qզAAiH[AWqR@UḀ~[ӻoåDnTG

• J椸G]ALBƹBŪdByBgOBIJù@F
• DGoӴNOtγ椸AQD߫O@FA̭t CPU PDO鵥F
• X椸GҦpùBL

ڭ̥DnzLJ]ƦpƹPLӱN@ǸƿJḒAMAѥD\BzϪΤ峹TA NGǿX]ơApùΦLWCIbḒt򤸥OHpGAg}LqDߡA |o{Ḓ̭nNO@DOAWwFBz (CPU) HΥDO٦@Ǥd˸mӤwC

㳡DIb󤤥Bz (Central Processing Unit, CPU)ACPU @Ө㦳Sw\઺A YtLOApGAQnDi椰S\ANonѦҳo CPU O_تLO~iHC ѩ CPU u@Dnb޲zPBA]b CPU SiӥDn椸AOOG ޿椸P椸C(1) 𫟺޿椸Dntd{BP޿P_A椸hDnbզUP䤸PU椸u@C

JM CPU IObiBPP_AnQBPP_ƬOq̨ӪH CPU ŪƳOqDOӪI DO馎ƫhOqJ椸ҶǿiӡI CPU BzƤ]ng^DO餤A ̫Ƥ~qDOǿX椸C

XWһAڭ̷|DqOѴXӳ椸ҲզA]AJ椸B X椸BCPU椸B޿椸PDOjC ʦpUҥܡG

1.1.2Bqj椸(2)

Wϥܤytγ椸zNOqߤDnAӭIbCPUPDOC SOnݪOuǿVA򥻤WƳOygLDOAXhI ܩƷ|yi/yXOhOCPUҵoGROICPUڭnBzƫhӦ۩DOI oOӫܭnI

ӥѤWϥܧڭ̤]ાDAҦ椸OCPU椸ӭtdժA]CPUOӹqtΪ̭nI ثe@ɤWǥDyCPUOHO_ڭ̽ͨ쪺w馎OۦPCPUOHUڭ̴Nӽͤ@͡C

peLACPUꤺwgt@ǤpOAڭ̩ҨϥΪn鳣ngLCPULOӹF~C oǫO]pDnSQس]pzAoNOثe@ɤW`쪺إDnCPUG OO²O(RISC)PO(CISC)tΡCUڭ̴NӽͽͳoؤPCPUtoI

---

• ²O(Reduced Instruction Set Computer, RISC)G(3)

oCPU]pALO²ACӫOɶܵuAʧ@]ܳ¡AOįΡF OYnƱANnѦhӫOӧC`RISCLOCPUDnҦp@(Sun)qSPARCtCB IBMqPower Architecture(]APowerPC)tCBPARMtCC

bΤ譱ASPARC[cq`ΩdzN쪺ju@A]AȦtDnA]oq[cF ܩPowerPC[cΤWAҦpsO(Sony)qXPlay Station 3(PS3)NOϥPowerPC[cCellBzF ARMOHA`ϥΪUtPBPDABɯtΡB](洫BѾ)AXGOϥARM[cCPUI ѹ껡Aثe@ɤWϥνd̼sCPUiNOARMOI (4)

---

• O(Complex Instruction Set Computer, CISC)G(5)

PRISCPACISCbLOCӤpOiH@ǸCwާ@AOƥئhӥBA COרäۦPC]OҥHCOOɶA CӧOOiHBzu@״IC`CISCLOCPUDnAMDBIntelBVIAx86[cCPUC

ѩAMDBIntelBVIAҶ}oXӪx86[cCPUQjqϥΩӤHq(Personal computer)γ~WA ]AӤHq`Q٬x86[cqI٬x86[c(6)OH oO]̦InteloiXӪCPUN٬8086AӨ̦[cS}oX80286, 80386...A ]oج[cCPUNQ٬x86[cFC

b2003~HeIntelҶ}ox86[cCPU8줸ɯŨ16B32줸AAMD̦[cקs@NCPU64줸A FϧO̪tA]64줸ӤHqCPUSQκ٬x86_64[cI

򤣦Px86[cCPUtOHFCPU鹊c(pĤGh֨BCB@i檺OƵ)~A DnObLOPCsx86CPUjhtܥiLOA oǷLOiH[thC{B@A][jƪįAӥBYǷLOW[෽IJvA CPUӹqqCOIѩqOVӶVAʶRqɡAF骺įध~A `ٹqCPUS]iHҼ{I

DG ̷sIntel/AMDx86[cAЬdߥXhCBơBٹq\UǭnLOH(ȨѰѦ) G hCLOGMMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSE4, AMD-3DNow! ƷLOGIntel-VT, AMD-SVM ٹq\GIntel-SpeedStep, AMD-PowerNow! 64/32줸ۮe޳NGAMD-AMD64, Intel-EM64T

榳CPU]LkB@qAҥHqٻݭnLP]Ƥ~ڹB@C FeyL쪺J/X]ơAHCPUPDO𫗪~A٦P]ƩOH ̭nP]ƬODOI]DOtdNҦ]Ƴqqsb@_AҦ]ƯiջPqC ӥDOW̭nNODOաIoӴեiHNҦ]ƶ׶b@_I

