_testɦWABOnbinoӤHAAiHo˰G

[root@www ~]# cp .bashrc .bashrc_test
[root@www ~]# ls -al .bashrc*
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 395 Jul  4 11:45 .bashrc
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 395 Jul 13 11:31 .bashrc_test  <==sɮתݩʨS

ѩƻs欰(cp)|ƻs̪ݩʻPvAҥHIH.bashrc_test٬OݩrootҾ֦A p@ӡAYϧANɮ׮binoӨϥΪ̤FALMLkק諸(ݩ/vNDFa)A ҥHANnNoɮת֦̻Psխק@UoIDpקFaH

• v, chmod

ɮvܨϥΪOchmodoӫOAOAv]wkءA OiHϥμƦrΪ̬OŸӶivܧCڭ̴Nӽͤ@͡G

• Ʀrɮv
  
  LinuxɮתvNEӡAOOowner/group/othersTبUۤvread/write/executevA Ʋߤ@UW쪺ơGɮתvrGy-rwxrwxrwxzA oEvOTӤTӤ@ժI𫟺Aڭ̥iHϥμƦrӥNUvAUvƹӪpUG
  

  r:4
  w:2
  x:1

  Cب(owner/group/others)U۪Tv(r/w/x)ƬOݭn֥[AҦpvG [-rwxrwx---] ƫhOG

  owner = rwx = 4+2+1 = 7
  group = rwx = 4+2+1 = 7
  others= --- = 0+0+0 = 0

  ҥH@Uڭ̳]wvܧɡAɮתvƦrNO770աIܧvOchmodykOo˪G
  

  [root@www ~]# chmod [-R] xyz ɮשΥؿ ﶵPѼơG xyz : NO责쪺ƦrvݩʡA rwx ݩʼƭȪۥ[C -R : i滼j(recursive)ܧAYsPؿUҦɮ׳|ܧ

  |ҨӻApGnN.bashrcoɮשҦv]wҥΡANUFG
  

  [root@www ~]# ls -al .bashrc -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 395 Jul 4 11:45 .bashrc [root@www ~]# chmod 777 .bashrc [root@www ~]# ls -al .bashrc -rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 395 Jul 4 11:45 .bashrc

  pGnNvܦy -rwxr-xr-- zOHvƴN [4+2+1][4+0+1][4+0+0]=754 oIҥHAݭnUFy chmod 754 filenamezC t~AbڪtιB@̱`oͪ@ӰDNOA``ڭ̥Hvims@shellr妸ɫALvq`O -rw-rw-r-- ]NO664A pGnNɮܦiɡAåBnLHק惡@ɮתܡA Nݭn-rwxr-xr-xo˪vAɴNonUFGy chmod 755 test.sh zOoI
  
  t~ApGɮקAƱQLHݨAӱNɮתv]wҦpGy-rwxr-----zANUFy chmod 740 filename zaI
  
  

  DG NA.bashrcoɮתvק^-rw-r--r--paI G -rw-r--r--ƬO644AҥHOG chmod 644 .bashrc

  
  
• Ÿɮv
  
  ٦@ӧvkIqeФڭ̥iHo{A򥻤WNEvOO(1)user (2)group (3)othersTبաIڭ̴NiHǥu, g, oӥNTبvI~A a hN all YIŪgvNiHgr, w, xoI]NOiHϥΩU觋ӬݡG
  
  

  chmod

  u g o a

  +([J) -(h) =(]w)

  r w x

  ɮשΥؿ

  
  ӹ@@UaIpڭ̭ny]wz@ɮתvy-rwxr-xr-xzɡA򥻤WNOG
  
  
  • user (u)G㦳iŪBigBi檺vF
  • group P others (g/o)G㦳iŪP檺vC
  
  ҥHNOG
  

  [root@www ~]# chmod u=rwx,go=rx .bashrc # `NI u=rwx,go=rx Osb@_AèSťզrI [root@www ~]# ls -al .bashrc -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 395 Jul 4 11:45 .bashrc

  򰲦pOy -rwxr-xr-- zo˪vOHiHϥΡy chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o=r filename zӳ]wC~ApGڤDɮݩʡAӧڥuQnW[.bashrcoɮתCӤHigJvA ڴNiHϥΡG
  

  [root@www ~]# ls -al .bashrc -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 395 Jul 4 11:45 .bashrc [root@www ~]# chmod a+w .bashrc [root@www ~]# ls -al .bashrc -rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 395 Jul 4 11:45 .bashrc

  ӦpGOnNvhӤʨLwsbvOHҦpnHivAhG
  

  [root@www ~]# chmod a-x .bashrc [root@www ~]# ls -al .bashrc -rw-rw-rw- 1 root root 395 Jul 4 11:45 .bashrc

  D +, -, = PIFܡHաI + P V AUAunOSw쪺ءAhvy|QܰʡzA ҦpWҤlAѩȥH V x hLӫOɪȤܡIhh@@UAAN|DpvoI obYDZpUܦnΪ|ҨӻAAQnФ@ӪBͦp@ӵ{iH֦檺vA ASDɮ׭쥻vAɡAQΡychmod a+x filenamez ANiHӵ{֦檺vFCO_ܤKH

{bڭ̪DFLinuxtΤɮתTب(̡֦BsջPLH)ADCبTv(rwx)A wDϥchown, chgrp, chmodhקovPݩʡAMAQls -lh[ɮפ]SDC ep`]ͨFoɮvƦwnʡCAoɮv@ɮ׻Pؿɮצ󤣦POH jjPڡIUNӻMAաI

• vɮתn

ɮ׬OڧtƪaA]A@rɡBƮweɡBGii(binary program)C ]AvɮרӻALNqOo˪G

• r (read)GiŪ@ɮתڤeApŪrɪreF
• w (write)GiHsBsWΪ̬Oקɮתe(tRɮ)F
• x (eXecute)Gɮר㦳iHQtΰ檺vC

ӥiŪ(r)NŪɮפeO٦nAѡAi(x)OHo̧ANnp߰աI ]bWindowsU@ɮ׬O_㦳檺OOǥѡy ɦW zӧP_A ҦpG.exe, .bat, .com AObLinuxUAڭ̪ɮ׬O_QAhOǥѬO_㦳yxzovӨMwIɦWOS諸YI

ܩ̫@wovOHA@ɮר㦳wvɡAAiH㦳gJ/s/sW/קɮתevA äƦRɮץvIɮתrwxӻA DnOwyɮתezӨAPɮɦWsbP_SYI]ɮװOOڪƹI

• vؿn

ɮ׬OsڸƪҦbAؿDnOxsԣNڡHؿDnebOɦWMAɦWPؿjPsաI ҥHpGOwؿɡA r, w, x ؿONqOH

• r (read contents in directory)G
  
  ܨ㦳ŪؿcM檺vAҥHA㦳Ū(r)@ӥؿvɡAܧAiHd߸ӥؿUɦWơC ҥHANiHQ ls oӫONӥؿeCܥXӡI
  
  
• w (modify contents of directory)G
  
  oӥigJvؿӻAOܤF_I ]LܧA㦳ʸӥؿcM檺vA]NOUovG
  
  
  • إ߷sɮ׻PؿF
  • Rwgsbɮ׻Pؿ(׸ɮתvI)
  • NwsbɮשΥؿiWF
  • hӥؿɮסBؿmC
  
  `AؿwvNPӥؿUɦWʦNFաI
  
  
• x (access directory)G
  
  xIؿvԣγ~ڡHؿuOOɦWӤwA`ளӰaHSIؿiHQAؿxNOϥΪ̯_iJӥؿu@ؿγ~I ҿתu@ؿ(work directory)NOAثeҦbؿաI|ҨӻAAnJLinuxɡA AҦbaؿNOAUu@ؿCܴؿOOycdz(change directory)oI

jPؿvOoˡAUڭ̨ӬݴXӽdҡAAAѤ@UԣOؿvoI

drwxr--r--  3  root  root  4096   Jun 25 08:35   .ssh

WoӨD]vbird㦳rvA]OrEݤUnN㦳iHiJؿvA꨺OC णiJY@ӥؿAuPӥؿxvաI~A u@ؿOOD`nApGAbYؿU㦳xvA ANLkӥؿUA]NLkӥؿUOAYϧA㦳ӥؿrvC

ܦhBͦb[]ɭԳ|db@v]wWAL̶}ؿƵںHsA ou}rvApWdҩҥܨˡA˪GNOɭPAnLkӥؿUŪɮ(̦huݨɦW)A ̲ץΤ`OLkTd\ɮתe(vڡI)Cn`NGn}ؿHsɡAӦܤ֤]nrxvAwviHKI wHKAڭ̨ӬݤU@ӨҤlG