Ln]٦G

• xs˸mGxs˸m]AwСBnСBСBϱaF
• ܸ˸mGܥd3DCӻOD`n@ALPܪoסBmPѪR׳YF
• ˸mGSUhڡIҥHdqӻ]O۷nI

ԲӪUP˸mڭ̱NbUӤp`i椶СIbo̧ڭ̥AѤ@UUYoI NOAqOpB@OH

pGOAѹqB@y{A²檺QkӫҦnF ]qO@ӤHACӤ쨺ӦaOHiHo˫ҡG

1.4.1BUB@

• CPU=UʤlGCӤH|@Ʊ@(LOt)A DnOzLUʤlӶiP_PUʡF
  
  
• DO=UO϶GbڬʹL{Aڭ̪UʤlN~ɪʼȮɰO_ӡA CPUӶiP_F
  
  
• w=UOа϶GNnưO_ӡAHKӱNoǭngAϥΡF
  
  
• DO=gtΡGnHg@ˡANҦns_ӡA]A}ʳOUʤloGROA zLg(DO)Ǿɵ}Ӷi次ʰڡI
  
  
• UP]=HP~ɷqB}BֽBGNn}@AOHP~ɤʪnI
  
  
• ܥd=UvGNӦ۲EনvTbUe{AҥHܥdҲͪƨӷ]OCPUC
  
  
• q (Power)=ŦGҦnB@onqOѵ~IoqOѵNnŦ@ˡApGŦOA ]NLkʼuIŦíwOHAMi__򪺡㤣íwI

ѳo˪YϷAڭ̪DӬʤ̭nNOUʤlI ӸUʤlP{bbi檺u@NOCPUPDOI~ɪIJnѸUʤlDOOUӡA MᵹUCPU̾ڳoǸƶiP_AAoGROUөP]ơIpGݭnΨLhgA NoѹLhg(w)ŪoI

]NOAӤH̭naNOUʤlAP˪A㳡ḒnNOCPUPDOA CPUƨӷqqӦ۩DOApGnѹLhgӧP_ƱɡA ]nNg(w)ثeO(DO)AACPUӧP_IoIonAjհڡI Uӳ`Aڭ̴Nثe`ӤHqUӤӶi满oI

DFq򥻲զPP˸mA]DqCPUD`hAAӧڭ̷QnAѪOAqpH qD`hءApGHq׻PBOiܡADniHoXG

• WŹq(Supercomputer)
  WŹqOB@t׳̧֪qAOL@Bާ@OΤ]̰IDnOΩݭntp⪺peC ҦpG꨾xơBHwBӪŬޡAΦbhCԱ]iHѦҡG atPp⤤http://www.nchc.org.twСI ܩ@ɳֳ̧te500jWŹqAhаѦҡGhttp://www.top500.orgC
  
  
• jq(Mainframe Computer)
  jqq`]㦳ƭӰtCPUA\WζWŹqA]iΨӳBzjqƻPBC Ҧpj~DBʪҨҵCѻݭnBzƦʸUƪ~cA Ϊ̬Oj~ƮwAC
  
  
• gAq(Minicomputer)
  gAqOjqPɤ䴩hϥΪ̪SʡAODiHb@@~ҡA eӤjqݭnSŽճҡCq`Ψӧ@ǬsBu{RPuty{޲zC
  
  
• u@(Workstation)
  u@SgAqKy\hAOwSγ~ӳ]pqCbӤHqį٨SɨثepeA u@qʯ/OҦqΪA]bdzNsPu{R譱۷`C
  
  
• Lq(Microcomputer)
  SiH٬ӤHqA]Oڭ̳o̥DnQؼСIn̤pA̧CA\٬OŦѥI jPSiWBOC

YHįӻAثeӤHqįwg֤FAƦܤwgu@ťHWqBt٭n֡I Ou@qjժOíwAåBBL{nTA]u@HWŪqb]pɪҶqPӤHqäۦPաI o]Oԣu@ťHWӤHqQ]C

qBOOѳtרӨMwAӦsbqxs]ƷƮeq]O쪺C

---

• eq

q̦SqqӰOTAҥHzפWu{ 0 P 1 ӤwC0/1 ڭ̺٬ bitC bit bӤpFA åBbxsƮɨC²檺Ƴ|ϥΨ 8 bits jpӰOA]wqX byte oӳAL̪YG

1 Byte = 8 bits

LP˪AByte ٬OӤpFAbjeqpUAϥ byte ۷eP_ƪjpA|ҨӻA1000000 bytes o˪ܤ觋AݱoXXӹsܡHҥHӴN@DZ`²ƳܪkAҦp K N 1024AM N 1024K C ӳodzbPiUPƭȪܡAUNCX`PiG

i	K	M	G	T	P
Gi	1024	1024K	1024M	1024G	1024T
Qi	1000	1000K	1000M	1000G	1000T

@ӻAɮ׮eqϥΪOGi쪺觋AҥH 1 GBytes ɮפjpڤWG1024x1024x1024 Bytes ojI t׳h`ϥΤQiAҦp 1GHz NO 1000x1000x1000 Hz NC

---

• t׳

CPUBtױ`ϥ MHz Ϊ̬O GHz Ao Hz NO@CӦbǿ譱AѩϥΪO bit A]`ϥΪ쬰 Mbps O Mbits per secondAYOCh MbitC|ҨӻAja`ť쪺 8M/1M ADSL ǿtסApGনɮ׮eq byte ɡAz׳̤jǿȬGC 1Mbyte/ C125KbyteU/WǮeqI

DG ]AʶRF500GBwФ@AO榡ƧouѤU460GBkeqAoO]H G ]@wлsyӷ|ϥΤQi쪺AҥH500GByteN500*1000*1000*1000ByteNC নɮתeqɨϥΤGi(1024)AҥHN466GBkeqFC wмtӨëDnFHAuO]wЪ̤pzq512BytesA̤pզ쬰ϰ(sector)A q`wЮeqpĥΡyh֭sectorzAҥH~|ϥΤQiӳBzCwиTbo@᭱|쪺I

pP޹ťDOܷNW̤W𫍧ANOCPUѡC ѩCPUtdjqBA]CPUq`O㦳۷oqCҥHpGAg}LDOA ӴN|ݨCPUWYq`|w@ӥDʴC

x86ӤHqCPUDnӬIntelPAMDAثe(2009)DyCPUO֥HW[cFI 쥻֤CPUȦ@ӹB椸Aҿתh֤߫hOb@CPUʸ˷OJFӥHWB֤ߡA ²檺ANO@ӹ骺CPU~ߤAtӥHWCPU椸NOFC

PCPUjh㦳P}(CPUW})AftDOդ]PA ҥHAQnNADɯŮɡAuҼ{CPUAAٱondNADOWҤ䴩CPUI MRF̷sCPU]wbA¥DOWYIثeDyCPUIntelCore 2 DuoPAMDAthlon64 X2CPUA ~hIntelCore i7 PAMDPhenom II |֤CPUI

2.1.4BPCPU}

ڭ̫eͨCPUtLOAPLO|ɭPCPUu@IJvuHCFoI~A CPUį઺٦OHNOCPUɯߤFIOɯߩOH²檺A ɯߴNOCPUCiHi檺u@C ҥHɯ߶VܳoCPUɶiH@hƱC|ҨӻAIntelCore 2 DuoE8400CPUɯ߬3.0GHzA ܳoCPUb@iHi3.0x10⁹u@ACu@iHiּƪOB@NC

`NAPCPUªHɯߨӧP_BįIoO]CCPULOۦPA[c]o@ˡA Cɯ߯i檺u@OƤ]PGIҥHAɯߥثeȯΨӤPCPUtסI

---

• CPUy~WzPyWz

ڭ̥iHݨ2.1.1[cUӤ󳣬OzL_Pnҳsb@_C N@sH@PbBz@ӳs@~@ApGo@sH̭ӤHʧ@SO֩ίSOCA NɭPeΪ̬O᭱HƱ@BzI]NOAo@sH̦ntפ@PΡI ҥHACPUP~U󪺳tײzפWӭn@P~nCO]CPUݭnjjBOA ]ܦhP_PƾdzObCPUBzA]CPU}oӴNbCPUA[W@ӥ[t\A ҥHCPUҿת~WPWI

ҿת~WOCPUP~iƶǿɪtסAWhO CPU Ψӥ[tu@į઺@ӭơA ̬ۭ~OCPUɯ߳tCڭ̥HIntel Core 2 Duo E8400 CPUӻALɯ߬O3.0GHzA ӥ~WO333MHzA]WNO9oI(3.0G=333Mx9, 𫟺1G=1000M)

ܦhqw骱aܳwyWWzAҿתWWOG NCPUWΪ̬O~WzLDO]w\令Wv@ؤ觋C]CPUWq`bXtɤwgQwӵLkקA ]`QWW~WC
|ҨӻAWz3.0GHzCPUpGQnWWA iHNL~W333MHzվ㦨400MHzAp@ӾӥDOUӤ󪺹B@Wviೣ|QW[쥻1.333(4/3)A MCPUiiHF3.6GHzAo]WvëD`tסAGi|yDC

---

• 32줸P64줸

eͨCPUB⪺ƳOѥDO鸪ѪADOPCPUqt׾aO~WvA Cu@iHǰeƶqhjOHNO׬yƪ\FC@DOզ_PnA _׬yƺ٬tζ׬yơA]OOǿ骺DnqDAҥHt׸֡C nNOҿתJX(I/O)׬yADnbpôwСBUSBBdP]ơC

ثe_Ҥ䴩WviF333/400/533/800/1066/1333/1600MHzPWvA䴩p̴ե\ӦPC _Ҥ䴩Wvڭ̺٬eݶ׬yƳt(Front Side Bus, FSB)A ӨCǰe줸ƫhO׬yƼeסC ҿת׬yWehOGyFSBx׬yƼeסzYCiǰe̤jƶqC ثe`׬yƼeצ32/64줸(bits)C

Ӧp 2.1.1ϥܡAbӬ[ceݶ׬yƳ̰tץiF1600MHzC ڭ̬ݨOP_We12.8GBytes/sAYO1600MHz*64bits = 1600MHz*8Bytes = 12800MByes/s = 12.8GBytes/s

P׬yƼe׬ۦACPUCBzƶq٬rդjp(word size)A rդjp̾CPU]pӦ32줸P64줸Cڭ̲{bҺ٪qO3264줸DnO̾ڳo CPUѪRrդjpӨӪI32줸CPUA]CPUCѪRƶqA ]ѥDOǨӪƶqNҭFCo]ɭP32줸CPU̦hu䴩̤j4GBytesOC

rդjpP׬yƼe׬OiHPI|ҨӻAbPentium ProɥNACPUO32줸BzA ɪեiH]pX64줸׬yƼeסCbo˪[cUڭ̳q`٬OHCPUrդjpӺ٩IӬ[cC ӤHq64줸CPUO2003~AMD Athlon64~X{C

---

• CPU

ѩx86[cCPUbIntelPentiumtC(1993~)NΤ@}P]pAFNPCPUWdšA ҥHNi386,i586,i686WX{FC򥻤WAbIntel Pentium MMXPAMD K6~NCPU٬i586šA Intel CeleronPAMD Athlon(K7)~N᪺32줸CPUN٬i686šC ܩثe64줸CPUhκ٬x86_64šC

ثeܦh{CPŲΤƪ]pAU@ѧAo{@ǵ{O686CPUϥήɡA NnNLw˦b586HUŪqA_hiO|Lkӳn骺I LAb686ˬOiHw386nI]NOAoǪF㦳VUۮeOաI

pP2.1.3B޹ťDOܷNkW赓|ڴѡANODO骺ѤFC DO鴡Ѥq`Ӭ_NӴѵyLӤZA o˪]piHϥΪ̦bw˥DOɡAܩe}w~AO@بb]pC

eCPUҨϥΪƳOӦ۩DO(main memory)A׬On{٬OơAnŪJDOCPU~QΡC ӤHqDODn󬰰ʺAHsO(Dynamic Random Access Memory, DRAM)A HsOubqqɤ~OPϥΡA_qƴNFC]ڭ̤]ٳoRAMoʰOC

DRAMھڧ޳NsSnXNAӨϥΤWsxҿתSDRAMPDDR SDRAMءC oذO骺tOFb}Pu@qWP~ADDROҿתƶǰet(Double Data Rate)A LiHb@u@gi⦸ƪǰeAPıWNnOCPUWաI ҥHǿWv譱SDRAM٭nnCs@NPCjhϥDDROFC UCXSDRAMPDDR SDRAMPWvWeYC

SDRAM/DDR		Ƽe(bit)	~W(MHz)	Wvt	We(Wvxe)
SDRAM	PC100	64	100	100	800MBytes/sec
SDRAM	PC133	64	133	133	1064MBytes/sec
DDR	DDR266	64	133	266	2.1GBytes/sec
DDR	DDR400	64	200	400	3.2GBytes/sec
DDR	DDRII800	64	200	800	6.4GBytes/sec