-rwx------ 1 root  root  4365 Sep 19 23:20  the_root.data

٬OݤHťSISYڭ̩UNӳ]p@ӽmߡA AڪݡAӴNJpաILAѩܦhOڭ٨SСA ҥHUOAѧYiAԲӪOΪkڭ̷|b᭱~򤶲ЪC

• rootإߩһݭnɮ׻Pؿ

ڭ̥rootbҦHiHu@/tmpؿإߤ@ӦWtestingؿA ӥؿv744Bؿ֦̬rootCt~AbtestingؿUbإߤ@ӪŪɮסA ɦW笰testingCإߥؿimkdir(make directory)Aإߪɮץitouch(U@|)ӳBzC ҥHL{pUҥܡG

[root@www ~]# cd /tmp                     <==u@ؿ/tmp
[root@www tmp]# mkdir testing             <==إ߷sؿ
[root@www tmp]# chmod 744 testing         <==ܧv
[root@www tmp]# touch testing/testing     <==إߪŪɮ
[root@www tmp]# chmod 600 testing/testing <==ܧv
[root@www tmp]# ls -ald testing testing/testing
drwxr--r-- 2 root root 4096 Sep 19 16:01 testing
-rw------- 1 root root    0 Sep 19 16:01 testing/testing
# JӬݤ@UAؿvO 744 ABݸsջPϥΪ̧O root I
# bo˪pUA@먭ϥΪ̹oӥؿ/ɮתvH

• @Τ᪺ŪgvH[

bWҤlAMؿO744v]wA@Τӯ঳ r vA o˪vϥΪ̯వԣƩOH]tΤt@ӱbW vbird A ڭ̥iHzLy su - vbird zoӫOܴIݬݩUާ@I

[root@www tmp]# su - vbird <== vbird oI
[vbird@www ~]$ cd /tmp     <==ݤ@UAܤFIܦr]ܦ $ FI
[vbird@www tmp]$ ls -l testing/
?--------- ? ? ? ?             ? testing
# ]㦳 r viHdɦWCLv(Sx)AҥH|@ݸC
[vbird@www tmp]$ cd testing/
-bash: cd: testing/: Permission denied
# ]㦳 x AҥHMSiJvաISIevڡI

• pGӥؿݩΤ᥻A|򪬪pH

Wmߧڭ̪DFurTiHϥΪŪؿɦWCALԲӪTo٬OŪ쪺A Pɤ]Nӥؿܦu@ؿ( cd iJӥؿN)CpGڭӥؿܦϥΪ̪A ϥΪ̦boӥؿUO_RɮשOHUm߰ݬݡG

[vbird@www tmp]$ exit               <== vbird ܦ^쥻 root I
[root@www tmp]# chown vbird testing <==קvAvbird֦ؿ
[root@www tmp]# su - vbird          <==AܦvbirdӾާ@
[vbird@www ~]$ cd /tmp/testing      <==iHiJؿFOI
[vbird@www testing]$ ls -l
-rw------- 1 root root 0 Sep 19 16:01 testing  <==ɮפOvbirdI
[vbird@www testing]$ rm testing     <==ձoɮ׬ݬݡI
rm: remove write-protected regular empty file `testing'? y
# MiHRIo˲zѤFܡHI

zLWo²檺BJAANiHMDA x bؿOPy_iJӥؿzA ܩ󨺭 w h㦳۷nvA]LiHϥΪ̧RBsBsɮשΥؿA OӫܭnѼưڡIo˥iHzѤFܡHI ^_^

ڭ̦b¦g@jդ@ӷANOG˸mbLinuxUOɮסA ȦpAsƷq]MݪɮצbtdҥHAA|AѨALinuxɮ׺uܦh Fe쪺@ɮ(-)Pؿɮ(d)~A٦ǺɮשOH

• ɮ׺G

ڭ̦b责ϥΡyls -lz[Ĥ@桦QӦrAĤ@ӦrɮתC F`@ɮ(-)Pؿɮ(d)~A٦ǺɮOH

• Wɮ(regular file )G
  NO@ڭ̦bisɮסAb ls -al ܥXӪݩʤ譱AĤ@Ӧr [ - ]AҦp [-rwxrwxrwx ]Ct~A̷ɮתeASjiHG
  