DDR SDRAMS̾ڧ޳NoiADDR, DDRII, DDRIIIA𫟺ADDRII WvƫhO 4 I

DO髬DPCPUδզAҥHDOBCPUPObʶRɭԥnҼ{ʳC äODOiHwDDR IIIOOI

DO鲥FWv/WePݭnҼ{~AO骺eq]OܭnI ]ҦƳonJO~QCPUPŪApGOeqjܱN|ɭPYǤjeqƵLkQ㪺JA ɤwsbOȮɨSQϥΨ쪺ƥnQAϱoiΰOeqjӸơAsƤ~QJOI ҥHAq`VjONVֳttΡAoO]tΤα``@ǰO馎ơC HAӻADO骺eqɤCPUt٭nӪnI

---

• qD]p

ѩҦƳnsbDOAҥHDO骺Ƽe׷MOVjVnC DzΪ׬yƼeפ@jȹF64줸AFn[joӼeסA]ռtӴNNӥDOJb@_A pG@OiF64줸AONiHF128줸FAoNOqD]pzC

pWҭzAnҥqD\Anw(Υ|)DOAoO̦ns@Ҥ@ˤnA oO]ҰqDO\ɡAƬOPBgJ/ŪXo@DO餤Ap~ɾ骺WeڡI ҥHMFeqjpn@P~A]̦nۦPաI

ASo{ 2.1.3B޹ťDOܷNW|ڰO鴡ѪCOHO_CAB⦨H no˳]pHXӤFܡHOաIoC⪺]pNOFqDӪInҰqD\ɡA AnNڮeqۦPDO鴡bۦPC⪺ѷI

---

• CPUɯ߻PDO骺Y

zפWACPUPDO骺~WӭnۦP~nCLA]޳N譱ɡA]o̪Wvtפ|ۦPA ~WhӬO@PΡC|ҨӻAW쪺Intel E8400 CPU~W333MHzAhӿDDR II 667oӫA ]ӰO髬~W333MHzGI

---

• DRAMPSRAM

FDO𫗪~AƹW㳡ӤHq٦\\hhOsbI̬ڭ̩ҪNOCPUĤGh֨OC ڭ̲{bDCPUƳOѥDO鸪ѡADO骺Ʋogѥ_eCPUC pGYǫܱ`Ϊ{θƥiHmCPUܡACPUƪŪNݭnzL_FI įӻNiHjjɤFHoNOĤGh֨]pCĤGh֨PDOCPUYpUϩҥܡG

2.2.1BO

]ĤGh֨(L2 cache)XCPUA]oL2O骺tץnCPUɯ߬ۦPC ϥDRAMOLkFoӮɯ߳tתAɴNݭnRAHsO(Static Random Access Memory, SRAM)FC SRAMb]pWϥΪqƶqhAABjeqALѩtק֡A ]XCPU֨OH[ָƪsOӤ觋Is@NCPUخeqL2֨bCPUA H[CPUB@įC

---

• ŪO(ROM)

DOWOD`hAӨCӤ󪺰ѼƤS㦳iվʡC|ҨӻACPUPO骺ɯ߬Oiվ㪺F ӥDOWpGتdΪ̬OܥdɡAӥ\O_nҰʻPӥ\઺UѼơA OQODOWY@Ӻ٬CMOSWAoӴݭnǵB~qӵoO\A o]OADOW|@qtGC

CMOSƦpŪPsOHٰOoAqb}ɭԥiHU[Del]ӶiJ@ӦWBIOSeaH BIOS(Basic Input Output System)O@M{AoM{OgDOW@ӰO鴹A oӰO鴹bSqqɤ]NưOUӡANOŪO(Read Only Memory, ROM)C ROMO@ثDoʪOCt~ABIOSӤHqӻOD`nA ]LOtΦb}ɭԭ|hŪ@Ӥp{I

t~A(firmware)(7)ܦh]OϥROMӶin骺gJC 鹳n@ˤ]O@ӳQqҰ檺{AMӥLOw馎Ө[nCҦpBIOSNO@ӶA BIOSMڭ̤`ާ@qtΨSӤjYAOLo۶}ɦUwѼƪoI ҥHڭ̷|DܦhwWY|ROMӼgJoӳnC

BIOS qtΨOD`nA]LxFtεw骺ԲӸTP}]ƪܵCOqoitפӧ֤FA ] BIOS {X]iݭn@Aתק~AҥHA~|bܦhDOx BIOS s{ڡIO BIOS 쥻ϥΪOLkg ROM A]ڥLkץ BIOS {XIA{b BIOS q`OgJְ{O (flash) EEPROM (8) C(9)

ܥdѦpP 2.1.3B޹ťDOܷNҥܡAObѡI oiDOѤFܥdѳI

ܥdS٬VGA(Video Graphics Array)ALϧμvܧt۷䪺C @ϧμvܭIbѪR׻Pm`סA]CӹϹܪC|αOA ]ܥdW|@ӰO骺eqAoܥdOeqN|vT̲קAùѪR׻Pm`תI

FܥdO𫗪~A{bѩTתŶC(3D game)P@3DʵeyA]ܥdyBOzVӶVnC @3DB⦭O浃CPUhB@AOCPUëDwo3DӶi]pAӥBCPUɤwgD`LFOI ҥHܥdtӪbܥdWOJ@3D[tAoNOҿתGPUٿתѨӡC

ܥdDn]OzL_PCPUBDO鵥qCpe쪺Aϧμv(רO3DC)ӻA ܥd]OݭntB⪺@ӤAҥHƪǿ]OVֶVnI]ܥdWѦPCIɦVAGPA AGPSQPCI-ExpressWҨNFCpe޹ťDOϥܷݨ쪺NOPCI-ExpressѡC oǴѳ̤jtNObƶǿ骺WeFIpUҥܡG

W	e	t	We
PCI	32 bits	33 MHz	133 MBytes/s
PCI 2.2	64 bits	66 MHz	533 MBytes/s
PCI-X	64 bits	133 MHz	1064 MBytes/s
AGP 4x	32 bits	66x4 MHz	1066 MBytes/s
AGP 8x	32 bits	66x8 MHz	2133 MBytes/s
PCIe x1	L	L	250 MBytes/s
PCIe x8	L	L	2 GBytes/s
PCIe x16	L	L	4 GBytes/s

SOAPCIe(PCI-Express)ϥΪO޽uӳBzAC޽uiH㦳250MBytes/sWeįA ޽uVj(̤jiFx32)h`WeVIثeܥdjhϥx16PCIeWAoӳWܤ֥iHF4GBytes/sWeI _AGPO֫ܦhI~AsPCIe 2.0W]wgXFAoӳWSiNCӺ޽uįണɤ@OI niȪǿq....

pGADOΨӥ3DCAܥdʬOD`nIpGADOΨӰAA ²檺JܥdADӻND`ΤFI]Aܤ֥Ψ3DPϧμv\C

DG ]Aୱϥ1024x768ѪRסABϥΥm(Cӹ3byteseq)AаݧAܥdܤֻݭnhְO~ϥγo˪mסH G ]1024x768ѪRפ|786432ӹACӹ3bytesAҥH`@ݭn2.25MBytesHW~I pGҼ{ùsv(Cùs)AܥdO٬OVjVnI

q`OݭnOPŪƪAӳoǸƷMiCѨϥΪ̸gLLӥrIҥHNݭnxs]ƫC qtΤWxs]ƥ]AGwСBnСBMOBCDBDVDBϱaBH(ְ{O)B٦s@NťоA Dܩjϰxs](SAN, NAS)AOiHΨxsƪCӨ𫟺̱`ӴNOwФFaI

---

• wЪzզ

jaӳݹLwЧaIwШ̾ڮWPOqӦ3.5T2.5TjpCڭ̥H3.5TWqϥεwШӻC bwв̭O\\hhκϺнLBuB ϺŪYPDbFҲզAӤpPUϩҥܡG

2.4.1BwЪzcy(Ϥۺʬ)

ڪƳOgb㦳ϩʪ𫍧ϺнLWYAŪgDnOzLbuWŪY(head)ӹFC ڹB@ɡA DbFϺнLʡAMuiiŪYbϺнLWYiŪgʧ@C t~Aѩ@ϺнLeqA]wФ|ӥHWϺнLI

---

• ϺнLW

JMƳOgJϺнLWYAϺнLWYƤSOpgJOH ϺнLWYƦIUϥܩҥܡG

2.4.2BϺнLWƮ榡

ӺϺнLWYnhӦP߶øsXιϡAӥѶߥHg觋ΥXϺЪ̤pxsANOϰ(Sector)A bzզACӺϰϤjp512BytesAoӭȬO|ܪCӺϰϲզ@ӶNϭy(track)A pGObhЪwФWAbҦϺнLWP@ӺϭyiHզ@ӺϬW(Cylinder)A ϬW]O@ڭ̤εwЮɪ̤pFI

bpӵwЪxsqɡA²檺p⤽NOGyheaderƶq * CheadertdϬWƶq * CӺϬWҧtϰϼƶq * ϰϪeqzA촫⬰yheader * cylinder/header * secter/cylinder * 512bytes/secterzA²檺gkpUG Head x Cylinder x Sector x 512 BytesC Ln`NOA@wлsyӦbܵwЪeqɡAjhOHQiӽsA]⪺500GBwСA zפWȷ|460GByteskeqI

---

• ǿ馉

ѩǿtתݨDɡAثewлPDtΪpôDnXضǿ馉WG

2.4.3BڵwФ(䬰IDEAk䬰SATA)

• IDEG
  
  pP 2.1.3B޹ťDOϥܥkeҥܡANOIDEѡC IDEѩҨϥΪƽueACƽuWiHIDE˸mAѩiHӸ˸mAFPOӸ˸mD/q[cA ]oغϺоWݭnվw(Jump)Masterslave~Ioؤ̰ǿt׬Ultra 133WA YCz׶ǿtץiF133MBytesC
  
  
  2.4.4BIDE ƽu (ϥܨ Seagate )
  
  
• SATAG
  
  pP޹ťDOϥkUҥܬSATAwЪsѡC ڭ̥iHݨӴѭnIDEpܦhACSATAsuȯ౵@SATA˸mCSATAFt׸֤~A ѩƽuӤpҥHQDߤPwˡIثeSATAwgoiFĤGNA tץSATA-1C150MBytesɨSATA-2C300MBytesǿt׳A ]]ثeDyӤHqwФwgQSATANFCSATAѥܷNϦpUҥܡG
  
  
  2.4.5BSATA ƽu (ϥܨ Seagate )
  
  ѩSATA@ƽuȱ@wСAҥHpݭnվwCL@iDOWSATAѪƶqäOTwA BCӴѳsAbsSATAwлPDOɭԡA٬OݭndN@UC
  
  
• SCSIG
  
  t@ر`u@ťHWwжǿ馉SCSIAoؤwЦbWt@BzA ҥHFBtק֤~A]|ӶOCPU귽IbӤHqWoؤwФ`աI

---

• ʻPBභ

pGAQnW[@wЦbADYɡAFݭnҼ{ADOiѤ(IDE/SATA)~A ٦n`NOH

• eq
  q`nҶqNOeqDIثe(2009)DywЮeqwgF320GBHWAƦܦtӤwgͲF 2TB ~OIwХiiHO@خӫ~An`Nn٬Oo``ƥXӳI
  
  
• wİO
  wФWYt@ӽwİOAoӰODniHNwФ`ϥΪƧ֨_ӡAH[ttΪŪįC q`oӽwİOVjVnA]wİO骺t׭nƱqwнLQXӭn֪hFI ثeDy~iF16MBkOjpC
  
  
• t
  ]wХDnOQΥDbFʺϺнLӦsA]tֺC|vTįC DyWqwЬC7200AOqhO5400CtӤ]XF10000઺wСA Yį઺ƦsݨDAiHҼ{ʶRtwСC
  