  
  • ¤r(ASCII)GoOLinuxtΤ̦h@ɮoA ٬¤rɬO]eڭ̤HiHŪ쪺ơAҦpƦrBrC XGunڭ̥iHΨӰ]wɮ׳ݩo@ɮC |ҨӻAAiHUFy cat ~/.bashrc zNiHݨɮתeC (cat ON@ɮפeŪXӪO)
    
    
  • Gi(binary)GٰOoڭ̦by ĹsBp z̭n{B@LA ڭ̪tΨȻ{ѥBiHGiɮ(binary file)aHS ALinuxi(scripts, r妸ɤ)NOoخ榡ա |ҨӻAUFOcatNO@binary fileC
    
    
  • Ʈ榡(data)G ǵ{bB@L{|ŪYǯSw榡ɮסAǯSw榡ɮץiHQ٬ (data file)C|ҨӻAڭ̪LinuxbϥΪ̵nJɡA|NnưOb /var/log/wtmpɮפAɮ׬O@data fileALzLlastoӫOŪXӡI OϥcatɡA|ŪXýX]LOݩ@دS榡ɮסCAGH
    
    
• ؿ(directory)G
  NOؿoĤ@ݩʬ [ d ]AҦp [drwxrwxrwx]C
  
  
• s(link)G
  NOWindowstΩU|աI Ĥ@ݩʬ [ l ](^Lpg)AҦp [lrwxrwxrwx] F
  
  
• ]ƻP˸m(device)G
  PtΩPxs@ɮסA q`b/devoӥؿUIq`SءG
  
  
  • ϶(block)] GNO@xsơA HѨtHsP]ơA|ҨӻAwлPnеNOաI AiHHbwЪP϶ŪgAoظ˸mNO϶˸moIAiHۦd@U/dev/sdaݬݡA |o{Ĥ@ݩʬ[ b ]I
    
    
  • r(character)]GYO@ǧǦC𪺩P]ơA ҦpLBƹIodz]ƪSNOy@ŪzAI_XC |ҨӻAAiƹyzt@ӵeAӬOyưʡzt@ӦaڡIĤ@ݩʬ [ c ]C
  
  
• Ʊf(sockets)G
  JMQ٬ƱfɡA QMAoɮ׳q`QΦbWƩӱFCڭ̥iHҰʤ@ӵ{ӺťΤݪnDA ӥΤݴNiHzLosocketӶiƪqFCĤ@ݩʬ [ s ]A ̱`b/var/runoӥؿݨoɮFC
  
  
• ƿe(FIFO, pipe)G
  FIFO]O@دSɮALDnتbѨMhӵ{ǦPɦs@ɮשҳy~DC FIFOOfirst-in-first-outYgCĤ@ݩʬ[p] C

F]ɬOڭ̨tΤܭnɮסA̦nnHNק蠟~(q`L]|Aק諸աI)A t@Ӥ쪺ɮ״NOsɡCpGA``Nε{ୱӪܡAANӪDb WindowsUҿתy|zCP˪AAiHN linuxUs²檺@ɮשΥؿ|C ܩsocketPFIFOɮפzѡA]oөNNP{(process)YA oӵ쥼ӧAAprocessAA^Ӭd\aI~A A]iHzLman fifoman socketӬd\tΤWI

• LinuxɮװɦWG

򥻤WALinuxɮ׬OSҿתyɦWzAڭ̭N͹LA@LinuxɮׯणQAPLĤ@檺QݩʦA PɦWڥ@IY]SCo[WindowspۦPIbWindowsUA Q檺ɮװɦWq`O .com .exe .batAӦbLinuxUAunAv㦳xܡAҦp[ -rwxr-xr-x ] YNoɮץiHQI

LAiHQiH榨\O@˪|ҨӻAbrootaؿUinstall.log O@ӯ¤rɡApGgѭקv -rwxrwxrwx Aoɮׯu榨\ܡH M]LeڥNSiH檺ơCҥHAoxNoɮר㦳i檺OA Oण榨\AMNonݸɮתeo