  
• Bභ
  ѩwФuWYPwнLIJOܲӷLŶA pGݰʩΪ̬OżæbYPwнLN|yƪlΪ̬Owоӷl ]ATϥιq觋AӬObqqqAN藍nʥDAçKݰʨwСA ӾɭPӵwиƵoͰDڡIt~A]nHKNYޱNHOQI]unk^A ҥHϥΧ@~tΪ`觋A~nwЫOiڡI]L|wЪuk^ڡI

i]ҪYAq``|dǹЦӳy@nTCܦhBͥunťonTOGܤ yΤOXUߡzNSnF{bADFAo򰵪G``NOAwЮeaI UdUnAo˰oI

PCIdѴNpP2.1.3B޹ťDOܷNҥܪU诊ӥզ⪺ѡA oPCIѳq`|ѦhӵϥΪ̡ApGϥΪ̦B~ݭn\dA NwboPCIѤWC

ڭ̦beܥdyL͹LPCIAƹW۷hOϥPCI@ǿ骺A ҦpdBĥdBS\dCѩPCI ExpressW檺oiAܦhsyӳPCIe}owFC L٬OܦhwϥPCIաAҦpjW`dNO@ӡC

ثebӤHqW`쪺dO@غ٬AӺ(Ethernet)WAثeAӺdt׻PPNF10/100/1000 Mbits/secondtסAP˳tתAӺdҤ䴩зǥiणӤ@ˡA]ytOD`jC pGQnbADWw˷sdɡAonSO`NзǪtOI

ѩU󪺻檽A{bDOWq`wgXF۷h]ƤFI `XDO]AĥdBdBUSBdBܥdBϺа}CdC AiHbDOWo{ܦhΪAq`O@ǭӧO]ƴC ѩDOwgXFܦh`Ϊ\ഹAҥH{bDOWҦwPCIdN֫ܦhFI

DOiHO㳡D۷n@ӳA]Wڭ̩ҽͨ쪺Ҧ󳣬OwbDOWOI ӥDOWtdqUӤ󪺴NOաApP2.1.1BIntelչϥҥܡA Ϥڭ̤]iHo{դ@_PnI_tdCPU/RAM/VGAsAnhtdPCIPt׸CI/O˸mC

ѩ󴹤խtdҦ]ƪqAҥHƹW(רO_)]O@ӥi|oXqC ]bDOW`|o{@ǥ~pΪ̬OboմWCbҪDOϥܤA ޹ŨϥθOɺާ޳NA]AiHo{ϤnP_Wл\۶ɦ⪺A BsۼƮڶξɺޡADnNOFnC

---

• ե\

ҦմXGOѦCPUOhWACPUDOW]ۦPA]bsʶRΤɯťDɡACPUBDOBDOPP]ƳݭnPɦҼ{~ I~AC@شժ\iೣӬۦPA ձjժO\A]sܥdBġBXFAbo˪XA AXGunʶRCPUBDOBDOA[WwСANո˦@DFCLXįq`zA R3DCaHαjհįB⪺DӻANOoAXFC

ܩW߫Mi㦳įALAiॲnB~tP]ƪCoCoOI ҦpܥdBdBĥdCW߫դ]@w{תnBANOAiHHɩ⴫P]ơC

---

• ]I/O}PIRQ_qD

DOOtdUӹq󤧶qAOqbӦhFAX/J/Pxs˸mA DOի򪾹DptdqoHoӮɭԴNݭnΨҿתI/O}PIRQoI

I/O}ICӸ˸mPXACӸ˸mLۤv}A@ӻA঳Ӹ˸mϥΦP@I/O}A _htδN|oӦpB@oӸ˸mFCӰFI/O}~A٦IRQ_(Interrupt)oөNNC

pGI/O}QOU˸mPXܡAIRQNiHQOUӪPsl󤤤(CPU)M|oI U˸miHzLIRQ_qDӧiCPUӸ˸mu@pAHKCPUiu@tȡC ѦDOIRQu15ӡApGAP䤶ӦhɥiN|ΡA oӮɭԧAiHܱN@ǨSΨ쪺P䤶AHťX@IRQӵuݭnϥΪI MA]ҿתsharing IRQ޳NNOFI

---

• CMOSPBIOS

eO骺aڭ̦LCMOSPBIOS\Abo̧ڭ̦Aӱjդ@UG CMOSDn\ରODOWnѼơA ]AtήɶBCPUqPWvBU]ƪI/O}PIRQAѩoǸƪOnOqOA]DOW~qC BIOSgJDOWY@ flash EEPROM {ALiHb}ɭ԰AHJCMOSѼơA ùթIsxs˸m}{Ai@BiJ@~tηCBIOS{]iHקCMOSơA CإDOIsBIOS]w{䳣PA@Wq`Oϥ[del]iJBIOS]weC

---

• sP]ƪ

DOPUX/J]ƪsDnObDߪADnG

• PS/2GoO`LPƹALQUSBNͶաF
• USBGثe۷y檺@ӤA䴩HYΡC DyUSBUSB 2.0AoӳW檺tץiF480MbpsA۹蠟UUSB 1.1ȹF12MbpstܤjAʶRP]ƭn`NڡI Mcopy@ǸƨUSBwЮɡA|R....
• nXBJPJGoӬO@ǶΪաA ӥADOWحĴɡA~|oTӪFF
• RJ-45YGpGغܡAN|oرYX{C oرYIqܱYALKuIWuboӱYW|OG_~I
• LLɤG]AΨӳsƹEwǦC(com1)AHγsL25wæC(LPT1)C

ڭ̥H޹ťDOsӬݪܡADnoǡG

2.6.1BsP䤶

FWoǤ󤧥~A٦@ӫܭn]nӽͤ@͡ANOq(Power)C bAߤAӤjjKlAWYܦhqu|]XӡANOqFC ڭ̪CPU/RAM/DO/wеݭnιqAӪӪqӹqqVӶVAHeܥj230WqwgΤFA tάƦܱon500WHWq~B@uiȡ

qtD`jIQ@I300WiH4000 NTAKy@I300Wun500 NTI tohHS]PowerήƤPAqíwפ]|tܦhCpeҭzAq۷AŦA ŦtܡAʤON|FIҥHA íw׮tqƦܬOyqíwOIҥHAɶqnϥΤӮtqI

---

• ෽ഫv

q]|Y@qOIpGADtλݭn 300W qOɡA]q]|ӱ@qOA ]A̦nnD400WHWqCqXte|@ǴռƾڡA̦nDﰪഫvqC ҿתഫvOyX\v/J\vzCNOApADOιqq250WA Oqwgϥα320WqOAhഫvG250/320=0.78NC oӼƭȶVܳQqyzqOV֡ANŦX෽įqFI^_^

---

• s

ثeDOPqsDn20pinP24pinسWAʶRɤ]ݭnҼ{ADOһݭnWI

bʶRDӻݭni骺ҶqA̷ӬY@зǨӿʪC ѹ껡ApGAqݭn@AܡAijnۦոˡAR~PqAnI oO]ۦո˪qMKyAOC]ƤAXʬO_hݦۦ˴C

t~Abį譱ëDȦҶqCPUOӤwAtתֺCPytΪ̺Cӳ]ƦIzApGAOϥγֳ̧tIntel Core 2 DuoAϥγ̧֪DDR IIOA OtW@ӺCCLܥdA骺3Dt׮įN|dbܥdWIҥHAbʶRMtήɡA ЯSOdNݭnҼ{ihIרOzQnɯŮɡAnSO`NoӰDA ëDҦª]ƳAX~ϥΪC

---

• tΤíwi]

~A쩳ӤSOeytΪíwOHXӱ`tΤíwAOG

• tζWWGoӦ欰ܤnIno򰵡I
  
  
• qíG o]OӫYDAzէҦ󳣨SԣjDɡAOoդ@UqíwסI
  
  
• OLktG{bO~tܦhAt@IOAi|yzDbLu@ɡA ͤíwη{HI
  
  
• tιLGyzOyqlsB@}D]@ApGzDbLѮeA Vѫo٦nAҼ{@U[XӭaIUߤAtη|íwI y oӰD]Oܱ`tηIz(e@xAѬOeA ө}߬s~o{ӬO_WpaFAɭP_ūפӰCӴNíwhFC)

ƹWAnAѨCӵw骺ԲӬ[cPcyOIo̳ȬOCX@Ǥ򥻪ӤwC t~AnDYӵw骺syӬOqɡAiHݸӵwWTC |ҨӻADOW|CXoӥDO}oӻPDOADoӸTNiHXʵ{FC t~AܥdWӤppAW]|CXܥdtӻPTC

qϥΪOQγqqP_SʪuźޡApGqqNO1ASqqNO0A ӪuΦܤAڭ̺ٳoإu0/1ҬGiA^٬binaryCҿתQiO{Qi@A ]bӦksӤQƼg1CҥHҿתGiANO{GNei@쪺NC

GiΩOHڭ̥HQiӸnFCpGHQiӻA3456NqG

SO`NGyƭȪs謰1zҥH10⁰GNO1oC P˪ANoӭzaJGi쪺ҤAڭ̨Ӹ@U1101010ƭରQi쪺ܡAGpUG

o˧AAѤGi쪺NqFܡHGiOq¦¦IAѤFGiAKiBQiN̦աI 򪾹DGiনQiApGQiƭରGi쪺ҮɡAӦppH OkA{bhOkNFIڭ̦P˪ϥΤQi쪺106নGiӴդ@UnFG

3.1.1BQiGi쪺k

̫᪺gkNpPWbYAѳ̫᪺ƦrVWgA]io1101010ƦroI oǼƦrഫtάOD`nA]q[OϥγoǾӳBzI 쪺BͥiHAѦҤ@ULppתyA1ɼ/2ɼƵB觋I

JMquO0/1ӤwAƦܰOƳOϥbyte/bitӰOArӦpOڡH ƹWrɮפ]OQO0P1ӤwAӳoɮתenQXӬd\ɡAngL@ӽsXtΪBz~C ҿתysXtΡziHQO@ӡyrXӪzALIUϥܡG

3.2.1BưѦҽsXܷN

ڭ̭ngJɮתrƮɡAӤrƷ|ѽsXӪNӤrনƦrAAsJɮ׷C P˪Aڭ̭nNɮפeŪXɡA]|gLsXӪNӼƦrনrAAܨùWC {bADsWpGsXgɡA|X{ýXFܡHoO]sXӪgA ɭPӪrͻ~tGաI

`Ϊ^sXASCIItAoӽsXtΤA CӲŸ(^BƦrβŸ)|1bytesOA ]`@|2⁸=256ܤơCܩrsXtΥثe̱`ΪNObig5oӽsXFC CӤr|2bytesAzפW̦hiH2¹⁶=65536AY̦hiF6UhӤrC O]big5sXtΨëDNҦ줸ӹBΦӡAҥHëDiFohrXC ثebig5ȩwqF@UTdhӤrAܦhQbig5OLk\ܪҥH~|yr{C

big5XrsXYǸƮwtΨӻOܦDAYǦrXҦpy\B\B\zrA ѩoXӦrsX|Q~P/޸AbgJ٤DAbŪXƪӪɡA ``N|ܦýXCurALD^yta]``|o˪DX{ڡI

FѨMoӰDAѰڲ´ISO/IECXӨqFҿתUnicodesXtΡA ڭ̱``٩IUTF8θUXsXNOoөNNC]oӽsXtΥ}FҦaPsXA ]ثeں|jh¦VoӽsXtΦbAҥHU˷RBͰڡAOoNAsXtέ׭q@UI

ڭ̫eͨqu{0P1ӤwAӥBq̭nBP޿P_ObCPUA CPUO㦳LOC]Aڭ̻ݭnCPUu@ɡANonѦҷLOeA MἶgCPUŪoOXCPUAo˴NCPUB@FC