MpALڭ̤MƱiHǥѰɦWAѸɮ׬OFAҥHA q`ڭ٬O|HAɦWӪܸɮ׬OCUƺر`ΪɦWG

• *.sh G }Χ妸 (scripts)A]妸ɬϥshellgAҥHɦWNs .sh oF
  
  
• *Z, *.tar, *.tar.gz, *.zip, *.tgzG gL]YɡCoO]YnO gunzip, tar Aѩ󤣦PYnAӨɦWoI
  
  
• *.html, *.phpGɮסAON HTML ykP PHP ykɮoI .html ɮץiϥκsӪ}ҡAܩ .php ɮסA hiHzL client ݪs server sAHoB᪺GOI

򥻤WALinuxtΤWɦWuuOAAѸɮץi઺γ~ӤwA uP_MݭnvWd~IҦpM@ɮ׬iɡA p`/bin/lsoɮݩʪOALApGoɮתvQק令LkɡA lsNܦoI

WzoذḎ`oͦbɮ׶ǰeL{CҦpAbWU@ӥiɡAObA LinuxtΤNOLkIINOiɮתݩʳQܤFInháAqWǰeA LinuxtΤAɮתݩʻPvTO|QܪI

• Linuxɮת׭G

bLinuxUAϥιw]Ext2/Ext3ɮרtήɡAwɮתɦW׭G

• @ɮשΥؿ̤je\ɦW 255 ӦrF
• ]t|W٤Υؿ (/) ɦW 4096 ӦrC

O۷ɦWIڭ̧ƱLinuxɮצW٥iH@ݴNDɮצbFA ҥHɦWq`OܪܪIӥκDFWindowsHi|FA]ɮצWٳq`uܪA κDWindowsӾɭPrtפ֪BͨӻAIuOܧxZ.....LAuoUAnn[jrVmoI

ӥĤͨ쪺A]|DA iHzL[tab]ӽT{ɮתɦWIoܦnΰڡI MաApGAwgŪFѲĤTgBASHΪkAAN|o{ yzIܼƯuO@Ӭ۷nΪFoIz IݤASYAĤTgͨbashAI

• LinuxɮצW٪G

ѩLinuxbrU@ǫOާ@YA@ӻAAb]wLinuxUɮצWٮɡA ̦niHקK@ǯSrnIҦpUoǡG

* ? > < ; & ! [ ] | \ ' " ` ( ) { }

]oDzŸbrUAOSNqIt~AɮצW٪}YpIy.zɡA Noɮ׬yɡzIPɡAѩOUFA``|ϥΨ -option ﶵA ҥHA̦n]קKNɮɦW}YH - + өRWڡI

]QLinuxӶ}o~distributionss/qPӤHbӦhFA pGCӤHΦۤvQkӰtmɮשmؿANiyܦh޲zWxZC AQAAiJ@ӥ~AұIJ쪺LinuxؿtmkMAHeǪPܡH QaҥHAӴNҿתFilesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)зǪXlFI

ھFHS(http://www.pathname.com/fhs/)xXA L̪DnتOƱϥΪ̥iHAѨww˳nq`m󨺭ӥؿUA ҥHĻƱWߪn}oӡB@~tλs@̡BHηQn@tΪϥΪ̡A`FHSзǡC ]NOAFHSIbWdCӯSwؿUӭnmˤlƦӤwC o˰nBD`hA]Linux@~tδNbJU(ؿ[c)oiX}o̷QnWSC

ƹWAFHSOھڹLhg@A򪺧睊AFHS̾ɮרtΨϥΪWcP_PO_\ϥΪHNʡA ӱNؿwq|إ椬@ΪκAAΪӻIUoˡG

WؿNO@ǥNʪؿAӥؿUҩmƦbU|ͨAo̥L͡C ڭ̭nAѪOAO|H

• iɪGiHɵLtαϥΪؿAҥH]AɻPϥΪ̪l󵥸ơA OɵWLDΪؿF
  
  
• iɪGۤvWB@˸mɮשΪ̬OP{Ǧsocketɮ׵A ѩȻPۨAҥHMNAXɵLDFC
  
  
• ܪGǸƬO|g`ܰʪAHdistributionӤܰʡC Ҧp祃wB󻡩ɡBtκ޲zҺ޲zDAȳ]wɵF
  
  
• iܰʪGg`ܪơAҦpnɡB@Τiۦ榬sDsյC

ƹWAFHSwؿ[cȩwqXThؿUөmƦӤwAOOUoTӥؿwqG

• / (root, ڥؿ)GP}tΦF
• /usr (unix software resource)GPnw/榳F
• /var (variable)GPtιB@L{C

nwqXoThؿOHONqIChؿUӭnmؿ]SSwWwI ѩڭ̩|Ч㪺LinuxtΡAҥHUЧAi|ݤISYAӷYiA pN¦gݧANYN¦gAݤ@MIɭԧAN|ŵM}԰աI^_^