Lo˪y{Xӫܳ·ЪaA]AG

• ݭnAѾyGu{0P1A]AnDzߪgݪyI oӦa۷OI
  
  
• ݭnAѩҦw骺\ơG]A{ngݡA MANonѦҾ\AMwӥ\hg{XCҦpAAnDVDvMA NonѦDVDоwT~CU@AtΦNwAOѦҧ޳NUi|ˡ
  
  
• {㦳iʡGCCPUWSLOAP˪ACӵw鳣\ơC ]AAAqg{AzפWOSkbBqWB@IӥB{XקD`xI ]OXAäOHݪo{yڡI
  
  
• {㦳M@ʡG]o˪{nww\ƨӼgA pGwg}oF@s{AQnA}oɮ׺޲z{ɡA٬OoqYAѦҵw骺\ƨ~򼶼gA CѳbMywzDԡIiݭnѤѳZFI@_@

ѨMڡHFѨMoӰDAqǮa]pX@Hݪo{yA Mгy@ءysĶzӱNoǤHg{yĶoXA p@ӧڭ̭קPg{NܪehFIثe`sĶC, C++, Java, FortranC yP{ytOpUҥܡG

4.1.1BsĶ

qWϥܧڭ̥iHݨ찪{y{XOܮeݪIwgN{X(^)g庑 oˤnzѰաIҥHoˤwgN{קDBzFC DOAbo˪ҩUڭ٬OonҶq骺wtΨӳ]p{I

|ҨӻAAݭnNB@ƼgJO餤AANonۦt@ӰO϶XۤvƯWhA ҥHAٱonAѨO骺}Opw쪺AڡI\٬OıyFU... g{o·аڡI

FnJAw譱ѬOݭnƼgXDAҥHN@~t(Operating System, OS)X{FI O@~tΩOHUNӽͤ@ͥI

pPe쪺AbQnq{NonѦҤ@w\ơAåBDz߾y~g{C PɨCg{ɳnsgA]wPn\णo@PGCpGگNҦw鳣XʡA åBѤ@ӵoin骺ѦҤӵu{v}on骺ܡAoin餣NܪD`²FHNO@~tΰաI

---

• @~tή֤(Kernel)

@~t(Operating System, OS)]O@յ{A oյ{Ib޲zqҦʥHXʨtΤҦwC ڭ̭ͨqSnuO@oKA@~tΪ\NOCPUiH}lP_޿PBƭȡB DOiH}lJ/ŪXƻP{XBwХiH}lQsBdiH}lǿơB ҦPiH}lB൥C`Aw骺Ҧʧ@nzLoӧ@~tΨӹFNOFC

Wz\NO@~tΪ֤(Kernel)FIAqणవYǨƱAP֤ߦI u֤ߦѪ\AAqtΤ~AI|ҨӻAA֤ߨä䴩TCP/IPwA LקAʶRF˪dAoӮ֤߳LkѺOI

O榳֤ߧڭ̨ϥΪ̤]D@ԣƪ]֤ߥDnbޱwPѬO(Ҧp\)A oǺ޲zʧ@OD`nApGϥΪ̯ϥΨ֤ߪܡAU@ϥΪ̤p߱N֤ߵ{ί}aA N|ɭPӨtΪYI]֤ߵ{ҩmO϶OO@I åB}N@`nbOC

ҥH㳡tΥu֤ߪܡAڭ̴NuݵۤwgdzƦnB@(Ready)qtΡALkާ@LI nIطPıաIoӮɭԴNݭnn骺FI

---

• tΩIs(System Call)

JMڪw鳣OѮ֤ߺ޲zApGڷQn}on骺ܡA۵MNonhѦҳoӮ֤ߪ\I Ip@ӤOq쥻ѦҵwܦѦҮ֤ߥ\A٬Oܳ·аڡIS²檺kڡI

FѨMoӰDA@~tγq`|Ѥ@ժ}ou{vӶ}onI u{vunuӶ}oNܮe}onFI|ҨӻAڭ̾DzC{yunѦC{y祃YiA ݭnAhҶqL֤ߪ\A]֤ߪtΩIs|DʪNC{yykন֤ߥiHAѪȨơA ֤ߦ۵MNQB@ӵ{FI

pGڭ̱NӹqtΪn/wøsϪܡALYIoˡG

4.2.1B@~tΪ

qtΥDnѵwcAM֤ߵ{Dnb޲zwAѦXzqtθ귽t(]ACPU귽BOϥθ귽)A ]unw餣P(px86[cPRISC[cCPU)A֤ߴNoniק~C ӥѩ֤ߥu|iqtΪ귽tAҥHbWYٻݭnε{ѡAϥΪ̤~ާ@tΪC

FO@֤ߡAåB{]pve}onA]@~tΰF֤ߵ{~Aq`ٷ|Ѥ@ն}oA NOtΩIshCn}ou{vun`{tΩIsѼƨӶ}onAӳnNbӮ֤ߤWYB@C ҥHAiHo{AnP֤ߦjYAPwYhjIw]P֤ߦjYI ܩPϥΪ̦ANOε{աI

bwqWAunqw饿TL~B@ANO@~tΤFCҥHA @~tΨNO֤߻P䴣ѪuALNpPWA]̶K֤߯ʥFFPϥΪ̷q˩MA ҥHbثeA@ڭ̴쪺y@~tΡz|]t֤߻PϥΪγnOI

²檺AWϥܥiHaڭ̩UG

• @~tΪ֤߼hѦҵwWgA ҥHP@ӧ@~tε{b@˪w[cUB@C|ҨӻAӤHqWindows XPઽbRISC[cqUB@C ҥHzDWindows XPS32줸64줸FaH]32/64줸CPUOӬۦPA ҥHMn]pP@~tΪFC
  
  
• @~tΥuOb޲zӵw귽A]ACPUBOBJX˸mɮרtC pGSLε{UA@~tΥuqDdzƧ(Ready)ӤwIõLkB@L\C ҥHA{bDWindows XPWnFvB@ٻݭnPhotoImpactPhotoshopnwˤFaH
  
  
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