• ڥؿ (/) NqPeG

ڥؿOӨtγ̭n@ӥؿA]ҦؿOѮڥؿlͥXӪA Pڥؿ]P}/٭/tέ״_ʧ@C ѩtζ}ɻݭnSw}nB֤ɮסB}һݵ{B 祃wɮ׸ơAYtΥX{~ɡAڥؿ]n]t״_ɮרtΪ{~C ]ڥؿOo򪺭nAҥHbFHSnD譱ALƱڥؿnbD`jμѤA ]Vjμѩp|JVhơAp@ӮڥؿҦbμѴNi|hoͿ~|C

]FHSзǫijGڥؿ(/)ҦbμӶVpVnA Bε{Ҧw˪n̦nnPڥؿbP@ӤμѤAOڥؿVpVnC pįΡAڥؿҦbɮרtΤ]eoͰDC

ŲWzA]FHSwqXڥؿ(/)UӭnUoǦؿsb~nG

ƹWFHSwڥؿҩwqзǴNȦWNNALڭ̪LinuxU٦\hؿA]ݭnAѤ@UC UOXӦbLinux]OD`nؿG

Foǥؿe~At~n`NOA]ڥؿP}A}L{Ȧڥؿ|QA LμѫhOb}~|򪺶i汾欰CNO]pA]ڥؿUP}L{ؿA NPڥؿ줣PμѥhIǥؿiPڥؿ}OHUoǡG

• /etcG]w
• /binGn
• /devGһݭn˸mɮ
• /libGɩһݪ祃wP֤ߩһݪҲ
• /sbinGntΰ

oӥؿdUiPڥؿ}bPμѡIЭIUӰڡI nFAͧFڥؿAUӧڭ̴Nӽͽ/usrH/varoI/usr̭ǤFG

• /usr NqPeG

̾FHS򥻩wqA/usr̭mݩiɪPiܰʪ(shareable, static)A pGADpzLiμѪ(ҦpbAg|ͨ쪺NFSA)A/usrTiHɵϰLDӨϥγI

ܦhŪ̳|~|/usruserYgAusrOUnix Software ResourceYgA ]NOyUnix@~tγn귽zҩmؿAӤOϥΪ̪ưաIoIn`NC FHSijҦn}o̡AӱNL̪ƦXzOmoӥؿUؿAӤnۦإ߸ӳnۤvWߪؿC

]OҦtιw]n(distributionoG̴Ѫn)|m/usrUA]oӥؿIWindows tΪyC:\Windows\ (@) + C:\Program files\zoӥؿXAtέw˧ɡAoӥؿ|γ̦hwЮeqC@ӻA/usrؿijUoǡG

• /var NqPeG

pG/usrOwˮɷ|θjwЮeqؿA/varNObtιB@~|εwЮeqؿC ]/varؿDnw`AܰʪɮסA]A֨(cache)Bn(log file)HάYdznB@ҲͪɮסA ]A{ɮ(lock file, run file)AΪ̨ҦpMySQLƮwɮ׵C`ؿG

ijbAŪӰ¦gAiHDFHSx^(ѦҥѦҸ)A۫H|ALinux@~tΪؿ`JAѳI

• wFHSAUadistributionsP

ѩFHSȬOwqX̤Wh(/)Φh(/usr, /var)ؿeӭnmɮשΥؿơA ]AbLؿhŤANiHH}o̦ۦӰtmFC|ҨӻACentOS]wƩb /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ ؿUAOSuSEhONmb /etc/sysconfig/network/ ؿUAؿW٥iOPOILunOjPFHSзǡAtʨ꦳աI

t~AbLinuxUAҦɮ׻PؿOѮڥؿ}lIOҦؿPɮתY MA@Ӥ@ӪUӡAIOKڡ]Aڭ̤]ٳoإؿtm觋Gyؿ(directory tree)z oӥؿ𦳤SʩOHLDnSʦG

• ؿ𪺱ҩlIڥؿ (/, root)F
• C@ӥؿϥΥaݪ partition ɮרtΡA]iHϥκW filesystem C|ҨӻA iHQ Network File System (NFS) AYSwؿC
• C@ɮצbؿ𤤪ɦW(]t|)OW@LGC

nAͧFFHSзǤAڨӬݬCentOSbڥؿU|ˤlƧaIڭ̥iHUFHUOӬdߡG

[root@www ~]# ls -l /
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Sep  5 12:34 bin
drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  1024 Sep  4 18:06 boot
drwxr-xr-x  12 root root  4320 Sep 22 12:10 dev
drwxr-xr-x 105 root root 12288 Sep 22 12:10 etc
drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  4096 Sep  5 14:08 home
drwxr-xr-x  14 root root  4096 Sep  5 12:12 lib
drwx------   2 root root 16384 Sep  5 01:49 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Mar 30  2007 media
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     0 Sep 22 12:09 misc
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Mar 30  2007 mnt
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     0 Sep 22 12:09 net
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Mar 30  2007 opt
dr-xr-xr-x  95 root root     0 Sep 22  2008 proc
drwxr-x---   4 root root  4096 Sep  8 14:06 root
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 12288 Sep  5 12:33 sbin
drwxr-xr-x   4 root root     0 Sep 22  2008 selinux
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Mar 30  2007 srv
drwxr-xr-x  11 root root     0 Sep 22  2008 sys
drwxrwxrwt   6 root root  4096 Sep 22 12:10 tmp
drwxr-xr-x  14 root root  4096 Sep  4 18:00 usr
drwxr-xr-x  26 root root  4096 Sep  4 18:19 var

W椤SӬO/selinuxoӥؿFAoӥؿeƤ]ObO餤TA P˪|Υ󪺵wЮeqCo/selinuxOSecure Enhance Linux(SELinux)ؿA SELinuxOLinux֤ߪn~\ध@ALiHΨӧ@ӳvޡADnw{(רO{)svӭC SELinuxڭ̷|b򪺳`~򰵤ЪI

pGڭ̱NӥؿHϥܪkܡAåBNnɮ׸ƦCXӪܡAؿ[cIoˡG

3.2.1Bؿ[cܷN

uNUؿi²檺AݬݴNnAԲӪЦ^軡椤hd\I ݧFFHSзǤA{b^ĤṰhݬݦw˫eLinuxWαpA 쬰ݭnάo˪pAIQkFܡH^_^CھFHSwqAp̦nN/varWߥXӡA o˹tΪ٦@ǦwʪO@OI]ܤ/varɡAAڥؿٷ|۹I ٯiJϴҦڡI

FݭnSO`NFHSؿtm~AbɦWڭ̤]nSO`NI]ھɦWgkPA]iNҿת|(path)wq|(absolute)P۹|(relative)C oɦW/|gk̾ڬOo˪G

• |GѮڥؿ(/)}lg_ɦWΥؿW١A Ҧp /home/dmtsai/.bashrcF
• ۹|G۹ثe|ɦWgkC Ҧp ./home/dmtsai ../../home/dmtsai/ Cϥ}YO / Nݩ۹|gk

ӧAnAѡA۹|OHyAeҦb|۹mzӪܪC|ҨӻAAثeb /home oӥؿUA pGQniJ /var/log oӥؿɡAiHgOH

1. cd /var/log   (absolute)
2. cd ../var/log (relative)

]Ab /home UAҥHn^W@h (../) A~~ /var ӲʪI SO`NoӯSؿG

• .  GNeؿA]iHϥ ./ ӪܡF
• .. GNW@hؿA]iH ../ ӥNC

o . P .. ؿOܭnAA``|ݨ cd .. ./command OUF觋A NONW@hPثeҦbؿu@AIܭnoI

YǮɨAiQnDA distribution ϥΪO Linux з (Linux Standard Base)A ӥBڭ̤]D distribution ϥΪO Linux ֤ߡIAp[oǰ򥻪TOH iHϥΦpUO[ݬݰաG

[root@www ~]# uname -r
2.6.18-128.el5 <==iHݹڪ֤ߪ
[root@www ~]# lsb_release -a
LSB Version:    :core-3.1-amd64:core-3.1-ia32:core-3.1-noarch:graphics-3.1-amd64:
graphics-3.1-ia32:graphics-3.1-noarch      <==LSB 
Distributor ID: CentOS
Description:    CentOS release 5.3 (Final) <==distribution 
Release:        5.3
Codename:       Final